Medieval History | Medieval History of Bihar | Origin of Mithila Raj | मिथिला राज का उदय और अंत

To Ajay, [music] when we discuss the Mithila kingdom, look at the Mithila state. In the 11th century, it means that the period between 1000 AD and 1120 AD is called the 11th century. That is, understand that about eleven hundred years ago, our scenario would not be connected like this. What would happen at that time? Bengal would be included in Bihar, some parts of Uttar Pradesh would be in Bihar, around the Karmnasa river, the area of Mirzapur in Uttar Pradesh, and then the whole of Jharkhand would be included. Because the Mithila kingdom, the Mithila empire, most of its area falls in the northern parts of the Ganges river. Pay attention, most of the area in the upper part of this Ganges river is what we know as the Mithila region, both currently and in the 11th century. The Ganges river used to divide the Mithila kingdom. Some people understand that in the 11th century, the Ganges river divided the then map of Bihar into two parts: one part north of the Ganges river and the second part south of the Ganges river. We told you that the Mithila kingdom in Bihar emerged in the 11th century. When did it happen? In the 11th century. This 11th century is a period when in West Bengal, or rather, at that time it was called Bengal, the rule of the Pala dynasty ended in Bengal. The Pala rule ended. Now, all children should pay attention to this, that the larger part of Bihar, which district is this? It's the whole of Bengal. So, we won't say the entire Bengal, but the part of Bengal that was adjacent to the eastern border of Bihar. In this Bengali part, before the 10th century, the Pala dynasty ruled. There was the rule of the Pala dynasty, but a time came when in the 11th century, the rule of this Pala dynasty gradually ended. Now, why did it end? We will delve into history to understand this. Okay, now understand this. So, when the Pala dynasty ruled here, listen carefully, a little before the 11th century, when the Pala dynasty ruled here, the kings of the Pala dynasty ruled. That king had some area of his empire, some boundary area. Look here, from Darbhanga to the entire fort, understand here, Darbhanga, Madhubani, Sitamarhi, this entire area, Muzaffarpur, Saharsa, Supaul. What this means is that north of the Ganges river, the border area of Darbhanga and Madhubani, the area on the border, all these areas were under the rule of the Pala dynasty in Bengal at that time. There was the rule of the Pala dynasty, not the entire region. What does the entire region mean? First, the border area of Darbhanga and Madhubani, the eastern part. The kings of the Pala dynasty called this entire region Tirabhukti. Write it down somewhere. This Tirabhukti is not a Bihari word, but Tirabhukti is a gift from the Pala dynasty. Just as we study Pali language, it is from Bengal. So, in Pali language, Tirabhukti means 'Tir' means edge, and 'Bhukti' means land. So, land on the edge of the river. Here, the Kosi river flows, and here also the Kosi river flows. So, this entire region was called Tirabhukti. Generally, it was associated with the Ganges river, meaning the land situated on the banks of the Ganges river was called Tirabhukti. So, when the Pala rulers ended in the 11th century, when our Karnat dynasty was established, it's not like the previous name was Allahabad, it was changed. So, what name was given? The name was changed. Our people know. So, when the Karnat dynasty was formed, we will discuss its establishment. By changing the name of this Tirabhukti, it was given the name Mithila. Although there is some other story behind this, we will discuss it a little later. Okay, now look here. Just as in Sharmaji's morning, a laddoo might have burst, or his mind might have become restless. Who was the last ruler of the Pala dynasty? In whose reign did the Pala rule end? It ended. To calm their restless minds, we can say that at that time, in the 11th century, there was a Pala ruler named Ram Pal, who ruled in Bengal and ruled the entire Tirabhukti region. So, this should be noted. Tirabhukti, this Darbhanga, this area, this was part of the region of Bakhtiyar Khilji. Bakhtiyar Khilji was fortunate. Ram Pal, the name is Ram Pal. But the matter got complicated. So, this Ram Pal used to rule. So, at this time, when Bakhtiyar Khilji attacked, he fled with his horses. In this way, the Pala rule in Kolkata ended. Now, pay attention to this. When it ended in Kolkata, think