Transcription
Good morning everyone, and happy new year! I wish you all a very happy new year for 2042 BS. May all the aspirations of your friends be fulfilled.
Now, this is about Part 1 to Part 5 of the Constitution of Nepal, which is in your syllabus. You don't need to study too much; it's quite short. Before that, I will briefly tell you about the constitutional development in Nepal and in which years the constitutions were formed.
Please write down the evolutionary process of the constitutions formed in Nepal.
1. **Nepal Government Legal Act, 2004 BS:** This was issued by Padma Shumsher. You don't need to go into detail, but it was announced but not implemented. Padma Shumsher announced it on the 13th of Magh, 2004 BS. In Falgun, he went on a tour of India. The law that was supposed to bring this constitution, but the Ranas, after Padma Shumsher, like Mohan Shumsher, pressured him to resign. He resigned from Delhi and did not come to Nepal. It was issued by Padma Shumsher but was not implemented. It was issued on the 13th of Magh, 2004 BS. It was supposed to be implemented from the 1st of Baishakh, 2005 BS, but it was not implemented.
2. **Nepal Interim Governance Act, 2007 BS:** This was the first to be implemented. It was issued by King Tribhuvan. This is the first implemented constitution. The Nepal Interim Governance Act, 2007 BS. The date is the 7th of Falgun, 2007 BS, the day democracy was established. King Tribhuvan announced this constitution. It was implemented on the 29th of Chaitra, 2007 BS. You don't need to know the details of this constitution. What we need to know is Part 1 to Part 5 of the Constitution of Nepal. This is for your information on how it developed.
3. **Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal, 2015 BS:** This was implemented from the 1st of Falgun, 2015 BS. The King at that time was Mahendra.
4. **Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal, 2019 BS:** This was implemented from the 1st of Poush, 2019 BS. This was also by King Mahendra.
5. **Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal, 2047 BS:** This was on the 23rd of Kartik, 2047 BS. This was by King Birendra. It was issued and implemented on the same day. The Prime Minister was Krishna Prasad Bhattarai.
6. **Nepal Interim Constitution, 2063 BS:** This was on the 1st of Magh, 2063 BS. The executive head was Girija Prasad Koirala. Let's know a little about this constitution. The 2063 constitution made Nepal a republic and established the post of President. This constitution established the republic and the post of President. Nepal became a secular state through this constitution. There are many other things, but they are not in your course, so you don't need to go into much detail. Know that the republic was established. The republic was established through the third amendment of this constitution. The post of President was established through the fourth amendment. The amendments were made to establish the post of President and bring about the republic. If you are asked when the republic was established, it was on the 15th of Jeshtha, 2065 BS. The end of the monarchy and the declaration of the republic in Nepal was on the 15th of Jeshtha, 2065 BS. The declaration of the republic and the end of the monarchy was through which amendment of the interim constitution of 2063 BS? Through an amendment, it became a republic, meaning there would be no king. The post of President had to be established, so the fourth amendment established the post of President. Secularism is also very important in Nepal. There are many movements to make Nepal a Hindu state. When did this secularism happen? This constitution established it. If you are asked for the date of secularism, when did Nepal become secular? This is also a question from Nepal's history. It was on the 4th of Jeshtha, 2063 BS. Remember this date. This was declared by the parliament. It was declared by the parliament, but it was included in the constitution. In which constitution was it first included? It was first included in the interim constitution of 2063 BS. Before that, in the constitution of 2047 BS, Nepal was a Hindu state. Then, through a special declaration by the parliament, Nepal was made secular. When was that special declaration? On the 4th of Jeshtha, 2063 BS. Remember this date, it is very important.
Now, let's move to the next page.
7. **Constitution of Nepal, 2072 BS:** Its name is simply the Constitution of Nepal. This was in 2072 BS, on the 3rd of Ashwin. Remember this. The President at that time was Dr. Ram Baran Yadav.
Sir, regarding the constitutions that were abolished, did they have a purpose? Were they abolished for specific reasons? You don't need to study that. That is useful for written exams for officers. For example, the constitution of 2004 BS was not accepted by Mohan Shumsher and was not implemented. The constitution of 2007 BS, before that, there was Rana rule in Nepal. After the end of Rana rule, a new constitution was needed. There were no such laws or constitutions during the Rana regime. So, the constitution of 2007 BS came. What was special about the 2007 BS constitution was that it intended to hold elections for a constituent assembly. However, the King and the parties did not agree. There was conflict between the parties, and political parties had not yet developed much. King Tribhuvan could not hold the constituent assembly elections. Mahendra also did not hold them. So, instead of holding constituent assembly elections, an interim constitution was made, and the constitution of 2015 BS was brought in place of the 2007 BS constitution by King Mahendra. Elections were held under the 2015 BS constitution. Elections were held from the 7th of Falgun, 2015 BS, to the 16th of Baishakh. However, that constitution was not fully implemented. Elections were held, and BP Koirala became Prime Minister. Then, in 2017 BS, King Mahendra overthrew the elected government. He dissolved the parliament. The political leaders were arrested and imprisoned. Then came the Panchayat system. On the 22nd of Poush, 2017 BS, the elected government was dissolved. On the 22nd of Poush, Panchayat rule began. To bring a governance system according to the Panchayat rule, the Constitution of Nepal, 2019 BS, was issued. After that, Panchayat rule continued for 30 years until 2047 BS. After Panchayat rule, there was an uprising in 2046 BS. The first People's Movement took place. After the first People's Movement, democracy was established. A constitutional monarchy and multi-party democracy were established, and the movement of 2047 BS was successful. In 2047 BS, the constitution of the Panchayat era was no longer effective. A constitution according to democratic values was needed. Therefore, the Constitution of 2047 BS was introduced. After the Constitution of 2047 BS was introduced, it could not function for a long time. It was not very diverse. It was a very rigid constitution. It did not have proportional representation for all castes, languages, and genders. Then there were various rebellions, people's movements, and wars. Then, for political consensus, to restructure the state, and for sustainable peace and state restructuring, the Constitution of 2063 BS was brought. It was called the interim constitution, meaning it was only for a short period. Then constituent assembly elections were held. Constituent assembly elections were held twice. The first constituent assembly could not function, or rather, no constitution came from the first constituent assembly. It could not be drafted in Nepal. In 2070 BS, the second constituent assembly was held. The first constituent assembly was in 2064 BS. The second constituent assembly was in 2070 BS. After the second constituent assembly, the constitution of 2072 BS was finally introduced in Ashwin. It has federalism, it has a republic, it has everything. It is very inclusive. This is how the constitutional development occurred.
