Transcription
Today, we are going to be looking at cellular respiration. Uh, what does it mean, and what does it involve? When you talk about cellular respiration, it means that what you are going to, or the process which is going to take place, is going to take place in the cell, and the respiration, yeah. It means that that process either is going to require oxygen uh in being present or oxygen being absent. So basically, this is the process by which energy is produced in uh in in in a cell or in our bodies. And then this process, uh, since it is called the cellular, it means that it is occurring inside the cell. However, not all the parts of the cell that you are going to find are this respiration, which has a specific part where it's supposed to take place.
Welcome to cellular respiration. Let's go into detail. When we talk about thorough respiration, it is a process, is a process whereby glucose is broken down gradually in presence of oxygen, and then it can be or in absence of oxygen, but the two will produce what we call energy. So the major purpose of this uh respiration is to produce energy. This process is basically a chemical process; it means that it involves chemicals so that uh this process can take place. Which chemicals are in there? We we have what's called the raw materials, the things which are supposed to be present in uh, and also you have what you call the uh enzymes. So the enzymes are also supposed to be present so that this process can take place. So uh that's what we call the cellular respiration.
We have two types of several respiration. Uh, the first type is called aerobic respiration. The second one is called anaerobic respiration. The difference, the major difference between the two, is that aerobic respiration occurs inside the uh the cell, but it must have what you call oxygen; oxygen must be present. So the key point here: it must be presence of oxygen. So aerobic respiration occurs in the presence of oxygen, and then anaerobic respiration occurs in the absence, in absence, in absence of what? In absence of oxygen. So these two types of respiration—why one is occurring in presence of oxygen and why one is occurring in absence of oxygen—the two processes yes can occur in one cell, but they they have advantages and disadvantages. Yes, there are there is a time when oxygen is is is is is abundant; therefore, we will undergo what you call aerobic respiration. And there is a time when oxygen is on there, but you require energy, yes. So what does it mean? Does it mean that you have to—the processes are supposed to to stop? No. Now, the cell will change from aerobic respiration and then it undergoes anaerobic respiration.
Where is this condition happening? During your daily uh activities, you undergo what you call aerobic respiration, why? Because you are not using oxygen excessively; you don't use this oxygen too much; therefore, you produce maximum energy when you are under aerobic respiration. That's why everything is occurring and normally. But imagine an authority, yes, an athletic uh who is running and running for a long distance. Time is gonna come when this person has no enough oxygen; therefore, it means that now they sell—but this person requires energy because he's still running; the the process or the race is not yet completely—therefore, what happens? The cell has to change from aerobic respiration to anaerobic respiration. However much it it produces less energy, but that energy can help to maintain the process that person is doing and also the normal functioning of the what? Of the body. Hence, anaerobic respiration will occur; that's why this person opens the mouth so that can take in more oxygen, but still that oxygen is not enough to uh produce the enough energy which is needed; hence, anaerobic respiration will kick in.
So what are some of the importance of this energy? Why do we need energy in in our bodies? So energy is needed uh number one: is used by the organisms for various ways. Some of the ways include yes, growth. Yes, growth requires energy. Why does it require energy? Because there are so many processes there which are active, and any process which is active it means that it requires energy. Where is this energy coming from? It comes from respiration. Then number two: cell division. It can be either meiosis or mitosis. These divisions are are active processes; better for energy is needed for those divisions to take place. Actually, you cannot even grow if there is no cell division; the cell must uh divide. After that, you have cell elongation; after that, then growth can take place. If the cell divides and then there is no elongation, then it means that is going to become a a cancerous cell, or it's gonna—you're gonna suffer from what you call cancer, because they're just dividing and there is no increment in the size of these cells.
