Ruling the Countryside FULL CHAPTER | Class 8 History Chapter 3 | UPSC Preparation For Beginners

Hello friends, once again I heartily welcome all of you to the UPSC Wala Foundation channel. I am Mohammad Asim. Friends, today we are going to read Chapter Number Three of Class 8, and after a long time, I am meeting you all. So, I hope and wish that you all are doing very well, are healthy, and your studies are also going on very well, and they should continue. But I apologize that I could not take classes during this period, and the reason for that was that my uric acid had increased a bit, due to which there was swelling in my leg. So, I was not able to stand properly, and the doctor's advice was to rest for a while. And it requires standing for a long time to take classes, so it would have created more problems. Hence, I am really sorry for the inconvenience. Your classes were canceled during this period, but now I am fine again, and we are ready to start today's session, Class 8, Chapter Number Three. Mention on your streak, are you on your streak? Let me know if you have come to my class today, mark your attendance, tell me how you are doing, and friends, let's start this session, this discussion, okay. Let's feel good again, I want to talk to you again. Definitely write your thoughts in the comment box. How are things going these days? What's happening with your studies? And if there is any kind of problem, definitely tell me in the comment box. I am back, I will keep checking your comment box again. Okay. So, look, Chapter Number Three is about Ruling the Countryside. Look, the East India Company, its rule, its grip, how it was increasing in the rural areas, the countryside, how it captured these rural areas, and how it started earning money, revenue, through these rural areas. We have to read this, but in what background is this happening? Sir, we didn't understand what you said. That's why I will remind you a little about what we read in Chapter Number Two. Because I know you people must not have revised that chapter and come. I am really sure that you people must not have revised that chapter and come today. Learn this, always, whenever you come to attend any class, first revise the previous chapter. Especially in my classes, because it is my habit that whenever I start a new chapter, I link it with the previous chapter. So, remember the last chapter, what did I tell you? That the East India Company, when it came to India, after that, in that chapter, I told you about the Anglo-Mysore Wars. The four treaties that were made with Mysore, in the Anglo-Mysore Wars, I told you that. I also told you the reasons for the wars. The battles that happened with Haider Ali and Tipu Sultan. Apart from that, I told you about the Anglo-Maratha Wars. Remember, in the Anglo-Maratha Wars, I showed you the entire movie of Bajirao Mastani and told you about all the Peshwas. I told you the reasons for the wars. I told you about the Battle of Plassey, the Third Battle of Panipat, the Battle of Buxar, right? And when I ended the chapter, I asked you if the company had got the Diwani rights. Remember? And the meaning of Diwani rights is the right to collect revenue, to collect money, to collect rent, revenue. This was obtained from the Mughal Emperor. Now the Mughal Emperor was ruling here. There was a Mughal Emperor, but this right was taken by the East India Company. This is where we have to start today's lecture. Is the point clear, friends? Shall we begin? It's simple, easy, and very important. Pay attention to this chapter. All these settlements, I will explain them in a big way. It's not much, it's very simple. You will say, sir, what have you done? It's not that easy. So, first, we will see how the company started generating revenue. Then, to generate revenue, it adopted some methods. Those methods were the Permanent Settlement, the Mahalwari System, the Ryotwari System. We will read these three systems. And then, the next part of the chapter revolves entirely around the indigo issue. How the demand for Indian indigo increased worldwide. The indigo that was being produced in Europe earlier, the alternative to indigo was not that good. The demand for Indian indigo increased, and because of this, people in India were forced to cultivate indigo. When people were forced to cultivate it, it meant that people were suppressed, oppressed, exploited. After this, these people will revolt. Which is known as because the color is blue. So, this is the entire chapter, the entire gist. Nothing else. It's clear. I am starting, friends. Make notes along with me. As always, let us start, let us start again. Let's begin this story, and take out your pen, notebook, and NCERT, and sit down. Clear? First, write the date that is important. Please write August 12, 1765. Write the date, it is quite important. [Music] Now, what happened on this date? The East India Company, the British East India Company, became the Diwan. And what was the impact of this? That the company, when it became the Diwan, got the Diwani rights. This means that the company, whatever territories it had acquired so far, became the financial administrator of those territories. Meaning, whatever territory this company had captured so far in India, whatever territory it had captured, how the financial administration of that entire territory would be, the company got the rights here. You made the company the Diwan of Bengal. Why? Because I told you in the last lecture that the company was fighting in South India, the battles in the Deccan, with Mysore, with the Marathas. But they took a leave from the South to Bengal. Why Bengal? Because Bengal has a lot of resources, and the company was strengthening its economy by using those resources, and from there it