Please show the first page again. If you have screenshots, please share them.
The President was Dr. Ram Baran Yadav. The Prime Minister was Sushil Koirala. The Speaker of the Constituent Assembly was Subash Chandra Nemwang. Remember this too.
I will add one more thing for you. You have finished studying the history, right? When were the first constituent assembly elections held? On the 24th of Chaitra, 2064 BS. Remember this date. The second constituent assembly elections were held on the 4th of Mangsir, 2070 BS. Remember this. The first constituent assembly could not produce a constitution. It was dissolved after four years. The second constituent assembly was in 2070 BS.
How many members were there in the constituent assembly? There were 601 members in the constituent assembly. How were these 601 members selected? Let me tell you briefly. The first method was the first-past-the-post electoral system, meaning direct voting. The candidate who gets the most votes from a party is elected. This is the first-past-the-post system. 240 members were elected through this. The first constituent assembly elections were on the 28th of Chaitra, 2064 BS. Sorry, I wrote 24 earlier. Please correct it to 28th.
The second method was proportional representation. 335 members were elected through proportional representation. In this system, the entire country is considered one electoral constituency, and political parties vote. Based on the votes received by the political parties, those who get more votes are proportionally given seats.
The third method is for the remaining 26 members. These 26 members were nominated by the Government of Nepal. These are individuals who have played significant roles in national life, recommended by the Government of Nepal and appointed by the President.
Proportional representation is 335. Direct election is 240. This is about 40% direct and 60% proportional. To draft a constitution, constitutional experts are also needed, along with experts in various fields. So, the Government of Nepal nominated 26 members, making a total of 601 members. This is extra information for you.
Regarding the nomination by the Prime Minister, it was done through political consensus. Different parties would nominate their representatives, and the government would appoint them. The President would appoint them. These 26 individuals are those who have played significant roles in national life. However, in practice, parties tend to nominate their own people.
In proportional representation, political parties submit a closed list before the elections. Based on that list, candidates are selected. Those whose names are at the top of the list get selected.
Now, let's write about the amendments to the Constitution of Nepal. The first amendment was on the 16th of Falgun, 2072 BS. It was amended twice. The second amendment was on the 4th of Ashar, 2077 BS.
Sir, when this constitution was promulgated, how many people were present? 534 people voted in favor of the constitution. 25 people voted against it.
Now, let's finally get to the syllabus.
**Part 1: Preliminary**
This covers Articles 1 to 9. You should all buy a copy of the constitution. I will write down the main points here, but you should refer to the constitution.
* **Article 1:** Interpretation. Article 1 states that the constitution is the fundamental law of the land.
* **Article 2:** Sovereignty and state power are vested in the Nepali people.
* **Article 3:** Nepal Nation.
* **Article 4:** Nepal State.
* **Article 5:** National Interest.
The sovereignty and state power of Nepal are vested in the people according to the Constitution of Nepal, as stated in Article 2. If asked in which article this is stated, it is in Article 2. If asked where Nepal's sovereignty and state power are vested, it is in the people. You might be asked if it is vested in the President, the Council of Ministers, etc.
Article 3 explains what the Nepal Nation is. Article 4 explains what the Nepal State is. Article 5 is about National Interest. Article 6 is about the National Language.
Let's discuss Article 6. According to the Constitution of Nepal, what are the national languages? Before, in the constitution of 2047 BS, Nepali was the national language, and all other mother tongues spoken in Nepal were national languages. The constitution of 2063 BS stated that all mother tongues spoken in Nepal are national languages. So, in brackets, write: All mother tongues spoken in Nepal are national languages. How many mother tongues are there in Nepal? According to the 2078 BS census, there are 124 mother tongues. There are 142 castes. These are the languages. There are 124 people who speak these languages. Each caste has its own characteristics, traditions, festivals, attire, music, and dances. The unity in all this diversity is the nation.