about it. If a family has a lot of land, and a family member says, "I won't take this land, I'll donate it to society," what will you and I do? We will fight. In this way, how can we seize their land? This incident is not new; it has been happening for centuries. Do you understand? So, when Bakhtiyar Khilji attacked and Ram Pal fled, Bakhtiyar Khilji's attention was not on him. He wanted to expand his empire. In the meantime, in this region of Tirabhukti, there was a feudatory, meaning a landlord, who had a lot of land. Do you understand? So, when they fled, there was a person whose name was very lovely. His name was Nanya. So, Nanya, in 1097 AD, the Pala dynasty, which was ruling, and Ram Pal, who was not giving them support, took advantage of the opportunity and took over their entire region. So, the Karnat dynasty was established by him. So, we got two facts here: who established the Karnat dynasty? Nanya Dev. What kind of feudatory was Nanya Dev? A landlord. And when did he establish it? In 1097 AD. Now, pay attention to this. In the history of Mithila, Nanya Dev was the first king who was considered a very skilled leader and warrior. Remember, this Nanya Dev was a skilled warrior, a skilled politician, and most importantly, he was intelligent. Intelligent means he was very clever. Do you understand? He was very clever. Now, understand this. The Karnat dynasty, established by Nanya Dev, when did it happen? In 1097 AD. However, before its establishment, in Indian history, in Indian books, it is said that the rule of the Karnat dynasty was from 1097 AD to around 1324 AD. It won't be 2454. This period starts. So, the rule of the Karnat dynasty was from 1097 AD to 1324 AD. So, let's clarify this. In the Mithila kingdom, three dynasties ruled. So far, three dynasties have ruled. The first dynasty was the most famous, named the Karnat dynasty, whose period was from 1097 AD to 1324 AD. After the end of the last ruler of the Karnat dynasty, when we study the autocratic and unjust rule, after the Karnat dynasty, another dynasty was established, which we call the Oiniwar dynasty. And its period was from around 1324 AD to 1324 to 1353 AD to 1526 AD. Now, pay attention here. There is a long gap between 1324 and 1353. In this period, when the Turks attacked, when Bakhtiyar Khilji attacked, when Muslim invaders attacked, this period was a very transitional period. It wasn't that everything was fine. All the feudatories, the landlords, fought among themselves, saying, "We will establish here, we will establish there." Do you understand? And the third dynasty, after 1526 AD, the third dynasty is called the Khandavala dynasty. Khandavala dynasty. Okay. So, in the Mithila kingdom, so far, after the rule of these dynasties, only three dynasties have ruled. The third was the Khandavala dynasty. Look at Khandavala, their rule was from 1556 AD to 1947 AD. So, the current king, Ram Pal, Kameshwar Singh, published a newspaper. Kameshwar Singh himself was from this Khandavala dynasty. You might be given options like Karnat, Mysore, Oiniwar, and Khandavala. There might be a mistake. Because Kameshwar Singh is important because he contributed significantly to the Indian freedom struggle. He also contributed to the revolution of 1857. So, this is our lineage. These are the kings and maharajas of Mithila. Now, look here. The rulers of the Karnat dynasty used to put 'Dev' at the beginning of their names. Later, they started using 'Singh' again. The kings of Oiniwar used to put 'Thakur' and 'Singh' before their names. The rulers of Khandavala also used to put 'Thakur' and 'Singh' before their names. So, this is our Mithila kingdom. Now, let's come to the Karnat dynasty, which is important. Okay. Do you understand now, Anita? Yes, sir. So, your house is there, so you must know well. No, a little, a little bit. Look, now let's learn about Nanya Dev. From the perspective of history, he was a skilled warrior. There might be many like him, but he was a supporter of the Pala dynasty and established the Karnat dynasty. So, this shows that he was a skilled leader. It is known that when the Karnat dynasty was established, it was established by Nanya Dev. So, Nanya Dev ruled the Karnat dynasty in Mithila for about 50 years independently. In 1097 AD, you established it. In 50 years, 25, and approximately until 1147 AD. His reign ended. I saw it. So, as long as he lived, Nanya Dev ruled the Karnat dynasty of Mithila for about 50 years. And in his 50-year reign, he