started conquering. This was its main idea. So, the company was made the Diwan of Bengal. What was the impact of becoming the Diwan? Let's note it down. What was the very, very important impact? The company became, note it down, the company became the financial administrator of the territories that were under the East India Company. How the entire expenditure of those territories would be, in what way its financial administration would be, in what way the financial expenditure would be, in what way things would be within these territories, the company started deciding all of that here. Understood? Now, for the work they got, keep this important thing in mind too. There were two functions or two works. Two works. I am writing this myself. You won't find this in the book, but yes, I am writing the heading of these two works so that you understand. What were the two works? It is written in the book. First, to administer all those lands. Through these finances, which have become the Diwan. So, the first task after becoming the Diwan was to administer the land. And the second was to organize all the company's revenue sources, its sources of earning money. Understood? What are the two important functions? First function? Administering the land. Write it simply. Administering the land. Hey, you have captured the land, won't you administer it? Sir, it's a simple matter. So, this task is done. The second is to organize all your revenue sources. Write: Organizing, organizing revenue sources. Whatever revenues there are, organize them properly. Why? Suppose you have set up a business. Okay. You have taken a plot, you have opened a shop. How will you administer all the money coming in? That is, how will you administer the shop? And how will you organize all the money that comes in? That we have earned this much money from the shop, this much profit, this much we will reinvest in buying goods, this much will be for our household expenses. You will organize it, right? So, the company also has to run the country, right? The company also has to run its company, right? Where it is ruling that territory, it will run it, the company, right? It's not like they just sat there after capturing. They captured it, so they have to run it. Yes, they have to administer it. Yes, and the revenue sources have to be organized. So, the company has to do the work. Okay. But what will be the company's approach when it does this work? Listen to that. See, the company's approach. Write: Company's approach. Company's approach. Okay. What is going to be the company's approach? How will it move forward? How will these things be seen? How will they move forward? Meaning, the company had to pay a lot of attention to three things here. What, sir? First important point, very, very important. The company's growing needs, whatever growing expenses will be, should be fulfilled. Organize your resources in such a way and administer your land. Understood? First, yield a revenue. Note it down. Yield a revenue. Yield so much revenue that you can meet the demands, meet the growing, growing needs of the company. It's simple, isn't it? Brother, obviously, the company's needs will increase. So, extract so much revenue from these sources, from these lands. This will fulfill the company's growing needs here. Second important point. You should be able to buy or sell things that the company needs. So far, many things are being produced in India. That's why it grows well here. Buy and sell. Buy and sell what? Products according to the needs of the company. According to the needs of the company. According to the company's needs, you have to move forward. Okay. So, it means you should yield enough revenue to fulfill the company's growing needs. Second, you should be able to buy and sell products that are required by the company. But you have to do all these things very cautiously. Why? Because you are an alien. Being an alien power, you are an alien power. Sir, what does this mean? And when Shah Rukh Khan reaches the village, not the village of Deepika's father, but he reaches another village. So, Deepika Padukone first makes friends with the villagers there. She made friends. Why? Because if she hadn't made friends, they wouldn't have supported her in a way. Understand? It's the same thing here. For example, when Akbar came to India, he made very good policies with the Rajputs. Okay. Why? Because they were locals. His calculation was very good: I am an outsider, and if I have to rule in India, I first have to make friends with the people there. If I don't make friends, they will throw me out. Understand? Similarly, since these were English powers, they were alien to India. It wasn't like they could do whatever they wanted like a wild bull from the beginning, otherwise, there would have been a revolt right there. What did the Mughal Empire do? They moved very cautiously. They took small steps. So, since they were an alien power, they had to maintain a cautious approach. You cannot completely eliminate the people who are already ruling. In one go, saying, "We have arrived, and we have cut off heads, so we are on the throne." This doesn't happen. Why? If they did this, perhaps there would have been a revolt. They did this slowly, slowly, slowly. So, they had to adopt a cautious approach because they were an alien power. Understood? This is the company's approach. How to do it? First, increase revenue so much that their needs grow. Second, the company should be able to buy and sell things that are required by the company. And third, when it is doing all this work, its approach should be very cautious because it is an alien power, and if it tries to overthrow any power or do something, then there could be a revolt. Please write the next heading with me. Please