Movement. Sometimes when you are weak, say that I don't have energy; you can't work for a long distance, why? Because you are hungry; it means that you don't have energy. Don't forget that when you eat, you you you get the energy, yes. When you eat, you get a what? You get the energy. So this energy is also used for movement. When you talk about Movement, we classify movement, then the movement of the parts and also locomotion. So when you talk about Movement, we are categorizing it or we are uh put it—we are putting it into one umbrella, meaning that uh locomotion and movement of the parts is the same thing; so we take it as a movement. Then we have what's called a transport of substances. Uh, remember we have uh substances moving across the membrane, across the neurons, uh reabsorption in the nephron; there is a lot of things which are supposed to be uh transported; you move across somewhere uh so these processes, they're active; they require energy to for them for for them to be able to move from one place to another, or sometimes those uh substances which are carrying them they require to contract and relax, and this contractions require energy; hence, energy is nearly for transport. And lastly, active transport. Active transport, you know it that yeah you you are moving things from from region of high concentration, no, from region of low concentration to region of high concentration, against a concentration gradient, meaning that you are coming from downhill, going uphill; automatically, you will require what we call Energy.
So where does respiration take place? Respiration takes place inside a structure called a mitochondrion. So last time we saw the structure of a a chloroplast. What about now, the structure of the mitochondrion? Mitochondrion is also an organelle. If you look at it, it has it has a sausage shape, yes. I don't know how you draw your sausage. Okay, let me just draw it like that, yes. It has an outer membrane; the outer membrane is smooth, but it has the inner membrane; the inner membrane is enfolded, yes. The inner membrane is enfolded, yes. The inner membrane is enfolded. You see it that the inner membrane is informed. Why is it enfolded? Is informed to increase the surface area for this reaction to take place, yes. That's why when you look at it, it has this in-folded surfaces so that there is an increase in surface area. Imagine that this surface was like this; to run from here up to here is less than from running from here up to here. However much when you look at it, you see that this one is sure that this one is longer, but you have to run like this; you have to run like this. When you stretch it, it's gonna be longer than that; hence, uh, when it is in folded, you have a different different what? Different distance. So it increases the surface area, yes. So this mitochondria, yes, it has what you call the DNA; it has the DNA which controls its its activities; therefore, we we call mitochondria, chloroplast, these organelles which have their own DNA, semi-autonomous; they're self-reliant, halfway uh relia; they don't depend on the cell. However, yes, there are some things which uh they have to depend on the cell; they're not the genocide, but it is halfway, halfway, halfway uh uh uh semi-autonomous; it is semi-autonomous, halfway autonomous, meaning that semi-min is half, yes, semi-autonomous. Then it has a fluid; it has a fluid; this fluid we call it um Matrix. Remember that for the chloroplast, we say the fluid inside the chloroplast, we call it a stroma. We can give it a diff—the question to give the difference between the chloroplast and the mitochondrion, yes. Don't forget that chloroplast is used for photosynthesis while mitochondrion is used for respiration, yes. So it has that; it does not only stop there because it is supposed to do its own uh protein manufacture, its own proteins; therefore, it has some bit of ribosomes, yes. It has what you call ribosomes in there, yes. That's why you see them here uh these these ones, yes, we call them ribosomes, yes. Then this membrane, we say that it has the outer membrane which is smooth; it has the inner membrane which is in folded, but in between these two membrane there is a space; that space is called the inter membrane space, inter membrane space. This is what I'm talking about; this is what I'm talking about. So when you are drawing, don't shape—draw it a simple way like this, and then it has that you have to start to label these extensions are called Cristae, yes, Cristae. So those extensions—this is the one I'm talking about—uh, we call them—this enfolded things, we call them Cristae. So that is a simple structure of a mitochondrial. Why do you need the structure of the mitochondrion? Is because we have to know—when you talk about the Krebs cycle, when talk about excessive phosphorylation, we'll talk about glycolysis—the processes which are involved in respiration, we have to know where exactly these processes are taking place from.