paid great attention to the culture and civilization of Mithila. He educated people. Think about it, in the 11th century, when people didn't have pens or paper, they emphasized education. That's why the kings of Mithila are considered great. Indian historians, whether they are from India or abroad, have called the reign of Nanya Dev the golden age of Mithila's history. This is very important in school. That is, the reign of Nanya Dev is called the golden age of Mithila's history. Now, let's try to understand the Karnat dynasty. From 1097 AD to 1324 AD, the Karnat dynasty ruled in Bihar. Where? Pay attention. During this time, the Karnat dynasty's expansion did not go west of Darbhanga, meaning west of the Ganges. It did not go south of the Ganges. Here, try to understand. Between 1097 AD and 1324 AD, there was a period when Turkish invasions began in our Bihar. That is, Turkish invaders had come to our land. So, imagine, a new king establishes a dynasty, and powerful people with weapons, armies, and everything else attack them. How can they satisfy them? They cannot win. So, in return, they used to offer tributes. They would give elephants, horses, land, wealth, whatever they had. Now, pay attention here. When the Turks arrived, where would they attack first? Not here, but in the western parts of Bihar. That is, they would attack Kaimur, Jehanabad, Gaya, Nalanda, and Bihar Sharif. They would attack and move forward. So, when Turkish invasions began, in these areas, especially in the areas of Gaya, Jehanabad, Munger, and Kaimur, when these areas were attacked by the Turks, many monks, Buddhist monks, Sufis, and many people lived here. They were fighting, killing, stabbing in the back. So, they knew that there was peace in the Karnat kingdom, there was no violence. So, all the Buddhist monks came to Nanya Dev and asked for shelter. So, all the Buddhist monks came to the Karnat dynasty for shelter. Do you understand? So, when they came to the Karnat dynasty, pay attention. Now, the Turks came to know that they have taken refuge here. They have crossed the Ganges river and gone there. Because the local people knew where they would go, they entered the Karnat kingdom. But it took the Turks about 50 years to attack the Karnat kingdom. They will conquer it one by one. So, when this happened, Nanya Dev also had the ambition to expand his empire. He wanted to expand his empire. So, Nanya Dev, with the support of Buddhist monks, and at that time Buddhism was quite prevalent in Nepal. So, when he gave shelter to the Buddhist monks, some Nepalese people said, "Take us with you." So, Nanya Dev expanded his borders and took control of some areas of Nepal. And in Nepal, there was a place called Simraungadh. It was a hilly area where they couldn't reach. So, Nanya Dev knew that if he gave shelter to Buddhist monks, he might also be attacked. So, he was intelligent. He understood everything. He thought, "If I am the king here, and if I am attacked, I might be killed. These people will finish me." So, he understood this. What did he need? He built a fort in Simraungadh, Nepal, and declared it the capital of the Mithila kingdom. And from there, he ran his administration. Do you understand? After this, the Mithila region came under efficient and skilled administration from Simraungadh. It is asked, where was the capital of the Karnat dynasty? So, what will you say? Simraungadh. Does anyone have any problems understanding this? Now, look here. We said that Nanya Dev was a very educated person, intelligent, and learned. If he is learned, he must have knowledge. So, during the reign of Nanya Dev, it is important to note that various types of texts, various types of ethical codes, and various types of literary works were composed in the Mithila region. So, if asked, what were they? Look, first, the tradition was to write on copper plates, leaves, or paper, whatever was available. They would write on it. But even now, some writings from that time are preserved in the Patna Museum of Bihar. If you go to London, Tokyo, or Japan, the Mithila paintings kept in Japan, along with the literature of the Karnat dynasty, are also preserved there. And in Britain's National Library, the National Museum, various texts and literature related to the Karnat dynasty are still preserved. They are trying to improve the system, but they can't. They are not giving it. Do you understand? Now, pay attention to this. Along with Nanya Dev, we said that various ethical codes, knowledge, and literature were composed. Do you understand? So, during his reign, a scholar wrote a commentary. He was also educated. He kept various ministers in his court. Various ministers and generals in his court.