see: Revenue for the Company. Revenue for the Company. There are two things you need to remember here. Nothing else. Two things. You are hearing correctly, sir. You are only telling two things. Look, first, before 1765. What was happening before this? What was happening until then? And after 1765, when the company became the Diwan of Bengal, what was the situation? That's what is written. Look, when the company came and sat in Bengal, and was made the Diwan, the company was still looking at itself as a trading power. The company still wanted to get money, it wanted revenue, but it didn't want to set up any system from which it would keep getting revenue. Understand? The company wants applause, but the company is not doing anything to get applause. So, the company wanted something from which it would keep getting revenue. So, before 1765, if any goods had to be bought here, any goods had to be imported, then those goods were imported in exchange for gold and silver. That is, the British gave gold and silver to India and imported their goods to their country. Meaning, the goods imported from India were in exchange for gold and silver. We got Indian goods, they got gold and silver. Our goods went out. This was all going very well. This was trade. That's why from the beginning of the company. Yes, but when they were made the Diwan of Bengal, when they were made the Diwan of Bengal, then obviously changes started happening. What? Now they had revenue. They had a way to earn revenue, money. Meaning, they had a system for money. Now what was happening? The revenue of Bengal was enough. With the revenue of Bengal, things were being bought and sold. Meaning, things were being bought and sold with the revenue of Bengal itself. You made them the Diwan of Bengal, they are collecting the revenue of Bengal, and with the revenue of Bengal, they are buying things from Bengal. Understand the point? Before, we used to get gold and silver from Britain, and in return, our goods went out. So, what did we get? Gold and silver. Our goods were sold. But when the company was made the Diwan of Bengal, goods were being bought with the revenue of Bengal itself, and goods were being sent out. Meaning, the company is sitting in Bengal, waiting for the revenue of Bengal. Yes, they received money from the people of Bengal, and with the money of the people, they bought goods from the people of Bengal and sent them out. Understand? In this way, the company's revenue started to be generated. Goods were being bought with the revenue of Bengal. Okay. Note this down. Revenue collected in Bengal could finance the purchase of goods for export. With this money itself, exports were happening here. What was the impact of this? Now, please write the heading for this. Impact. Very important. When this started happening, just think. When this started happening, that the revenue of India, the money of India, the money of the people of Bengal, and the goods of Bengal, bought with their own money, and sent out. What is the difference? Write the first point. First point. First, the artisans started leaving the villages. They are buying our goods. They are saying, "Sell us your goods at a very cheap price." Meaning, understand what is happening. They are collecting revenue from the people of Bengal. With that money, they are buying goods from the artisans, and they are giving them less money for those goods. Brother, what's the benefit? See, it is written: They were forced to sell their goods to the company at a low price. Note it down. They were forced to sell goods to the company at a low price. Second. [Music] Okay. The production of artisans, friends, what happened to it? They are saying, "Sell your product for less money." So, what's the benefit? First, it deserted the village. It completely deserted it. So, obviously, its impact was seen. The production of artisans declined. And the peasants who are working in the fields, working in the fields, they are able to meet their needs only. If they can meet their demands, then obviously, first, the peasants were exploited, and here, point number D, agricultural production here also decreased. Agricultural production also decreased. Keep this in mind. These are the impacts that are given in your NCERT, friends. Note this down. Clear? Take a screenshot, then we will move forward. Now, after this, write that along with this impact, plus, plus, and in this terrible famine, what happened? Somewhere you will see that 10 million people died here. 10 million people died. Let me tell you indirectly. Indirectly, one-third of the population of entire Bengal was wiped out. So, on one hand, the oppression of the British, the revenue system they kept. What was the revenue system? Let me repeat it 12 times, I am repeating it, so that it echoes in your ears, it enters your mind. What was the revenue system? That the company became the Diwan of Bengal. The company collected revenue from the people of Bengal, and with their money, with their revenue, meaning with their money, they bought their goods. And secondly, they said, "Sell your goods at the lowest price." Collecting revenue of 100 rupees, buying goods for 10 rupees, 90 rupees profit for themselves. And even if they had sold their goods at a higher price, it would have been beneficial for the artisans. At least they would have had some motivation to work. They are not even getting money. More than 10 million people died, and one-third of the total population. Clear up to here? Note this down, then we will move forward. Note this down, then we will move forward. Clear. So, the point came that when the situation became so bad in Bengal, the point came that now there is a need to improve agriculture. Need to improve agriculture. Need to improve agriculture.