* **Article 7:** Language of Government Work. The language of government work is Nepali in the Devanagari script. However, provinces can also designate their own official languages. The Language Commission has recommended that in all seven provinces, there will be official languages other than Nepali. This is not necessary for you to know in detail. If you were studying language, culture, and history, you would need to know this. The Language Commission has recommended languages for each province. For example, in Province No. 1 (Koshi Province), there are Maithili and Limbu. In Madhesh Province, there are Bhojpuri, Maithili, and Bajika. In Bagmati Province, there are Tamang and Newari. In Gandaki Province, there are Gurung and Magar. In Lumbini Province, there are Tharu and Awadhi. In Karnali Province, there is Magar. In Sudurpashchim Province, there are Doteli and Tharu. You don't need to write the dates for these. You can learn about them when you study the relevant chapters.
However, know that Nepali is the official language, and provinces can designate other official languages based on the recommendation of the Language Commission. It is not about removing Nepali, but rather adding other languages besides Nepali. The main official language is Nepali. Provinces can designate other official languages based on the recommendation of the Language Commission. Bagmati Province has designated Tamang and Newari as official languages. This decision was made on the 24th of Baishakh, 2081 BS. You don't need to remember the date, but know the languages. Bagmati Province has designated Tamang and Newari as official languages for government work.
* **Article 8:** National Flag. You need to know that the national flag is described in Schedule 1 of the constitution. There are nine schedules in the constitution. The first schedule describes the national flag of Nepal, how it should be made, and all other details.
* **Article 9:** National Anthem, National Emblem, National Animal, National Bird, and National Color. The national anthem is in Schedule 2. The national emblem is also in this article. The national anthem, national emblem, national animal (cow), national bird (Danphe), and national color (Simrik) are all in Article 9. The lyricist of the national anthem is Pradip Kumar Rai (Byakul Maila), and the composer is Amber Gurung. The national anthem has 46 words. It has been in effect since the 18th of Shrawan, 2064 BS.
**Part 2: Citizenship**
This covers Articles 10 to 15. You don't need to know every article. You need to know the types of citizenship Nepal provides.
* **Types of Citizenship:**
1. **By Descent:** Based on parents.
2. **Naturalized:** For foreigners.
3. **Honorary:** For those who have contributed to Nepal.
4. **Non-Resident Nepali:** Citizenship is granted to Non-Resident Nepalis. This is for those living outside SAARC countries.
An officer exam recently asked a question about citizenship for Non-Resident Nepalis.
* **By Descent:** If you are born in Nepal to Nepali parents, you get citizenship by descent. If a child is found in Nepal with no identifiable mother or father, they will be granted citizenship by descent. If the parents are foreign, the child will be naturalized. However, a child found in Nepal with no identifiable mother or father will receive citizenship by descent.
* **Naturalized:** A foreigner who marries a Nepali citizen can obtain naturalized citizenship.
* **Honorary:** Given to foreigners who have made significant contributions to Nepal. Four people have received this.
* **Non-Resident Nepali:** This allows them economic, social, and cultural rights, but not political rights.
You don't need to know the specific articles for this. You need to know these details.
Article 10 states that no one shall be deprived of citizenship.
* **Article 11:** Deals with these types of citizenship. There is also a separate Citizenship Act.
* **Honorary Citizenship:** This is given to foreigners who have contributed to Nepal while living in Nepal. For example, Tony Hagen and a person known as "Putali Baje" have received it. Recently, a Korean person also received it.
* **Naturalized Citizenship:** A person with naturalized citizenship can participate in politics, but there are limitations. According to Article 289, they cannot become President, Vice-President, Prime Minister, Chief Justice, Speaker of the House of Representatives, Chairperson of the National Assembly, Chief Minister, or Province Chief. They also cannot become the chief of the Nepali Army, Police, or Armed Police. They can become members of parliament and ministers, but not Prime Minister. They can work in government jobs and vote. However, they cannot hold positions listed in Article 289. To become Prime Minister, one must be a citizen by descent. They cannot become President, Vice-President, Chief Justice, Speaker of the House of Representatives, Chairperson of the National Assembly, Chief Minister, Province Chief, or the head of security agencies like the Army, Police, Armed Police, or National Investigation Department. They can hold other positions.
**Part 3: Fundamental Rights**
This covers Articles 16 to 46, totaling 31 fundamental rights. You don't need to write down all their names. I will write down some important ones.
* **Article 16: Right to Live with Dignity.** This means no law can be made to impose the death penalty. In Nepal, the death penalty is not allowed. This is in Article 16.
* **Article 17: Right to Freedom.** This includes freedom of thought and expression, freedom of movement, freedom to form political parties, freedom to form associations, and freedom to conduct business.
* **Article 18: Right to Equality.** Everyone is equal before the law. No discrimination is allowed based on caste, gender, etc. Key points to remember are that there should be no discrimination in wages or social security. All children have equal rights to ancestral property.
* **Article 19: Right to Information.** This includes the right to produce and broadcast electronic media like radio and television.
* **Article 20: Right to Justice.** No one can be detained without a warrant. You must be informed of the reason for your arrest. This is related to human rights. All fundamental rights are human rights, but not all human rights are fundamental rights.
* **Article 21: Right of Victims of Crime.** Victims of crime have the right to an investigation and to be informed about it to receive justice.