So basically, uh, that is uh what you are supposed to understand better. Let's look at the process of uh cellular respiration. We said that the process of cell respiration involves uh the the the the involves uh two processes: we have aerobic respiration and we have anaerobic respiration. And I say that aerobic respiration involves or it needs, it requires what you call Energy, so uh requires what you call oxygen for energy to be produced maximally. You require enough oxygen so that uh this process becomes complete. It's like when you're burning carbon dioxide, when you're burning uh carbon in presence of oxygen, you complete the process, and then you're gonna produce carbon dioxide. But if you burn carbon in the absence of oxygen, you're gonna—it's gonna be halfway; therefore, you're gonna produce carbon monoxide. Hence, the same story here: if respiration occurs in presence of oxygen, you're going to have maximum energy; hence, you're gonna produce a lot of—yes, you're going to produce maximum uh the the process is going to be uh completed, and you're going to produce maximum energy. And then if you don't have enough energy, you have limited energy uh if you don't have enough oxygen, it means that limited energy is going to be produced, why? Because the process is not going to be complete; it's going to be halfway; hence, anaerobic respiration reduces or produces less energy while aerobic respiration produces a lot of energy.
So Arabic respiration takes place in uh in the uh in the in the presence of oxygen, as I've explained. The first part of aerobic respiration occurs in what we call the cytoplasm, the cytoplasm, which means that the fluid of the cell, cytoplasm, the fluid of the what? Of the cell. The second, the other phases of respiration, they occur in the mitochondria, which we call the engine of the the engine of the of the car, meaning that that's where the power horse—sometimes uh students or teachers they classify a mitochondria, mitochondrion as the PowerHouse of the cell—why? Because where power is being produced from, yes. So you're saying that uh the requirement for this process—the requirement for this process—uh is the oxygen and the glucose, and the byproduct is carbon dioxide as well as water, so as well as water, and the energy is the major product of this process. Don't forget that, don't forget, don't forget that respiration is the reverse of of of of photosynthesis, and the photosynthesis is the reverse of respiration. So the products of photosynthesis are the raw material for respiration, and the product of respiration and the raw material for photosynthesis. Don't forget that in in in photosynthesis you produce oxygen and glucose. So if you produce oxygen and the glucose, you have to produce—you you produce oxygen and glucose, then you have to to use carbon dioxide, and you have to use carbon dioxide and water for that process to take place. But now here you you you you you have to use oxygen—the product of respiratory of glucose of the product of photosynthesis—use glucose and they and the oxygen, yes, glucose and oxygen, and then now you produce carbon dioxide and water, yes, in price, and then you produce also what you call ATP. So you guys listen carefully, listen carefully, these two—in actual sense, these two processes might be taking place at the same time; photosynthesis is taking place and also respiration is taking place. Here I'm talking about in Plants, because in animals we don't have photosynthesis. So because if if photosynthesis does not exist, it means that we don't have life, yes. It means that we don't have life. So it means that glucose plus oxygen—um, you're gonna produce carbon dioxide, carbon dioxide plus water plus ATP. The other side will use glucose, meaning that it it for the process—the reaction for photosynthesis is going to be the reverse—carbon dioxide plus water, actually also ATP will use it uh when when when when when during the uh in the gut phase, yes. Basically all of them you produce glucose plus oxygen, however much oxygen is a byproduct; however much here also here is carbonics as a byproduct as it goes to respiration, yes.
So the stages of respiration of aerobic respiration—the process of aerobic respiration include glycolysis, proboscycle, oxidative phosphorylation. Glycolysis—where does it take place? It takes place in the cytoplasm. Crop cycle—where does take place? It takes place in the mitochondrion; we have to to to see exactly where in the mitochondrion does it take place. And then oxidative phosphorylation takes place in the mitochondrion still. That's why I say that the first stage, glycolysis, occurs in the cytoplasm, while the other stages occur in the mitochondrion. So Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation, they occur in the in the uh in the they occur in the uh mitochondrion. So I'm going to stop here, and then the next class is going to be uh talking about—we're gonna be talking about these processes—glycolysis—I'm going to explain them in detail; group cycle—I explain it in detail so that you understand. I know that this is a challenge to many students, but by the time I finish this, you'll be able to understand it better, and you don't have any difficult. Don't forget to subscribe, like, and share to others for our daily new videos, yes. Thank you very much. See you again in the next—God bless you.