Here is the translation of the provided Hindi text into English, following your rules:

Here, there is definitely a flower, okay? And two things here you need to keep in mind. Basically, work has been asked to be done on two things. First, investment in land. The land should be improved, made fertile. Investment in land, land should be improved. And second, increase or write it like this, agriculture should be improved. Agriculture, my dear, is understood here that there is a need to improve it. Only then will agriculture happen, farming will happen, people will earn money from farming. Okay? Only then can the economy run. The company's revenue income started falling. Therefore, the company felt that if our company, we are the Diwan, but our income is ending. Brother, how will the income end? So the company's income will automatically decrease. And when the company needs to improve agriculture, an investment in land, land and agriculture to be improved. Once you, once you come to NCERT, I want to tell you that line here. Investment in land and second, agriculture. Third, note it down. I will tell you the meaning. The Ryotwari system. See, the company fell. Now the company needed this. First, Mr. will talk. The company needed this: how to stabilize its income. They should get a fixed income in a fixed state, a fixed stable income. For that, first came the Permanent Settlement. It was introduced during the time of Lord Cornwallis. Note down, Permanent Settlement. This happened in 1793. And this settlement was brought during the time when Lord Cornwallis was here. When you go to higher classes, you will get more details. In Class 8, only this much has been told to you. Okay? So, what was Permanent Settlement? Permanent Settlement basically, the revenue talukdars were recognized as zamindars. Understand this first. And the talukdars were what? As zamindars. As zamindars. They were told that you have to collect rent and pay it to the company. Understand what is happening. And since the amount they demanded was fixed, that amount was fixed. That is why it was called Permanent Settlement. Clear? The company thought that our Bengal's economy has crashed, our income is deteriorating. They wanted to get a permanent income. So what did they do? They said, okay, the king, the talukdars, they are zamindars. Zamindars. They were recognized as zamindars. They told these zamindars, "Go and collect rent." So, they collected rent from the peasants and paid it to the company. Understood? And the amount the company demanded from these people, the zamindars, was fixed. So it became permanent in nature. It became permanent because it was fixed. So they could not change that revenue demand. That is why it was referred to as the Permanent Settlement. Clear? This method was adopted. I hope this is understood. But it also had some problems. What were the problems? One problem was that the zamindars were not willing to make improvements in the land. See its objectives first. Write down the two objectives. What were the two objectives of Permanent Settlement? Two objectives. What are the objectives? First, improvement in land. Improvement of what? Of land. And second, we are encouraging whom? Note it down. We are encouraging the zamindars to improve the land. Okay? Improvement of land. And how will this land improvement happen? You can mention it like this. There are two objectives. What is the first objective? That the zamindars, the zamindars, we are encouraging them. We are encouraging them. Okay? Note it down. They should be encouraged here so that a regular income is developed here. Okay? A regular flow of revenue should be established. Note it down. Regular flow. Clear or not? Tell me first. Clarify the first point. You take the money. Correct it. The revenue we are demanding is fixed. Suppose the revenue collected is 100 rupees. We are demanding 50 rupees. Give us 50. Keep the remaining 50 with you. And improve the land. So, the second objective. One objective was being fulfilled: land improvement. And the second objective was being fulfilled: a regular flow of revenue would be maintained. Whatever they collect, we will get this much. Our state. But what was happening was that if production increased, say in the field, the company was not benefiting, the zamindars were benefiting. They said, "Give us 50 rupees." But suppose production was 120, 130 rupees. Production was 120, 130 rupees. Then they would keep 85 rupees. The zamindars would get more income. Despite more income, the zamindars were still not encouraged to improve the land. But the reality was different. So much revenue was demanded that even the zamindars could not pay it. And the problem was here. I will tell you some problems. One problem was that if a zamindar was there and could not pay the revenue, their zamindari was also taken away. Understood? Okay? So this was your Permanent Settlement. I will tell you its problems. First problem: the zamindars were not inclined to invest. I will tell you its problems further, and then we will discuss it here. See, problems. Problems. What problems? Problem number one: unable to pay revenue. Why? High revenue demand. Very high revenue was demanded. Understand? Problem. For revenue. They used to auction the zamindari. Zamindari auction. Company. Here, Permanent Settlement. There are other things in this too. It is also called the Sunset Clause. You will read about it in higher classes, then you will understand. So, basically, Permanent Settlement came during the time of Lord Cornwallis. John Shore probably designed it in 1793. And revenue talukdars were recognized as zamindars. They were told to collect rent. And pay the amount to the company. The amount demanded by the British was fixed. That is why it is called Permanent Settlement. Now, there were many problems in this, so after this, they moved towards what? Towards the Mahalwari System. Note it down. Now, the Mahalwari System and your Ryotwari System are two systems. Who made this? Who made both? I will tell you the difference. But Thomas Munro and Alexander Read. Write it like this. Alexander Read plus Thomas Munro. That is why we will often call it the Munro System later. Now, understand what is in the Mahalwari System. What does this "Mahal" mean? Mahal means a village. Village. So, the land of each village was assessed here. It was measured. And then, based on the land of the Mahal, its revenue was decided. Read it