You should read the constitution once. You can download it on your phone or buy a copy. Read Articles 1 to 5 thoroughly. They won't ask very difficult technical questions.
* **Article 22: Right Against Torture.** No one can be tortured. Even prisoners have fundamental rights. Police cannot inflict torture. This also includes the right against preventive detention. No one can be placed under preventive detention unless they threaten the sovereignty, territorial integrity, peace, or public order of the country. For example, recently, the coordinator of an agitation was placed under preventive detention for three months for disrupting peace and order. However, without a valid reason, no one can be placed under preventive detention.
* **Article 27: Right to Property.** This includes the right to ancestral property and personal property. It also includes the right to intellectual property, such as copyrights and patents.
* **Article 26: Right to Freedom of Religion.** Everyone has the right to follow their chosen religion. While Hinduism was the state religion before, the constitution states that the protection of religions that have been practiced since time immemorial is important.
* **Article 27: Right to Information.** This is very important. You have the right to request information related to your personal interests and public interests from government bodies. The Right to Information was first introduced in the Constitution of 2047 BS. This is very important.
* **Article 28: Right to Privacy.** Certain information, such as personal health, character, and financial details, must be kept private. Information that could undermine national sovereignty, territorial integrity, or public order cannot be disclosed. Information related to intellectual property, monetary, banking, trade, and scientific matters also cannot be broadcast. Personal information like property, character, and health must be kept confidential. Information that promotes harmony between different castes and ethnicities also needs to be kept private and is not mandatory to publish.
* **Article 29: Right Against Exploitation.** This is about protection against exploitation.
This is the limit of the right to information. Such things do not need to be published. Okay, write number 29, the right against exploitation. You cannot force someone to work against their will, nor can you exploit them. Do you understand? Okay, where and where from? Just a little, there are only two. No, no, there's still more. We need to conduct two more phases. I'll write these two. Okay, let's finish the next one. Let's write in this. Write number 30. In that, the right to a clean environment. The right to a clean environment. This is difficult to implement. The right to a clean environment. If you listen, Nepal was the world's most polluted city recently. In foreign cities, where is the clean environment in this constitution? You won't find a clean environment. Okay, write number 31, the right related to education. What will you know about the right related to education? Regarding education, recognize it as a basic one, and another as secondary. Is basic education free according to the Nepal Constitution? Basic education is free. Secondary education is also free. What else will you know is that basic education is also compulsory. Basic means compulsory and free. Laws have also been made according to this. They are compulsory and free. It is compulsory. Do you understand? Basic education is compulsory, you have to attend. Secondary education is free. This secondary education is free. Basic education is compulsory and free. Secondary education is only free. Basic education is up to what grade? Up to grade eight. Secondary education is up to grade twelve. Is it free up to grade twelve yet? Currently, it is up to grade ten. Basic education is up to grade eight. Secondary education is up to grade twelve. Basic education is from grade one to eight. Yes, basic. They call it basic. Do you have to pay for grades one to eight? This is how it is in Nepal. Since this is a fundamental right, it is in the constitution itself. This is how it is in Nepal. The Nepali government still has a lot of work to do. Just having the constitution is not enough. Laws are being made, but there are many challenges in implementing them. Now, in government schools, it is compulsory and free. If you study in private schools, then it is charged again. The constitution says it should be compulsory and free wherever you study. So, either all private or all boarding schools should be closed. Everyone should be treated equally. Yes. Do government schools also charge fees? Like in Kalika School in Butwal? There are extra classes there. The quality there is a bit different. If you study in English medium, you might have to pay. Oh, it's like that. Kalika is in Butwal. Their government schools are better than boarding schools there. Kalika, Shanti, Manav Gyan. They have the most schools in Nepal. The school with the most students is also in Butwal. Kalika Manav Gyan Gyan Mabi. Kanti is also good. There are many good schools like Shanti there. Do you understand up to here? I have only written the most important points. There are other detailed matters. Let's go to the next page. How many grades did you say for secondary? Up to grade twelve. After that, higher education. Again, how many? Thirty-one, thirty-two. Write number 32, the right to language and culture. Thirty-two, thirty-three, the right to employment. The fundamental right to employment. Look, this is a fundamental right. How many Nepalis have to go abroad because they don't get employment? The right to employment. And number 34, the right to labor. Write number 35, the right to health. In the right to food, including food sovereignty. Food sovereignty means that whoever produces food has the first right to its production, distribution, and consumption. The farmer produces it. What should the farmer do? They should have the first right to its production, distribution, pricing, and consumption. That is, food sovereignty. Food sovereignty is a more political matter. There is food security. Write food security here. The right to food security and sovereignty. There will be the right to food security and sovereignty. These are fundamental rights. Food security is a more technical matter. Sovereignty is a more political matter. Food security means that every person should have access to adequate food. That is food security. Do you understand? What is the difference with sovereignty? Sovereignty means that whoever produces food has the main right to its production, distribution, and consumption. Regarding food security, this talks a lot about nationality. It doesn't say to import food from abroad. It means food should be produced in the country itself. This means whether it is inside or outside the country, food security must be ensured, no matter where it is brought from. People should be able to eat sufficiently. Yes. Like you said, sir, equal citizenship and citizenship by birth. Are they also entitled to this right within fundamental rights? Yes, they are entitled to these rights. They can exercise their rights. And then, number 37. Write number 37, the right to housing. The right to housing. In Nepal, only 86 percent have their own homes. Do you understand? The right to housing. Is housing about residence or about a house? The right to housing means only 86 percent of Nepal's population has their own homes. Others live in rented houses. 