Welcome back to our killers. Yeah, today we are going to be looking at glycolysis or the three stages which are found in uh cellular respiration. Don't forget that last time we talked about these three stages which are involved in respiration, and basically here we are talking about aerobic respiration. Uh, remember that respiration is divided into two: aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration is whereby oxygen is being used during the process of this respiration, while anaerobic respiration—yeah, here we say that in anaerobic respiration oxygen must be absent. We say that aerobic respiration is divided into three stages; the first one we said it easy glycolysis; the the first one we say that it is glycolysis; the second one is crop cycle; the third one is oxidative phosphorylation. So now we are going to look at these three stages uh in detail.
Glycolysis—when you talk about glycolysis, basically, don't forget that oxygen, glucose, glucose, glucose is an hexas, hexos, meaning that is a sugar. Remember when you say OS, it means sugar; it means that it's a sugar which is made up of hex, hex means six; so it's a sugar which is made up of six carbon atoms. So if it's made up of six carbon atom—one, two, three, four, five, six—yes, that's why when you're writing it, yes, it is C6H12O6. So it's made up of six carbon atoms. During the process of glycolysis, what is happening there is the six uh carbon atom molecule is divided into three carbon atom molecule. Basically, here now it means that you form two three carbon atom molecule; you understand? And this carbon atom molecule, three carbon atom molecule, is called pyruvic acid or is called pyruvate, depending on how you want it to call it. So this is the three carbon atom molecules, three carbon atom molecule. During the breakdown of these six carbon atom molecule into three or two independent carbon atom molecule, a small amount of ATP, ATP is uh being released; so it means that this process results in the production of small amount of ATP. And this process of glycolysis, it next place number one in the cytoplasm; doesn't take place in the mitochondrion yet; it takes place in the cytoplasm. And number two, what you need to take note of: it takes place in absence of oxygen; so it takes place in absence of oxygen and takes place in the cytoplasm; it results in the production of less energy and also two carbon atom molecules which are made up of three—two uh molecules of of of of of of of pyruvate which are made up of three carbon atom, three carbon atom uh atoms, yes.
So if you come back here and we see our process of glycolysis, we say that uh basically glycolysis—um, in science, what does it mean? Glical comes from the word uh glycogen, yeah, but is here we are referring to glucose, yes. Lysis in science means splitting, you split—splitting—so splitting this molecule of glucose or glycos uh glycogen. So this molecule when it it divides—one, two, three, four, five, six—six carbon atom molecules, six carbon atoms, so it divides into one, two, three, one, two, three, meaning that you have two independent Carboni—two independent molecules which are made up of three carbon atoms. So uh are we saying that it takes place outside the mitochondrion, in the cytoplasm? So we have explained about that, and you say that you have to take note of this that this process occurs in absence of oxygen; so it is oxygen is not required this during this process. This links us to the anaerobic respiration which takes place in absence of oxygen; it means that when it is anaerobic respiration, it cannot undergo other steps of crop cycle and oxidative phosphorylation, why? Because those two phases they require oxygen; it is only glycolysis which produce which which which takes place without oxygen being present. So the glucose molecule is broken down into smaller molecules; these smaller molecules, yes, remember we said that they are made up of three carbon atoms, and then a small amount, a small amount of energy, yeah, is being released and is stored in energy rich ATP. Don't forget that during uh phosphorylation, during phosphorylation, in this case you have ADP, ADP which is adenosine diphosphate plus an inorganic phosphate, you format called ATP which is adenosine triphosphate, which means three three uh three phosphates with the adenine uh added; hence, we form what you call adenosine triphosphate. So during this process, some energy is is erased, and this energy is used to form this Bond; hence, you form adenosine triphosphate; so that energy is stored as ATP, yes. So we are saying that the energy—this more amount of energy is stored in energy rich ATP molecule—energy and uh releases high energy High hydrogen ions. So it doesn't stop there; we also release a small part of hydrogen ions; these hydrogen ions, yes, hydrogen ions are they are used in the oxidative phosphorylation; they are used in oxidative phosphorylation. And how does it move from the cytoplasm, cytoplasm and then to mitochondria? How does it go there? Yes, how does it move from the cytoplasm? There must be a carrier, yes, an enzyme carrier or a carrier which is used to carry this hydrogen and then it takes it into the mitochondria so that oxidative phosphorylation can take place. And that carrier is—yes—don't forget that in in in in in in in photosynthesis it was called NADP; so this is nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, but for—yeah—so this one is nicotinamide adenine di nucleotide. So this nicotine—nicotine—nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide plus the hydrogen ion, it forms NADH. So this is another NADH which moves into the uh oxidative phosphorylation, but it passes the carb cycle and then it enters the oxidative phosphorylation; hence, we're saying that release high energy hydrogen ion, yes, and then this high energy hydrogen ion will enter the Krebs cycle. So if you look at this structure, it shows that the pyruvate it will enter, and the NADH now—the NADH it will enter the Krebs cycle. These arrows—this this part—it shows that it enters the Krebs cycle; hence, we enter the Krebs cycle.