He asked, so it was said that there was a war, but if they had ministers, they kept learned ministers in their homes, so what was in this temple? Devgarh was a very famous minister. The name of that minister was Shridhar Das. Das means in Mithilanchal, if you want to sing, then look at the village of Lala, the caste that is, it calls the last one and the last one, the people of the Brahmin community, they apply flour and lentils here, and in Bihar, there is a caste, another one, they also apply Das. In Bihar, there is a caste, Chamar, they also apply Das. So don't go into this item. Now, which community they might have been, we don't have information about that. It means they must have been Brahmins, so they must have been giving education to them. So, one of their ministers was Shridhar Das. Do you understand? What did Shridhar Das do? He was very learned. His name is not known in the country. There were many ministers, but what did Shridhar Das do? He illuminated an epic text that is considered an immortal text in the history of Mithila. Immortal text means that they don't ask much, like, what was the first epic written? It was a poetic and life-sustaining composition. So, someone will tell you which text Shridhar Das composed. For Mithila, Shridhar Das ji, what did he do? He composed a literature named 'Shringar-Ratnakara'. What was this? This was a book from which a person gets good sense and knowledge. So, in this book, what did he do? He described the contemporary social system of Mithila in this book. Do you understand? No one is saying they don't understand. Do you understand? Two or three people are saying, and I am also encouraging you. Mithila said, "I understand." Pallavi, she understands. Tell me, if you don't know what it means to understand, what does it mean to understand? The word "samajhna" is masculine. So, this is very good, this is very important. It is said that it is not available. This is about how long it has been. And there were 9th century texts. We said that the 9th century texts, their condition is a bit visible. Look, it doesn't look good. Nanded Sahib ji was a highly learned scholar. He wrote on Natyashastra. It might be running, about which he wrote, it is not yet known. But he had the authority. What did he do? And the most important was. And the name of the book is 'Saraswati Alankar'. People have the book 'Saraswati Alankar'. What is in this book? In this book, a prayer to Mother Saraswati is made, and prayers to all the deities were made. So, it is believed by historians that Saraswati was the author of this book. Nanded also wrote this book. Do you understand now, all children? So, what happened? Work continued at this time. Now, look, where do they live? We are at 24. So, Nanded Sahib ji, after doing so much work, during his time, many other events were happening. There was no problem. Now, look, at this time, in this side, turn off the mic. At this time, Nanak Dev was ruling in his own Karnataka. At this time, Bengal had become a famous battlefield. You know, when people say India is a golden bird, then Bengal was also a golden bird for India. It had resources, water resources, and ordinary people. And where is the pressure? Therefore, in medieval Bihar, Bengal was considered a house of gold in medieval history. Because it was a treasure. So, to gain dominance over Bengal, the two local feudatories, like the Pal and the Bhopal kings, were rivals. They used to fight among themselves. Their attention was not drawn to the Karnat dynasty. They were busy fighting among themselves for dominance over Bengal. So, Bakhtiyar, the Muslim invader, thought, "There must be something in Bengal that they are fighting among themselves." So, the invaders were attracted to Bengal and its land. So, you will see that the initial invasions were not on Karnat, but primarily on Bengal. Then, when we come to the 13th century, the invasion of Karnat begins. It is written in the book that for 50 years, the Karnat dynasty, under Nanded, ruled very well. But during those 50 years, Bengal was a region of conflict. In the meantime, what happens? We have understood everything. They were working well. In the meantime, what happens? A day comes in 1147 AD, on which Nanded Sahib ji dies. That is, the founder