12.8 percent live in rented houses. Others live elsewhere. For these 86 percent, the right to housing. If you say in Dagadana, the right to housing is a fundamental right, it should be 100 percent. But 12.8 percent live in rented houses. They live on rent. Write number 38, the right of women. Write number 39, the right of children. Women and children should know this. For example, the right of women to ancestral property. It is written that daughters and sons will have equal rights. Is that a fundamental right? Which right is that? That is the right to equality. Regarding children, a child's birth registration should be done. Children should be vaccinated. They will know that. Those are the rights of children. Write number 40, the right of Dalits. The right of Dalits is in number 40. In number 41, the right of senior citizens. The right to social justice. The right to social security. What is social security? Look, it is for the needy, the disabled, the elderly, helpless women, disabled people, and children. Also for endangered communities. What is social security? Yes. Who are the endangered communities? How many are there? There are ten endangered communities according to the classification of Janajati. Do you understand? Ten communities. Here, it would be mixed up. Meche, Raute, Kusunda, Raji, Lepcha, Hayu, Surel, Kisan, Bankariya, Kusunda. These are the endangered communities. There are ten of them. These are names of communities. These ten communities. One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten. These fall under endangered. Yes. Meche, Raute, Kusunda, Raji, Hayu, Surel, Kisan, Bankariya, and Kusubadiya. These communities are considered endangered. Later, you will have to write Kusubadiya. It will come later. It will come in the section on communities. You should know that too. When this context comes up, you need to know. Meche, Raute, Kusunda, Raji, Lepcha, Hayu, Surel, Kisan, Bankariya, Kusubadiya. You should also know in which districts these communities live. Also, some communities have their own priests. Many have the same priest as Brahmins and Chhetris, called pandits. What is the name of the priest of each community? What is the name of the community's traditional dance? What is the name of the community's traditional festival? You also need to know about their birth, upbringing, death, and marriage rituals. It's a bit unusual. It's not possible to know about all communities here. Whatever it is. Yes. Now, write number 4. Yes. Regarding fundamental rights, sir. The right to clean drinking water. In which article is it, sir? It's in the right to health, article 35. Health and drinking water go together. In the right to health, drinking water is included. Yes. Write number 4, the right of consumers. The right of consumers. We are also consumers. The right of consumers means consumers. For example, there should be no black marketing. You should not be cheated on prices. And then, you should have the right to choose. These fall under the right of consumers. The Consumer Court was formed on the 2nd of Chaitra. The first Consumer Court in Nepal. Do you understand? When? On the 2nd of Chaitra. In 2081, the Consumer Court in Nepal. Many complaints were filed in a single day. The right against deportation. No one can be deported. And number 46. Look, the right to constitutional remedies. What is this? It is the fundamental right of fundamental rights. You might be asked which is the most important right among the following. Which is the most important right citizens receive among the following? The right to live with dignity, the right to freedom, the right to equality, the right to constitutional remedies. Which one would it be? The most important is the right to constitutional remedies. If these 30 rights, apart from this, are not implemented or enforced, you can question it in court. You can file a lawsuit. Do you understand? Yes, by filing a lawsuit, you have the right to constitutional remedies. By exercising this right, you can obtain other rights. That's why this is the fundamental right of fundamental rights. Yes. The fundamental right of fundamental rights. In Nepal's constitution, it is in Article 133. Article 133 is used by the Supreme Court, and Article 144 talks about it. Do you understand? Articles. These are necessary. Article 133 is used by the Supreme Court, and Article 144 is used by the High Court. If you do not receive a right mentioned in the constitution, you can question it in court. Do you understand? Okay, now it is very important. The right to constitutional remedies. In Article 47, it is stated that fundamental rights will be implemented by making laws gradually. In Article 47, what is it? Article 47 is very important. It is about the implementation of fundamental rights. Know Article 47. The most important of all, the most important of all fundamental rights is the right to constitutional remedies. It is in Article 46. Okay, now it is Article 48. Not 4. Okay, let's go to the next page, friends. Write down the duties of citizens. What are the duties of citizens? It is in the constitution. Citizens should do these things according to the constitution. I will write it briefly. Write one of the four points. Be loyal to the President. Write Nepal here. Protect the territorial integrity of the nation. Obey the constitution and laws. Obey the constitution and laws. Another is to perform compulsory service when the state requires it. And another is to protect public property. I have written it briefly. Know this. You have to protect or defend the sovereignty, integrity, and nationality of the country. Protect territorial integrity, nationality. Another is to remember the constitution. How to do it? What is it? You have to repeat it. They say it comes only with repetition. Also, know this. You have to obey the constitution. Obey the constitution and laws. And if the state wishes, you have to perform compulsory service for the state. You have to serve the state. You have to protect the community. These are the duties of citizens. There are others too, like exercising the right to vote, which is the biggest duty. Voting. You have to vote correctly and always. And paying taxes. And then, respecting our national treasures. These are things not mentioned in the constitution. And then, national symbols. Like citizenship. Respect them. Respect