The Krebs cycle, Krebs cycle can only take place in presence of oxygen; oxygen must be present, yes. So it means that uh the add-on less energy is released, but during these two phases we produce large amount of ATP; so over 30 ATPs are being produced, 36, yes. So uh here we are saying that occurs inside the mitochondrion, yes, releases carbon dioxide; it means that now the the the the the pyruvate which is being which enters here—the pyruvate it enters here—don't forget here, here is the pyruvate which comes in; so it enters here. When it enters here, it undergoes Cycles; these two molecules uh they'll undergo one by one, yes, the the cycle, and during that period of the cycle it is broken down and then carbon dioxide, carbon dioxide is produced, but plus the hydrogen ion; the hydrogen ion will combine with the NAD and then it does not only combine it with the NAD with also FAD, and then it forms uh the, and they enter what you call the oxidative phosphorylation. So transport transports hydrogen hydrogen atom to the third stage of hydrogenic carrier enzyme. So this uh it will be transported to the the next stage of of uh respiration. So what we have produced here is the NADH, NADH and the FADH2; they enter the oxidative phosphorylation, but the carbon dioxide which is produced here is acting as a bi product. Don't forget, as a small reminder, that what happens: the raw material of uh of of of of of of of of glucose—the raw material of photosynthesis—they are the product of respiration, and the raw material of respiration are the products of or the products of of respiration are the raw material for photosynthesis. So you have to technology of that, meaning that these two are—they are like—they are reversible reactions; they are reversible reactions. So now the NADH and the FADH2 they enter, they enter here; you see them there that they are entering the oxidative phosphorylation. This makes us to go to the oxidative phosphorylation. Guys, if you want a distinction, you have to use this booklet which you've got a distinction material for grade 11. There is distinction material for grade 12, distinction material for grade 12, for grade 10, distinction material for grade 11; use these books, yeah. You'll be able to get distinctions. If you want the book, you have to click in the uh go to the description; you find the link there; click on that link, then get your book so that you can get a distinction; guaranteed a distinction is guaranteed because there is nothing it's going to ask you without being uh indicated in this book. Let me know if you have any challenge or you have any comment in the comment section below, or find me on that WhatsApp number; I'll be able to help you out. Let's go to the oxidative phosphorylation. Under oxidative phosphorylation, so and so under oxidative phosphorylation what happens is what we got from the Krebs cycle; they enter, and what we got from uh glycolysis, some of it—that is the NADH—and then what we got from the Krebs cycle uh those two, they enter the Galaxy; they enter the the oxidative phosphorus. So basically, as I said that what happens is the what you got from Krebs cycle and what you got from uh glycolysis—that is basically the NADH—they enter uh what we call the oxidative phosphorylation. So in this case uh basically what we we are looking at, we are looking at the the NADH and the FADH2, these two, yes, remember they contain this hydrogen; they are the the the the the the the they take the hydrogen to oxidative phosphorylation. Now when it it enters there, it it it it it it undergoes a chain of reaction, yes, whereby there is electron transfer. So for example, if this this this this this this this—if all these are hydrogen acceptors—one, two, three, four, five, six—so let me show you what happens—uh this this this hydrogen uh acceptor it brings it—it gives it to this, as it—this gives it to this, yes, as it—it—
Moves from one to two, energy is released. From two to three, energy is released. From three to four, energy is released. Four to five, energy is released. Six to a five to six, energy is released. Now this energy, which is released here—one, two, three, four, five—yes, is used to add the ADP, ADP plus inorganic phosphate, uh, to form what? ATP. And that energy which is released here is stored in in form of what? ATP. Now the last uh hydrogen acceptor, what happens to the last hydrogen acceptor? The last hydrogen acceptor is going to be um oxygen, yes. The oxygen is going to be used, yes, uh, and then it accepts the hydrogen, and then now it forms the uh this H2O, and then now the cycle is complete. But there is a lot of ATPs which are being produced here, as this one is moving to this, energy is this one moving to this, energy is it's like that, it's like that, like that, like that, like that until uh over 30 ATPs are being what are being arrested.