king of the Karnat dynasty, Nanded, dies. So, according to you, it means that his family is finished. But no. When Nanded dies, his entire empire, which had spread far and wide, the Pal dynasty, everything was absorbed. So, Nanded Sahib ji, after his death, his two sons divided his empire into two parts. The name of the first son was Malladev. The name of the second son was Gangadev. So, Malladev was a short-lived ruler. He did not rule for long. If a father has two or three sons, only one is worthy, and the rest are unworthy. Just like during a certain period, there was a joke, I don't know, I read it. A father was admitted to the hospital. He had three sons. No son came to serve him. So, the doctor asked, "Sir, you have three sons, your family is well-established, the villagers are good, and you must be getting help. Only one son is looking after you. Why are the other sons not coming?" The father replied, "Doctor, I educated those sons, made one an engineer, and sent the other to work in an MNC. So, you can see my status. Where will they go? That is my worthy son, and here is an unworthy son who is serving me." So, often an unworthy son does a good job of serving. So, in history, Malladev did a great job. He was the first son of Nanded, Malladev, who proved to be a short-lived ruler. There is no mention of his rule. He had no reign. But understand one thing, in the Mithilanchal region, like the Rajput caste, you might know who is Rajput. So, the Gandavariya Rajputs of the Mithilanchal region are actually considered descendants of Malladev. Malladev was very powerful. They used to wrestle. And it is true that in Mithilanchal, the Gandavariya Rajputs look very strong, tall, and broad. They are built like that. But the descendants of Gangadev, Gangadev's descendants, are the kings of Delhi. They are very weak by nature, but intelligent in studies. Those who are descendants of Malladev are strong and warlike, they are called Rajputs. So, let's move on. Now, all children, do you understand? Yes, sir. Tell me if there is any mistake. There are so many stories that the mind gets confused about who invaded. When I know, I will tell you. I will try to do it. Are you enjoying reading or are you bored? Nita said, "No, we are not bored." Look, what did we say? When Nanded died, his vast empire, the Karnat dynasty, was divided into two parts. His two sons, Nanded's two sons, Gangadev and Malladev. So, what does Indian history say? It calls him a short-lived ruler. It calls him a short-lived ruler. This means that this king did not cause much harm. Like Akbar, his brothers, people say he killed them and became king. Who was that? I am missing his name. Ashok. Ashok. Ashok became king after killing his brothers. Similarly, it is said that he was a bit weak. He was not weak, but he was strong and foolish. He was very adept at politics. Look, politics is involved. He cannot fight properly. He has intelligence. What did Gangadev do? He sidelined Malladev, and Gangadev became the actual ruler of the Karnat dynasty. What did he become? Pallavi, the actual ruler of the Karnat dynasty. He became the ruler. When will the real ruler become? When someone rules from the capital, it is not understood. He ruled from his own capital and made his capital Simraon. He built a palace and lived there. So, in Indian history, he was given many titles. He did many great deeds. Let's try to understand his work. Malladev, the short-lived ruler. History doesn't tell much about him. It is written that he was a short-lived ruler. And the second was the Gandavariya Rajput caste in Mithila. What is Gandavariya Rajput? They understand that they are his descendants. Okay. Now, his work is finished. Remove him. Let's look at Gangadev ji. We said that he was the first ruler who ruled from Simraon. Nanded had built Simraon fort. But when he inherited it by birth, he ruled from Simraon. So, you can be asked in बीपीएससी, who ruled from Simraon fort? So, it was Nanded for some time, but later he moved the capital. But as long as Gangadev was alive, he ruled from Simraon fort. So, keep this point in mind. Now, pay attention here. Gangadev was like his father, very virtuous, educated, and intelligent. He respected his ministers, who were learned people. And the most important thing was that Gangadev had a great desire for territorial expansion. He thought, "My father has done this much, I will expand it further, I will develop it." So, Gangadev attacked the ruler of western Bengal. At