once. It is written here: "An important social institution in northern society and needed to be preserved." It was necessary to preserve it. Look in NCERT. Under the directions, collectors went from village to village, inspecting the land, measuring the fields, and recording the estimated. Recording the customs and rights of different groups. The estimated revenue of each plot within a village was added up to calculate the revenue of that village. Meaning, what was happening here? The revenue of each plot, each plot's revenue was added. Everyone's revenue was added here to decide the revenue of that entire village, meaning the entire Mahal. So, individual revenue here was added. Individual revenue was added, and the total revenue of the Mahal was calculated. Understood? This was one method. And this was mainly applied in the area of present-day UP. The Ryotwari System was applied in South India. What was happening here? The "Ryot." What does Ryot mean? Note it down. Here, Ryot means basically cultivator. What does Ryot mean? Cultivator. Now, what is happening here? An agreement is made with these Ryots. Directly here. What is happening with them? An agreement is made. We call this "Satta." And sometimes this does not happen, then the headmen of their village, and with the headman, this "Satta" happens. The headman signs this agreement. Understood? So, basically, in this Ryotwari System, the system of middlemen ended. Directly here, they made an agreement with them. And in return for the agreement, what did they do? They gave them money. Money was given for growing crops. They were given other things here, like whatever was needed, whatever was needed, all that was given here. Clear? See, it is written here: "In time, the new system that was devised came to be known as Ryotwari or Ryotwari. It was tried on a small scale by Captain Alexander Read in some of the areas that were taken away by the Company after the wars with Tipu Sultan." So, it was applied in those areas which were taken from Tipu Sultan in the South. First, by Thomas Munro. This system gradually extended all over South India. So this was all over South India. This was applied all over South India. This was in the area of present-day UP. First, this was all over India. Later, it started changing. Understood? Later, it started changing. Clear? Clear? This is important. Pay attention. Okay, moving on. See, Read and Munro felt that in the South, there are no additional zamindars. So, settlements had to be made directly with the cultivators who had tilled the land for generations. We have to directly make an agreement with them here. Okay? Keep in mind that these two. Okay, I forgot about the headman here. Pay attention to this. This has to be done. The agreement is signed with the headman. Okay? So, what is happening here? The zamindar is gone. Here, the right or responsibility to collect revenue for a Mahal, a village, at an individual level, is given to whom? The headman of the village. So, there was no zamindar here. The headman of the village. See, it is written in NCERT that "this demand was to be the charge of collecting the revenue and paying it to the Company was given to the village headman." So, it started being called a settlement. Understood? Clear? So, in Permanent Settlement, there was a zamindar who collected. Here, there is a headman who collects. Here, no middlemen, no zamindar. And directly here, the contract is with the Ryot. Clear? This is important. Pay attention. Directly, the dealings are with the cultivator, the Ryot. Okay? So, this is it. Now, moving on. So, these are the three things the company was doing. I hope this is understood. Friends, it is simple. There is nothing complicated here. The company adopted three methods. First was Permanent Settlement, in which they found a way to earn revenue. They said that the talukdars, we recognize them as zamindars. They called the zamindars and said, "Go and collect revenue." And pay that revenue to the company. But the revenue demanded was very high. Therefore, the zamindars could not pay, and they had to leave their zamindaris, or they were snatched away. Because the amount demanded was fixed, it was called Permanent Settlement. Understood? Simple. What were the objectives? One, that there would be a regular flow of revenue to the company because it is fixed, this much will be received. And second, the zamindars were encouraged to improve the land. Okay? This is done. Now, since there were many problems in this, as I told you the problems. What problems did I tell you? I told you four problems: zamindars were not investing, land improvement was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed, it was clear that all was not well with them. Driven by the desire to increase the income from land revenue, officials fixed too high revenue demands. Peasants were unable to pay. Ryots fled the country." So, what is the problem with the system? That the Ryots with whom you made an agreement, they themselves fled. They left the country. And villages became deserted in many areas. And I told you earlier that the artisans, what did they do? The artisans were deserted. Clear? Now, please. Next, crops for Europe. I hope you have understood this entire summary. I have brought this summary for you. What we have covered so far, I am summarizing it. Then what happened? Then what came? Then it came that there is a need to improve agriculture. To improve agriculture, what did they bring? Permanent Settlement. I have explained it completely. Permanent Settlement had many problems. What were the problems? Problems: no investment, improvement of land. Improvement of land was not happening. High, fixed revenue rates. And the zamindars' hands were tied, saying they couldn't collect. Very high rates were demanded. Therefore, a new system was devised, which we call the Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems. I have told you both systems what they were. And their problems. I have also told you here that there were many problems. Because it is written that "within a few years." See, there is a heading written: "What was not well." Read under it. It is written: "Within a few years after the new system was imposed,