Let's go back to our oxidative phosphorylation. It takes place inside the mitochondrion and requires oxygen, so it means that oxygen must be present. Pass High hydrogen energy hydrogen atom from one hydrogen carrier enzyme to. So what does it mean? It means that um it means that one hydrogen carrier enzyme gives it to the next one, and then the next one, the next one, like that, like that. But during that process, energy is being released, so raising energy in this process. What happens? This energy is used; the energy which is being released in this process is used to combine the phosphate molecule to an ADP. That is what I showed you here, that that energy which is is raised is used to combine ADP uh plus an inorganic phosphate to form the ATP. Hence you form what you call adenosine diphosphate to adenosine triphosphate. This process is called phosphorylation because oxygen is involved in there, hence and there is oxidation or there is oxidation. It takes place during uh there is uh oxidation and reduction, so this process is an oxidative reaction, hence we call it oxidative oxidative phosphorylation, yes. Here is the uh the formula which is shown how these two are being formed. For example, they see ADP plus ATP, you form uh uh ADP plus inorganic phosphate, yes. You four multiple ATP, I don't understand, diphosphate to form adenosine triphosphate. Oxygen acts as the final energy, the final hydrogen acceptor, as I said, binding it with hydrogen forming water molecule. That's what I said here, yes. That oxygen, it becomes the last hydrogen acceptor which combines with the hydrogen uh ion here and then or atoms and then you form a guara molecules. Doesn't just take place the way we write it like that; is it? Is it? It's a little bit of complex, but we just use it just to summarize for you so that you can understand what is behind what we call the behind the scene. All right. So what happens? The hydrogen forming water is used, sorry, uh forming water which is released as a waste product of several expression. Basically, what a molecule is being released but is acting as a waste product, yes, or we can say is a byproduct, yes. Eh, let me let me remind you, don't forget, I say that you have um um glucose, glucose plus oxygen, you get um you get carbon dioxide plus Aura here plus ATP, ATP. This is respiration, and then this is photosynthesis. This is a respiration; the raw material for respiration you form this product of respiration, but the raw material for photosynthesis it forms the uh the the the the the raw material for respiration as I'm showing you. So we can bring uh this side instead of writing this equation, we draw um in mitochondria and then decide we draw a chloroplast and then we do those arrows and we ask you which substance is being lost here, the substance being obtained here, uh how do you call this process, and then we you know you know the way how you might not ask you, and we call it this is organello X, this is organello Y. You know that the the structure of the mitochondrion it has the info already, what inner membrane, yes. So it means that you are able to identify it, while the the the structure of the crop uh the chloroplast, you know that it has those uh what you call the granum and then the integrana lamera, so you're able to understand that this is a chloroplast and this is it a mitochondria. So you must not be confused when you bring questions concerning about this. You will be trying to practice different questions so that we see that at least we we can obtain uh max if a paper comes in. Don't forget to like to subscribe and share to others for our daily new videos.