that time, when Gangadev was the king of the Karnat dynasty, the Sen dynasty ruled in Bengal. So, he attacked the Sen king and annexed some parts of Mithilanchal. So, when he comes there, it is ours. So, what did he do? He thought, "Brother, how long will I stay in the Ganges war? I will cross the Ganges and do my work." So, he did not do that. Here you will see that Bhagalpur, our current district, is north of the Ganges. He did not go south of the Ganges. So, first of all, Gangadev annexed the southern part of Bhagalpur, which is south of the Ganges, into the Karnat dynasty. And the entire area of Purnia, the area of Madhepura, and the district of Katihar. He established complete dominance over all these areas. Who? Our Gangadev. Now, pay attention here. He attacked the Sen king and the Sen king fled. He went towards the east. He thought, "I have a lot of weapons." With the strength of his army and weapons, he removed the Sen king and established his rule. Now, look here. Gradually, he conquered some other kings. Here, in Lakhnauti, which is in Bengal, Lakhnauti is actually its old name. Its old name is Gaur. So, when Gangadev attacked Gaur, he conquered the entire area of Gaur. First, Nanded ji conquered it. Now, he gave titles to everyone. So, Gangadev was given a title. The people there gave him the title of "Gaur-Dhvaj". What was it? "Gaur-Dhvaj". You are asked, who is called Gaur-Dhvaj? So, what will you say? Gangadev, Malladev, Nanded, or Karnadev? So, remember Gangadev. This is a very important point. Who is called Gaur-Dhvaj? So, it is Gangadev. Now, what happened? His empire continued to expand. You see, he went south of the Ganges and into Bengal. So, Gangadev had a tension. "I cannot rule the entire kingdom alone." He could not go alone. So, what did he do? His father's minister, what was his name? Yes, his father's minister, whom we mentioned, Shridhar Das. So, Gangadev, when he realized that "I cannot rule alone," he formed a council with two ministers and a king. He formed a council. And this council ruled the entire Mithila region. Who was in this council? Tell me, Pallavi. First, our king Gangadev. And the two ministers. The name of the first minister was Shridhar Das. What was the name? Shridhar Das. And the name of the second minister was Ratnadev. So, you can be asked, Shridhar Das, who was a minister, in the court of which Mithila king was he a minister? So, what will be the options? Nanded, Malladev, Gangadev, or Karnadev? So, what will you say? Gangadev. Yes, you told me earlier that he was a minister in Nanded's court. And he did not tell both things. Keep it like this. He did not rule alone. He started ruling with the help of his ministers. He had ministers, but he did not rule alone. But Gangadev turned out to be wise. He thought, "I will control them, I will manage them." So, he formed a council of ministers and started ruling. And seeing this, other dynasties and kingdoms also adopted this concept of council. Let's move on. Is there any problem for anyone? Namita, Nita, tell me if there is any problem. Sit down. Okay. Now, look. What is the biggest specialty of Gangadev? Because he was a skilled leader and a skilled king. He worked to provide justice to the people in his region. Who was the person who worked the most for the justice system? Gangadev. Who? Our Gangadev. So, if someone asks you, "Where did the Panchayati Raj system, which is now in Bihar, come from?" Everyone will answer according to their own understanding. So, pay attention. This is a very important point. If you have to write for the mains exam, then say with pride, do not lie. Say that we are from the land of Mithila, where the Panchayati Raj system was first created. Can anyone imagine? Tell me, around the 12th century, around 1150 AD, about 1000 years ago, the Panchayati Raj system existed in our Mithilanchal region. Mithila is a land of pride. I feel very proud of myself. This is a very important point. Who started the Panchayati Raj system in Mithila? Gangadev did. And now, his rule continued. He ruled very well. In the meantime, in 1188 AD, 1187 AD, Gangadev ji dies. He dies. Poor man. Although he ruled for a long time, from the 7th century to the 12th century. People are aware of it. He ruled for about 40-50 years. So, he did a lot of work. So, the person who started the Panchayati Raj system, how intelligent must he have been at that time?