Indian Indigo began to increase its imports, okay? Why? Because the quality of Indian Indigo has improved. What was the quality? It was a nice dark blue, with a blue tick mark on Instagram. It was very good quality. So the demand for Bengal's Indigo started to increase a lot. Now, the British were shrewd. They thought, "Wow, Indigo demand is increasing." So, there were many officials of the company working in India. Where did they leave their work? They said, "We will cultivate Indigo," because there was so much profit, so much profit, so much profit that they wanted that profit here. So, Indigo cultivation started in India. And because the demand for Bengali Indigo was very high, there were two methods of Indigo cultivation here, okay? One method was here, what was it called? One method was Niji cultivation, okay? One method was Niji cultivation, and the second method, look, there were two methods here, okay? So, all these things are here. I hope you are understanding this point, that the story has become clear. There were many crops in Europe and India, but which crops were in demand in Europe? Crops for Europe. Indian Indigo reached Europe in very small quantities before, and even if it did reach, its prices were very high. And the third thing was that the alternative plant there, which produced it, was suffering losses. They said, "Put a ban on it." A ban was imposed by the government. Okay, the Indian Indigo was something else. We want that. So, whatever Indigo was being grown in Europe, I told you, like in Brazil, in various places, supply from America and all these places ended. So, the British had to turn towards India. The demand for Indian Indigo, the quality of Indian Indigo, the blue tick mark. So, in Bengal, it was in Bengal first, and Bengal had a lot of resources. And Bengal's Indigo was renowned all over the world. So, people, officials, left their company work and started Indigo plantations, thinking, "We have to do this work because there was a lot of profit, it was very attractive." This is how money was made. There were two methods of Indigo cultivation. One was Niji. It's written incorrectly here. One was Niji. Let's remove this so that it's clear to you that there are two methods here. One was Niji, and the second was Ryoti. Two methods, okay? Now, what was the difference between Niji and Ryoti? Understand that, because after understanding both, we will directly come to the Blue Rebellion. Look, in Niji, what was happening? Look, read it once. Here, in the heading "Niji" for Indigo cultivation, let's understand that first. Look, it says, "Within the system, the planter was the person who owned the land or took it on rent." Now, rent doesn't mean monthly rent, rent for one month, two months. No, this was taken on lease. So, it was like this, okay? Around the factory, not even the factory, the Indigo factory, the cultivators working in it. So, what happened here? These planters, what is written? "Plantations produce Indigo." The planter produces Indigo there, which he directly controlled. It is further written that "either he bought the land" or "rented it from other zamindars." So, he either bought the land himself or rented it from other zamindars. "And produced Indigo by directly employing hired laborers." So, in Niji, what was happening was that the planter was hiring. This was net cultivation, hiring and getting the work done there. Keep one thing in mind. I might have missed one thing. Remember that we were reading about the Ryotwari system. There, the settlement was directly with the cultivators. I had written the word "agreement" once. You can remove that word "agreement" from here if you wish. Agreement. This word "agreement" remove it. Instead of agreement, write settlement. Settlement was happening directly with them. Settlement was happening directly with them. Because this "Raiyat" here, I got a little confused. Please look here. Now, what is happening? One method is done. Now, after Niji, what was the problem with this cultivation? The problem with this cultivation was, look, the production of Indigo was happening in Bengal. But to do this kind of production, in large quantities, you need open land. But Bengal was already populated. There were only a few small plots that were vacant. They could only expand those. So, the problem here was that there couldn't be much expansion. Okay? The biggest problem with Niji cultivation was that expansion was not possible. Second, "The planters found it difficult to expand the area under Niji cultivation." Indigo could only be cultivated on fertile land, and that too, it could be fertile. And these areas were already densely populated. Bengal's land was already populated. It is further written, "Only small plots were scattered over the landscape that could be acquired." And only small, small plots were left, which you could acquire. Then it is written, "Planters needed large areas." Planters needed very large areas for plantation. Plantation always happens in large fields. "Wherever they could get such land from?" Where could they get this land from? Now, they could get this land from where the Indigo factories were located. Now, there is an Indigo factory, let's say, here. Let's say there is an Indigo factory here, in a whole area. Let's say, for example, the Indigo factory is here. So, around the Indigo factory, there were settlements. Okay? People living around the Indigo factory were peasants. If we displace them from this place, remove them, then we will get a lot of space. But what was the problem with this? If you displace the peasants, your conflicts with the peasants will increase. And the second problem was also that moving the labor to that place was a big problem. Because another factory was there, right? And the labor was somewhere else, and Indigo plantation was happening somewhere else. Now you are saying that the Indigo plantation should be done alongside the factory. So, moving so much labor there, because the laborer won't work where he lives, right? So, moving so much labor was a big problem. Second, if you move the peasants from there, why would the peasants move? It's their home, they live there. So, one conflict will arise. Third, even if they move, whatever spade, plow, and whatever tools are needed at that time, those tools, those plows, all these are also needed by the peasants. So, if you come to do Indigo plantation there at that time, then these plows will also have to be used by them. So, plows and peasants, they were busy at that time. Therefore, cultivation was a big problem. Understood? Whose land it is, or he might have rented it from a zamindar for a very long time. On that, he hired