Let's go back to the summary of the whole process. Let me call it a recall, a recall for this or what you call summary or remembering what we have studied. Yes, we say that respiration is the process by which glucose is broken down in presence of oxygen, produce ATP, yes. But this Arabic respiration, it it has three phases: one, glycolysis; two, Krebs cycle; three, electron transport chain, which we call the oxidative phosphorylation. Remember I told you that when these uh they enter here they undergo a series of electron transport, yes. So uh what what is very important in in glycolysis is the six carbonyl molecule will break down to form three carbon molecules, yes, two of them, yes. Number two, you produce some bit of ATP, that's number two. Number three, you produce a hydrogen ion. This hydrogen ion will add two fat, sorry, to Nadi, which is nicotine amine adenine dinucleotide, to form Nadi H. This Nadi H will enter will go through the chromos cycle, the mitochondrion, and then it enters the uh the oxidative phosphorylation. That's pointy number one for glycolysis. Point number two is crop cycle. The pyruvate which is formed, this the three carbon atom molecule which enters the group cycle, it will undergo a series of reactions and then it will produce hydrogen ions. It does not stop there; it also produces carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is moved out of the system, and then the hydrogen ion, the hydrogen ion, yes, it will combine with the nut and the Fadi, yes, perform not the edge and the fat H. These two hydrogen acceptors they enter the uh the oxidative phosphorylation plus the Nadi which we obtain from a glycolysis, and then now you form what you call uh oxidative phosphorylation. So number three is oxidative phosphoration, obvious. So what happens here? Easy, you have the uh this they undergo a chain of reaction whereby there is uh accepting and raising of electrons, accepting and raising of electrons. This during this process you produce energy, and this energy which is being produced is used to add ADP, ADP, ADP plus an inorganic phosphate to form a t p, yes. And then we say that the last hydrogen acceptor is going to be oxygen, and that oxygen will accept that hydrogen and then it forms what we call water, and this water is taken as a waste product or a byproduct. Hence we have formed a number of ATP, and don't forget that respiration, what you want from respiration is production of ATP. So in this case, by the end of this uh uh stage would have a maximum number of atps, yes. So that is the summary of respiration. You must know this by heart, University students. This is not how we explain it; we explain it more detail and more detailed structure. There is a lot of information we're supposed to add in. So if you're going to continue with the life science or with the biology at the University level, then you have to know more information about that. All right.
Anaerobic respiration. Don't forget that we say that anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen, so it means that if it occurs without oxygen, it means that anaerobic respiration will only take place for glycolysis. It doesn't have problem cycle, doesn't have oxidative phosphorylation. It occurs a short period of time and it only occurs basically in in animals during the emergence period, meaning during physical exercises. Remember you use the oxygen which is now, for example, you are running, running, running. At the beginning you run, you get exhausted, and then you open the mouth, the mouth. Even if you open it more, the the oxygen cannot be enough because you are using this oxygen vigorously. So what happens? The burden is energy. So what happens is it is supposed to break down the energy without oxygen, but that has uh however much is beneficial energy is being released, but it releases less energy. It means that you use a lot of oxygen, sorry, use a lot of glucose uh with the limited amount of energy which is being produced. Eh, I can say that anaerobic respiration in animals is a necessary evil. Is it evil which is necessary? Necessary because we get ATP. It is evil because it wastes glucose, yet glucose is needed to produce large amount of attributes. Anyway, that was my statement, but it can also be correct. Um, we're saying that produce less ATP than aerobic respiration. Yeah, anaerobic respiration produces less ATP than aerobic respiration. We also have anaerobic respiration in plants, respiration in animals. Let's look at anaerobic respiration in animals. It is known as lactic acidic fermentation, meaning that you produce lactic acid. If you find someone or you run it today, tomorrow you have painful muscles. It means that lactic acid accumulated there; your sales undergo what you call anaerobic respiration, and then lactic acid is being produced. Occurs in the muscle during intensive exercises. You think of all the Intensive what exercises enables glycolysis um in the cytoplasm of the animal cell, and then this result in accumulation of lactic acid causing the muscles to become tired and painful. That's what I was talking about, yes. So when the the muscles become pain when lactic acid, because this is an acid, acid is not supposed to be in our muscles, it's not supposed to be there in the body, it's supposed to be a uh excreted out of the body. So because the process of