national symbols. National birds, animals. Respect them too. Such things are citizen duties. But these four are mentioned in the constitution. You should know them. If the state needs support during a crisis, you should support it. Okay, let's move on. Part 3 is finished. Now let's go to Part 4. Part 4 is not very important. In Part 4, you have the directive principles, policies, and responsibilities of the state. Directive principles, policies, and responsibilities of the state. Directive principles, policies, and responsibilities of the state. From which article is this? From Article 49 to Article 55. Look at Article 49. There is not much to ask here. This is more important for written papers. You don't need to know this. In Article 49, briefly. Like the previous one. In Article 49, what is it? The directive principles, policies, and responsibilities of the state. They will serve as guidance and direction. They are the roadmap for the country. Roadmap. Guidance and direction. Guidance and direction. It is not mandatory to implement the things mentioned here. Do you understand? The government or the state will try to fulfill these things as much as its resources allow. Unlike fundamental rights, the government may not fulfill the things mentioned in the directive principles, policies, and responsibilities. Do you understand? You and I, the citizens, cannot question this in court. You can question fundamental rights, but not this. The state will do it as much as its capacity allows. Yes. Write in Article 50, directive principles. Directive principles are in Article 50. It has state objectives, political objectives, economic and social objectives, and international objectives. Yes. In Article 50. In Article 51, state policies. There are 13 policies. Yes. State policies. And then in Article 52, state responsibilities. State responsibilities are in Article 52. In 53, 54, 55. Write that you cannot raise questions in court. Monitoring. I have written it briefly. Provisions related to reporting. There is a report on whether the directive principles, policies, and responsibilities of the state are being implemented. There is a provision for monitoring and reporting. There is also a separate committee for monitoring. There is a committee in the federal parliament. Do you understand? A committee for monitoring the directive principles, policies, and responsibilities of the state. That committee monitors and publishes its report. Do you understand? In the question paper, you cannot raise questions in court. You cannot raise questions in court about whether the things mentioned in Part 4 of the state are being implemented or not. This means it serves as a guide. How to guide the government? How to move the state forward? They work as a roadmap. This is called a positive right. Like the fundamental rights mentioned earlier, that is a negative right. Negative right. That is, rights obtained by citizens against the state. Those are fundamental rights. They are against the government. If the government cannot provide fundamental rights, you can question it. But these are positive. They are positive rights. You cannot question them. What happens to them? They remain as guidance for the state, and the state implements them as much as its resources allow. In Nepal, there are many things like this in developing countries. There are many unnecessary things here that are difficult to implement. That's why it is written that you cannot raise questions in court and that it remains as a guide. Okay, this is Part 4. Now let's go to Part 5. It is the final part. It is also important. Fundamental rights and this are very important. In Part 5, what is it? Structure of the state and division of state power. Structure of the state and division of state power. This is close to federalism. Yes. This is related to federalism. You need to know the structure of the state and the division of state power. What is the structure of the state? What is the structure of the state in Nepal? Nepal has a three-tier structure. Yes or no? Yes. What is the structure of the state in Nepal? It is a three-tier structure. There is the federal government, there is the province, and there is the local level. Now, let's write a little about the division of state power. What is state power? According to the Nepal Constitution, what is state power? You need to know that too. What is it? According to the Nepal Constitution, state power is understood as: executive body, judiciary, and legislature. Yes. There is an executive, a judiciary, and a legislature. These are the main organs of the state everywhere. State power is the executive. Another is the legislature. The executive means the Council of Ministers. The Council of Ministers is the executive body. The legislature means the federal parliament of Nepal. The provincial legislature is the provincial assembly. The local level has the village assembly or municipal assembly. Executive, legislature, and judiciary. And residual powers. According to the Nepal Constitution, what is called state power? Residual powers. We will read about residual powers in Article 58. Yes. You. It is not mentioned in this article. There is a section on definitions and interpretations. Do you understand? There is a separate section for definitions and interpretations. What is residual power? Residual power means residual power. Residual power means any power not mentioned in any interpretation of the constitution. That is residual power. That residual power is also state power. Executive, legislature, judiciary, and residual power according to Article 58 are called state power or state power according to the Nepal Constitution. It is called residual. Residual power. Power. Okay, let's go to Article 56. Yes. Article 56. It is about the structure of the state. In the structure of the state, there are three tiers: federal, provincial, and local. Do you understand? Federal, provincial, and local. Nepal's structure is three-tiered. Regarding the federal government, I haven't written much here. But we have the geography of Nepal in the syllabus. We will teach it when we teach the geography of Nepal. In the federal government, there are districts, 75 districts, 77 districts. And then there are constituencies. There are seven provinces. The districts within the largest province. And local levels. The provinces. The largest and smallest districts in the province. The largest and smallest provinces by area. You need to study those. And about local levels. There are more than 600 local levels in Nepal. There are 753 local levels. Among them, there are 460 village municipalities. The rest are municipalities. Municipalities are further divided into metropolitan cities, sub-metropolitan cities, and municipalities. There are six metropolitan cities, eleven sub-metropolitan cities, and 276 municipalities. There are 293 municipalities. Among those 293, there are six metropolitan cities, eleven sub-metropolitan cities, and 76 municipalities. And then, know this. According to the Nepal Constitution, what is understood as a local level? You need to know three things. Village municipality. Rural municipality. Do you understand? Village municipality. Municipality. And district assembly. Yes. Write this. Federal government is one. Provinces are seven. Local levels are 753. Among 753, village municipalities are 460. And municipalities are 293. In municipalities, there are sub-metropolitan cities, metropolitan cities. I have written it briefly. There are 276, eleven, six. And how many wards are there in Nepal? 