labor and got cultivation done. What is the problem? The problem is that expansion is not possible. For plantations, we need very large, open land. This area of Bengal is very populated. On the other hand, what is the problem? What was the second solution found? Where the factory is, there is a lot of open space around it. Which factory? Indigo factory. Now, around these Indigo factories, the settlements of the peasants, increase them. So, there will be clashes. So, this was a problem with Niji cultivation. All these problems were here. For this, another method was found, and that was basically called the Ryot system. Ryot. Okay? This is called the second Ryoti system. Clear? Now, what was happening in the Ryot system? This word "agreement" that I used for you, that will come here. In the Ryot system, there was an agreement. I told you something wrong there. Remember, I told you about the Ryot system. There, there is an agreement. An agreement, a settlement is happening. I used the word "settlement." Remove that word "settlement." That's why I removed it from here. Clear word? Okay, let's see. So, here is the agreement. Now, what is the agreement for this cultivation? The agreement is that the planter will give you everything. He will give you a loan at low interest. He will give you a loan. Okay, brother, we are giving you a loan at low interest, so do plantation. Besides that, whatever spade you need, whatever material you need for Indigo plantation, we will give it to you. Do plantation, because the planter had a lot of profit, right? So much profit, so much demand. So, we will give loans, at low interest, so do it. Look, plant it. We will give you all the materials. This agreement was made here. This is being called "Satta" here. So, this was one method of Indigo cultivation. Understood? You can see this in NCERT here. Sometimes it also happened that if the Ryot didn't do it, the headman would sign. So, this was one method. These were the two methods by which Indigo cultivation was happening. One was the planter's land, hired laborers, got the work done. Second, where a contract was made, an agreement was made. If the signature was not done, then the agreement was signed by the headman of the village. It was said, "We will give you a loan. You take the loan, you plant. We will give you materials." But the system was happening here. And on the other hand, an important thing was that wherever it was said in the Ryot system, "At least 25% of your total holding, you will cultivate Indigo on that land." The special thing about Indigo cultivation was that if you cultivated Indigo, that land would become barren for a very long time, or cultivation on it would not be possible. So, that land of these poor people was also getting ruined, and they were saying that you have to cultivate Indigo on at least 25% of your land holdings. Now you understand, something had to happen, a rebellion had to happen. And that rebellion was the Blue Rebellion. The color of Indigo was blue. So, here people finally raised their hands in 1859. "We will not do this." All this I have put in your notes. Advantage of the company. You can read all this. I will not tell you. Look, I have told you. Campaign, artists, ratio, painter, artist, production decreased. Then I told you, look, a terrible famine came. I have told you all this. Clear? Then look, if the economy was falling, then naturally, how would the company be certain of its income? So, they brought the Permanent Settlement. Brought the Permanent Settlement. I have told you all this. I have written everything. What were its problems? I have told you the problems. I have written four points here. Look, this is one point. Clear? I have discussed all this. Cultivator. Clear? Look, this is the area. Where permanent, where Ryotwari came, where Malwari came. This was all. New system devised by Holt Mackenzie, which we are calling Malwari settlement. Then I told you, a new system was devised, its drawbacks are also mentioned here. Then comes your Munro system, also called the 1820 system. How Alexander Read and Thomas Munro did it, is discussed here. This entire Mandal system is explained here. Impact of land revenue system. This is not in this book, but I have told you. Then I said, commercialization of agriculture happened. Demand for blue color increased a lot in all of Europe, right? How I explained everything to you. Why the demand was increasing, I have told you. Why the demand for Indian Indigo increased. The company did what? Turned to India. Britain turned to India. How Indigo was cultivated. I have told you two methods: Niji and Ryoti. Are you understanding or not? In the Niji system, what was it? "The planter produced Indigo in land that he directly controlled." What was the problem? "Planters found difficulty to expand the area under its cultivation." Niji cultivation required large scale plows and bullocks. Yes, a lot of bullocks were needed, plows were needed, right? But they were not available here. Maintaining so many bullocks, purchasing them was a big problem. Planters and Ryots were reluctant to spend. They were not expanding. So, the area under cultivation. So, all these things happened. What was the Ryoti system? "Planters forced their Ryots to sign the contract agreement," which is called "Satta." Told you. Two signatures on the contract. They got cash advances. They got loans. And that too at no rate of interest, as I told you, at a low rate of interest. The peasant got very low prices. Got low prices. And they got trapped in this loan cycle. After harvesting, the land could not be used. Why? Because they used to grow rice there. But the Indigo crop ruins the land. Your rice production could not happen here. The Blue Revolution started. And after that, what happened? So, in 1859, thousands in Bengal refused to grow. And they said, "We will not grow Indigo." As the rebellion spread, Ryots refused to pay rent. "We will not pay rent." "We will not run our work." So, they started attacking the Indigo factories of the planters. Who? Ryots. Why did Indigo peasants decide that they would no longer remain silent? Obviously, think about it. How did these Indigo planters, Indigo peasants, decide that they would no longer remain silent? What gave them the power to rebel? Three reasons. First, local zamindars and village headmen, who used to sign the contract, they also joined them. They felt they would join us. Second, the British