It is not that the growth of our home is the whole of his heart, what is his son, what is Narsingh Dev, what is the king, it is said about them, where is it, it is absolutely true that they were Hindus, they called themselves Hindus, so what did they do? Against a Hindu ruler, there was a local chief, a feudatory, to eliminate or destroy that Hindu ruler, these are the first rulers of the Karnat dynasty who did what with Muhammad Ghori, what did they do with Muhammad Ghori, Muhammad Aam Ho Gana, what did they do with Muhammad Ghori, they joined hands. So you are asked which ruler of the Karnat dynasty, to defeat a Hindu ruler, to end him, joined hands with a Muslim ruler or invader Muhammad Ghori, his name was Narsingh Dev, it is very important, remember this. Before this, all the kings who came, like Gandhe or Nane De, they never joined hands with Muslim rulers, rather they fought with them, and if they lost, they would go to the jungles of Nepal or somewhere else, but they did not join hands. But Narsingh Dev did what, he is the first ruler of the Karnat dynasty who joined hands with a Muslim invader or invader, that is with Muhammad Ghori. Do you understand? Now pay attention here. So this system, this is the second point, that during the time of Narsingh Dev, remember that during the time of Narsingh Dev, Bakhtiyar Khilji, Bakhtiyar and Khilji, what happened, invaded Bihar. Remember this, you are asked when Bakhtiyar Khilji invaded Bihar, who was ruling in Mithila or the Karnat dynasty at that time, what will you say, Narsingh Dev. Do you understand? We have told you the second point, that during his reign, Bakhtiyar Khilji invaded Bihar. He invaded Bihar and went to Lakhnauti. We will talk about Bengal. He destroyed everything. What did he do? Entering from Buxar, around Gaya, Nawada, Bihar Sharif, he devastated this area and went straight to Lakhnauti, invaded there, and went south of the Ganges, into the Indian region. So Bhagalpur also, he reached Lakhnauti, that is, the Gaur region, Bengal. Actually, Lakhnauti was the main center. He maintained it. He is calling it Gaur. The one who printed it, the one who deceived him, Shankar Gadh Bandhu, the whole center was there. That's why whoever wins, it will be Gaur. This whole very important region was the center of Gaur, the center of agriculture in the northeast. Now, when Bakhtiyar Khilji reached here, and if someone here defeated the king, then what happened? It came to his notice that there is a king of Mithilanchal, a ruler of Karnat dynasty, who has been defeated by the king of Bengal. Upon receiving this information, who became so powerful? So Bakhtiyar Khilji, turning from here, went to the Karnat dynasty's Simraha. He did not go to Simraha, but in Karnat, he announced an invasion. So when Narsingh Dev came to know that Bakhtiyar Khilji would invade, he had a very large army, and secondly, he had achieved success in Brazil. So they felt fear, that if he attacks us, we will be destroyed, and the people will be killed. So Narsingh Dev, to satisfy Bakhtiyar Khilji, gave him a large amount of wealth, property, goods, slaves, men and women. They gave all this to Bakhtiyar Khilji, saying, "Sir, take this and spare us." So Bakhtiyar Khilji was happy with this, because he got wealth and property, and he could take it. You see, it is important to note that which king of Mithilanchal satisfied Bakhtiyar Khilji by giving him tribute? What is his name? Say Narsingh Dev. Do you understand? And what happened? He satisfied him by giving him tribute. In return, Bakhtiyar Khilji became happy and said, "Mogambo is happy, tell me what you want from me." So Narsingh Dev said, "Sir, we want to expand our borders. Our ancestors, their ancestors, have collected. We also want to expand." So saying this, he said, "You have already conquered Bengal, you expand somewhere else." So he said, "Okay." So where did he expand? He made Darbhanga his own. So remember, this king who made Darbhanga part of Mithila Raj is Narsingh Dev. His reign also extended to Darbhanga. See how it is expanding. Meanwhile, all this is happening. In 1227 AD, what happens? 