6743. 6743 wards. Do you understand? There is one federal government. That is the Nepal government. There are seven provincial governments. How many local governments are there? Local levels are local governments. There are 753 local levels. What are local levels? Village municipalities, municipalities, and district assemblies. District assemblies are 77. What does the district assembly do? It forms the District Coordination Committee. Who is in the district assembly? The chair and vice-chair of the local levels within the respective district. If it is a village municipality, there will be a chair and vice-chair. Do you understand? There will be the chair and vice-chair of the village municipality. The mayor and deputy mayor of the municipality. Yes. These are within the district. Who will be in the district assembly? If there are five local levels in any district, then the chairs and vice-chairs of the village municipalities and the mayors and deputy mayors of the municipalities will form the district assembly of ten people. This district assembly must convene a meeting within 30 days of the completion of the local level elections and form the District Coordination Committee. The District Coordination Committee has a maximum of nine members. There are 460 village municipalities in Nepal. There are 293 municipalities. Municipalities are divided based on population or other criteria. There are 276 municipalities, eleven sub-metropolitan cities, and six metropolitan cities. And how many wards are there? There are 6743 wards. You should also know this. The boundaries of wards need to be demarcated. Who demarcates the boundaries of local levels? The Nepal government does. If the issue of boundaries comes up, know that the Nepal government determines the boundaries. The Nepal government determines the boundaries of wards and local levels. Who has the authority to name them? Local levels have the authority to name them. Where to place the center of the village municipality, the center of the municipality. Naming is their responsibility. But the boundaries are determined by the Nepal government. Do you have any confusion? If you have any confusion, ask. Don't be confused. Okay, the local level is also done. Now write about the structure of the state. Know this much. Part 6. Part 6 comes. Article 57. Division of state power. Division of state power. Structure of the state is done. Now, how to divide state power? You need to know this. You need to know Schedules 5 to 9. Yes. The division of state power is from Schedules 5 to 9. Yes. Schedule 5. In the constitution, there is a schedule. Schedule 5, 7, 8, 9. Schedule 4 is about the districts within the provinces. This is not state power. But the districts within the provinces are in Schedule 4. What is in Schedule 1? The flag. Schedule 2? The national anthem. Schedule 3? The national emblem. What is in Schedule 4? The names of the districts within the provinces are in Schedule 4. Now go to Schedule 5. This is important. Exclusive authority of the federal government. List of exclusive authority. And there is a list of exclusive authority. In this, there is a list of exclusive authority of the province. In Schedule 7, there is shared authority of the federal government and the province. In Schedule 8, there is exclusive authority of the local level. And in Schedule 9, there is shared authority of the federal government, province, and local level. How many are there? There are 35 in this. And in the province, there are 21 exclusive authorities. Shared authority of federal and provincial is 25. Exclusive authority of local level is 22. Shared authority of all three levels is 15. And the list of authorities. There are 15 authorities. How many authorities are there? There are 21. There are 25 authorities here. List of authorities. How many are there? There are 15. So, look at these authorities. Who exercises what kind of authority? That's why Nepal's federalism. Now you know what Nepal's federalism is like. Tell me. Nepal's federalism is based on self-rule and shared rule. Shared rule. Nepal's federalism is based on self-rule and shared rule. Self-rule means self-rule and autonomous. Do you understand? Self-rule. And shared rule means shared rule. They exercise shared authority. There is also exclusive authority. That's why Nepal's federalism is based on self-rule and shared rule. Now look. Schedules are also done. Look at the schedules. Schedule 1: National flag. Schedule 2: National anthem. Schedule 3: National emblem. Schedule 4: Names of districts within provinces. Okay, now write. Article 58. Residual powers. Schedules 5 to 9. Do you understand? I wrote it earlier. Schedules 5 to 9. Those authorities not listed there, or not mentioned anywhere in the constitution, are residual powers. Do you understand? Who exercises this? Who exercises residual powers? Only the federal government exercises it. Know that the federal government exercises residual powers. You might be asked what power is in Article 58. Look at Article 59. It is about economic rights. Do you understand? Economic rights. The federal government, province, and local level can make policies within their respective areas of authority, as listed in the schedules. They can make budgets. Now, know about economic rights. I will write it for you. Each level can make policies, plans, and budgets within its area of authority. This applies to all local levels, provinces, and the federal government. Economic rights. I have written it briefly. The local level, the province, and the federal government can make policies, plans, and budgets within their areas of authority. Do you understand the federal government's area of authority? Federal government's authority means Schedule 5 and Schedule 7. The federal government can exclusively make laws within the area of authority in Schedule 5. In Schedule 7, where there is shared authority, it can make laws in collaboration with the province. It can make economic policies, plans, and budgets. Each level has this authority. And look at Article 60, revenue allocation. Revenue allocation. Now, look at revenue allocation. For example, VAT, excise duty, internal excise duty. The federal government collects all this revenue. Now, write this. Each level can impose taxes and collect revenue