government also, they felt it would be with them. Third, the notice from Magistrate Ashley Eden. Let's discuss these three reasons. What were these three reasons that gave power to the Indigo peasants to rebel? See, the Indigo Commission was formed here. So, this point is clear to you that local zamindars came to their side. Village headmen were on their side, who used to sign the contract. They felt that the British government was demanding irrational revenue. The British government had seen the revolt of 1857. And within two years, they did not want another revolt. Because they felt it could be a powerful rebellion. This is in 1859, I am talking to you. So, the British government was afraid, in a way. And when they, in a way, supported. They didn't support in any way, but they saw it. The British government was afraid. And seeing this, many people were upset with the British government's step. Third, the notice from Magistrate Ashley Eden. What was Ashley Eden's notice? Let's see once. Actually, I want to tell you about Ashley Eden's notice. Please refer to NCERT page number 35 once. Please refer your NCERT to page number 35. No, 36 is written. "The Ryots saw the..." Look at the line above. "The Ryots saw the..." "The magistrate Ashley Eden issued a notice that Ryots should not be compelled to accept contracts." "Queen Victoria said that now it is not mandatory to grow Indigo." Wait. Yes. Queen Victoria declared that Indigo need not be sown. It will be trying to placate the peasants and control the situation. But his action was seen as support for the rebellion. So, basically, these three steps mentioned here, these three things, made it understood that people felt that yes, we can rebel. Why? Because local zamindars and village headmen started supporting them. People started saying, "Brother, these people, who are supporting, who are with the British, we will socially boycott them. We will not talk to them." Besides that, the Gomastas, Gomastas, meaning the company's agents here, agents who come to collect rent from us, we will beat them a lot. We will strip their clothes and then beat them a lot. So, Gomasta agents, when they come to collect rent, they will be beaten. Besides that, people said, the Lathials, Lathials, meaning powerful people who carry sticks to beat. Brother, we will not do this either. People decided. How much can you suppress someone? How much can you suppress? So, naturally, a person will revolt. And it happened. They suppressed so much. Then the British government, the episode, I told you. Already saw in 1857. When there was a big price, they did not want to see another price within two years. And the magistrate said that brother, whatever agreement, contract you are making, you will not do it anymore. And Queen Victoria said that brother, it is not necessary to grow Indigo anymore. Queen Victoria's words came. Words around that, brother, Indigo, Indigo need not be sown. Are you understanding or not? So, in my opinion, all these things are covered here, and there is nothing special left here. The Indigo Commission was formed here to investigate whether the actions were right or wrong. They were found to be wrong. By the rebellion, the government did what? The government formed the Indigo Commission. What happened? Again, there was a revolt. After 1857-58, a commission was formed. The Indigo Commission found the planters guilty. They said, "You are guilty." They said, "Brother, that work was not profitable for the Ryot. You used to trouble them." The commission, as it was, the commission said, "Look, Ryots, it's like this. Don't do it in the future. But fulfill the existing contracts." The commission said, "It's like this, continue for now. But also told them that they can refuse to produce Indigo in the future." After the revolt, when production... Mahatma Gandhi returned from South Africa. A peasant from Bihar, he asked Gandhiji to come to Champaran. Indigo cultivators applied to Gandhiji. Then again, what came was the Champaran Satyagraha of 1917. Is this becoming clear? We will see this further. We will move forward. So, these are the things here, friends. But one thing I want to tell you as I leave, because I am meeting you after a long time. Remember one thing, friends, you have to keep studying. You have to keep studying. You should not do this, that you stop your studies. My class could not happen, so you have to keep studying. Many children say, "Sir, I won't be able to remember. I am not remembering. How to remember so many things?" You will remember, there is a way. I saw some children's comments. Children are saying, "Sir, give us more classes." What will happen in one class? If we do one class, it will take so much time. This is your foundation batch. You are starting your preparation. Remember, whenever you sit down to study, what you have studied, you have to make it sit in your mind. If you don't give time, it will go out of your mind. Just like you eat food, and you have to digest the food you are eating in your stomach, then you can have another meal. Similarly, read a chapter, then let that chapter sit in your mind. Let it digest in your mind first, then move to the next chapter. You think, "I have just read it. What was in it? I read it and left." No, you don't just read. You have to understand it. Ponder over it. Think about it. Think about it. Then it will sit in your mind, and you will remember it. Children say, "Sir, I am not remembering." Brother, you won't remember because you don't think. What you read, you just read. I am telling you your problem. You read. You think you have read the chapter. I taught chapter three today. You will read it. You will think it is ready. It will not be ready. You read that chapter. You think about that chapter. You will say, "Sir, give me two classes tomorrow." What will happen in one class? It will take a lot of time. It will take time. This is the game of UPSC. If it were this easy, everyone would become an IAS by just reading chapters. It's not like that. When you eat food, do you have another meal immediately after one meal? No. You give time for the food to digest. The food digests, the stomach becomes empty, then you eat another meal. It's the same with the mind. Read a chapter. Let the chapter sit. Understood? And this time for digestion in the mind, keep reducing it. Clear? So, friends, with this, we will meet in our next lecture. Study hard, work hard. Jai Hind, Jai Bharat.