excretion is taking place at a Lopez, then it accumulates and then it causes the tardiness and the accumulation of pain in these muscles. Produce only a small amount of Arabic. We have talked about this. Lactic acid can be converted back to pyruvic acid when the muscle receive enough oxygen. So when the muscle receive enough oxygen, can be converted into a pyruvic acid, and then now we can take it to uh oxidative phosphorylation or proboscycle and oxidative phosphorylation, and maximum amount of energy can be produced. What about anaerobic respiration in implants? This is called alcoholic fermentation. People who are making uh you know how you you call it um they're there in in yeah yeah. What happens there is you you you you do fermentation, and during this process you don't you cover it so that oxygen does not enter, yes. Brewery, you you call it local brew, yes. So during this process, yes, uh oxygen is is blocked so that this process of respiration does not undergo aerobic respiration, because if it undergoes Arabic respiration it won't be able to produce uh the alcohol. So what happens is you block it, and then it comes glycolysis takes place, and then after that because there's no Oxygen now the pyruvate is converted into an alcohol, hence fermentation uh is taking place in DC process. It enables the glycolysis in the cytoplasm uh of the plant cells resulting in accumulation of pyruvic acid. You see pyruvic acid forming uh uh ethanol. So in this case, this is what you call the alcohol and then releasing the carbon dioxide. You if you check uh where you are making this fermentation, yes, you'll find out that uh there is the uh there is z there is z uh there is what you call uh small small bubbles which are coming out. Those small small bubbles, that is carbon dioxide which is being released. So we are saying that it can be summarized like this: glucose plus ATP plus pyruvic as glucose gives you ATP price pyruvic acid. The pyruvic acid or the pyruvate, sometimes we call it pyruvate, is is converted into alcohol and then carbon dioxide. Hence you have the uh the the uh the alcohol in the dirty uh thing you are trying to drink. So the alcohol is there, however much it could be, the percentage is a little bit smaller uh due to less uh separation of this alcohol from other other residues, yes. Some you're saying that what are some of the uses of anaerobic respiration in Industry? Number one, yeast and fungi respire anaerobically, so we use them we use them during baking. We use this anaerobic respiration to bring about alcohol. People enjoy alcohol; they they enjoy it. How do they enjoy it? How do they eat it? Yeah, you the people who are taking it, you know how how when you take it, how do you feel, uh which moods do you undergo when you're taking it, and how how does it taste when you are taking it? But I see that when people take it, when people are queuing to get it, it means that yeah maybe it is something uh nice for them. All right. That's why this is very important. Beverages such as beer, wine, all that is being used in uh fermentation. Yeast cells are also used during the bread rise. You see that very nice, some of them there is this political, there is just feeling your air, yeah, when you eat it, yeah, you you after 30 seconds, 30 minutes you are hungry, but you are you you ate the full bread. That bread you you you buy from caps uh chicken uh you buy from ShopRite and they pick and pay, you put it in the machine, it says it forms it forms the slices. Oh, the best example is this bread you you make Sparkle with uh or the quarter. When you eat it without without chips inside, you're telling me if we will stay a full one hour without uh becoming hungry. So they call it fagamaya because it's full of air, just you are feeling the the space in the stomach. So basically it's like a sponge inside, why? Because of the rise of uh of yeast is trying to escape from this bread and then it makes it what fries a bit. So lastly, easy comparing uh between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration. Arabic respiration, yes, we use oxygen; anaerobic respiration, there is no oxygen used. And then aerobic respiration, yes, it occurs in the cytoplasm and mitochondria; anaerobic respiration, only cytoplasm, yes. It the end product is carbon dioxide and water here; anaerobic respiration is alcohol and carbon dioxide. Then the other side is the oxidative uh there is oxidation of the respiratory substance; there is oxidation of these substances we use here; there is incomplete incomplete oxidation, yes, why? Because oxygen is not there. Then you produce 36 ATPs here; you only produce to imagine. So it means that anaerobic respiration is very very very important. So you guys, if you want more about this, don't forget to subscribe, like, share to others so that you get your distinction and don't stop only with a great level. When you go to grade 12, you'll find better better videos which are going to make you even if you see the home and relax and you watch this, you're gonna get a distinction. Our next topic is the carbon dioxide production during Arabic respiration experiment. We like to ask this in in in in in exam and also like to ask this during practical work. Don't forget to subscribe, like, share to others for our daily new videos. MCD as usual. God bless you. See you again in our next.