within its area of authority. They can impose taxes. Do you understand? They can impose taxes within their area of authority. That right is mentioned there. Now, what taxes can the local level collect? It is in Schedule 8 of the constitution. The list of authorities of the local level. Which taxes can be imposed? And the province is in Schedule 6. And the federal government is in Schedule 5. Which taxes can the federal government impose? Which taxes can the province impose? Which taxes can the local level impose? Look at the constitution in detail. Look at the schedules in detail. The schedules mentioned earlier. You only need to look at the details of the schedules. It is not possible to write everything here. It would take two or three days. Okay, now write something else. I will write it for you. Foreign aid. It is in Article 61. Foreign aid and loans. Who has the authority to provide foreign aid and loans? Only the federal government. Only the federal government. Understand that Nepal government means federal government. Do you understand? Nepal government means federal government. Provincial governments are separate. Provincial governments. The federal government only can receive foreign aid and loans. Provincial governments and local governments cannot receive them. And you will also know. Now, the federal government provides financial transfer to provinces and local levels. The federal government has a larger area of authority. The federal government has a larger area of revenue authority. VAT, excise duty, etc. The federal government transfers funds to provinces and local levels. What is financial transfer? Financial transfer means grants. Do you understand? Transfer of grants. There are four types of grants. Know these grants. Financial equalization grant. Complementary grant. Special grant. Conditional grant. What are the four types of grants? One is financial equalization grant. Another is complementary grant. One is special grant. Another is conditional grant. Among these, which is the most important? The most important grant is the financial equalization grant. The main one, according to the spirit of federalism, is this. Financial equalization grant. Look, this is the main thing. Financial equalization grant. Based on whose recommendation is this transfer made? Who recommends it? The amount of financial transfer. The amount to be transferred. The recommendation is made by the National Natural Resources and Fiscal Commission. The federal government provides financial transfer to provinces and local levels. How much to give to local levels, how much to municipalities, how much to village municipalities, how much to provinces. The recommendation for this is made by the National Natural Resources and Fiscal Commission. Know this. It is very important. The National Natural Resources and Fiscal Commission makes the recommendation, and accordingly, the government, the federal government, transfers grants. You should know this. Another thing you should know is the financial equalization grant. These grants, complementary, special, are mainly federal. The main transfer is financial equalization. The government should do it. What should be done? The amount of financial equalization grant should be increased. But the government gives more to complementary, special, and conditional grants. The federal government transfers grants to local levels and provinces. It gives more conditional grants, more special grants. It reduces these and can make it 80% and 20%. But the financial equalization grant. Know this. On what basis is it given? The federal government. Based on the revenue capacity and expenditure needs of the province and local level. Know this. Based on the revenue capacity and expenditure needs of the province and local level, the financial equalization grant is distributed. Yes. Natural resources. The National Natural Resources and Fiscal Commission is in Part 26 of the constitution. Do you understand? It is in Part 26 of the constitution. The National Natural Resources and Fiscal Commission. This is also a constitutional commission. There are 13 constitutional commissions. This is one of them. The National Natural Resources and Fiscal Commission is in which part? It is in Part 26 of the constitution. The federal government, based on revenue capacity and expenditure needs, transfers financial equalization grants to provinces and local levels. Now, what does the province do? It receives grants from the federal government. And revenue collected from its own sources. Then, the province transfers this to its subordinate local levels. It doesn't transfer everything. It transfers some amount. After keeping some for itself, the federal government should transfer grants to provinces and local levels. This is in the constitution. And this is all you need to say. If it is about articles, know articles 1 to 9. Yes. The schedules. Schedule 1: Flag. Schedule 2: Anthem. Schedule 3: National emblem. Schedule 4: Districts within provinces. Look at Schedule 4, point 1. Look at this. Okay, I will erase this. Okay. What is in Schedule 4? Districts. Districts within provinces. The names are there. Look at the names. For example, look at the seven provinces of Nepal. Area, population, population density. Number of districts. Look. Which is the largest province by area? Tell me. You know the numbers. 61, 54, 37, 2. Which province is this number 5? Number 5 is Lumbini Province. Lumbini Province. Number 5. Now write the names. Population: 32,517,46. Number 6 is Karnali. Population density: 235.1746. Number of districts. The number of districts is a bit different. 27, 64, 31. This is the number of districts. You need to know these numbers. 276431. What is this number? This is the name of the province. Earlier, the provinces were numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. Now write from 8 onwards. 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14. Note: 1 is Koshi, 2 is Madhesh, 3 is Bagmati, 4 is Gandaki. 5 is Lumbini. 6 is Karnali. 7 is Sudurpashchim. Okay, know this. Again, this. This is all. You know the names of the provinces. You can also know the numbers. Sometimes they might ask which is the largest district by area, which is the largest province, which is the smallest province. Population, population density. This is the name of the province. This is the number of districts in the province. This is the number of districts. Yes, sir. Will you teach us about castes and ethnicities now? We will study them from the beginning. What are you preparing for? Engineering? Federal government or provincial? Federal government. Okay. Do you understand what is written here? Yes. We will study the geography of Nepal in more detail. Today's class is over. Is there another class? Sir, the class is over today. The old students have probably finished. When is the budget presented? The budget is presented once a year, on the 15th of Jestha.