1227 AD. It is not asked, but Darbhanga was part of Mithila before this. It was part of Mithila. He did not make a separate kingdom. Narsingh Dev officially made Darbhanga a part of the Karnat dynasty. Before this, Darbhanga and Madhubani were part of it, but Darbhanga district, no palace of the Karnat dynasty was built there, no land was built, no system was built. It was adjacent to Karnat, but when Narsingh Dev captured Darbhanga, see the enclosure of the land of Mithila, this Narsingh Dev started it. That's why it is written in books that the founder of modern Darbhanga, the builder, is considered to be Narsingh Dev. It is written in books, but you people understand how much is written. The game of power is played by kings. Okay. Now, in 1210 AD, what happens? It is 1227 AD, not 1210 AD. In 1227 AD, Narsingh Dev dies. After his death, his worthy son, whose name is Ram Singh. So Ram Singh becomes the king. Now let's learn about Ram Singh. What kind of person is he? He must have been a young son, a routine king, who sat on the throne. But the son whom the king loves, he says, "Son, you will take care of my legacy." Look. So now Ram Singh becomes our king. Ram Singh, about whom our history is very important. Why is it important? Because Ram Singh continued the initiation, the measures taken by his father. That is, during Ram Singh's reign, he started giving a lot of tribute. Look, there is one thing we don't want to forget to tell you. When tribute was given, it was not just money, but property, land, and men and women were also given as donations. You need to understand this. We haven't told you. So what happened was that Ram Singh, to give tribute, satisfied the invaders, the invaders of Muzaffarpur, by giving them more and more tribute. And in this way, Ram Singh or his ancestors, Narsingh Dev, saved Mithila from any Turk invasion. If they had not offered tribute, then the history of Mithila would have been like the history of Bihar Sharif, the history of Nalanda. Similarly, the history of Darbhanga, which is considered a prosperous region from ancient to modern times, is due to this. Even today, the people of Mithilanchal, regardless of caste or religion, are considered very peace-loving. They have a sense of brotherhood. They have been influenced by the kings and emperors of that time. This has been going on. So Ram Singh, who tried to satisfy the invaders by giving them more and more tribute. And the most important thing is that Ram Singh was the first person who started the land revenue settlement system in the entire Mithila region. He started the land revenue settlement system. What does land revenue settlement mean? It means that in the region of Mithila, the person who had more land, a written record of that land was kept in the king's court. It was under that department. And to control it, he established the post of Patwari, whom we call Patwari. And the Patwari of Uttar Pradesh, he does this, he does this. So this is very important. Patwari's post, Tehsildar's post, we don't know. Patwaris are important. The most important thing is that Ram Singh greatly promoted ostentation and new systems in Hinduism. He promoted ostentation in Hinduism and created a new system. Among the Brahmins, among the Brahmins, understand this. He promoted ostentation in Hinduism and created a new system. Among the Brahmins, among the Brahmins, it means, for example, if you have a caste, then you divide Brahmins into different categories. For example, you see, some are called Pandey, they are Brahmins. Some are called Ojha, they are also Brahmins. Some are called Das, they are also Brahmins. Some are called Mishra, they are also Brahmins. Some are called Singh, they are also Brahmins. Some are called Tiwari, they are also Brahmins. Shukla is also a Brahmin. All the titles we are seeing today, the work of sowing their seeds was done by Ram Singh. And he said that if you are of the Pandey category, you cannot marry a Pandey. That is, if we don't say it, it is not given. He said that if you are of the Pandey category, you cannot marry a Pandey. You should marry in Ojha or in Desh. He also said that among all the titles in Mithilanchal, the title of Jha will be the highest. So these people say that whoever is Jha considers himself a superior Brahmin. Pandey, Das, Mishra, nothing. They are the lowest quality Brahmins. So this system of division among Brahmins, this arrangement was done by Ram Singh. Okay. Let's move on. Now, but Ram Singh had some good qualities. Ram Singh had some good qualities. He did what he did. He established a system in the villages. See how many systems have been created. He knew that there would be Markand, Jha, to control him, he strengthened the law and order system at the village level. What does that mean? The king's representative, whoever was in the village, would roam the village and inspect whether the system was being maintained or not. He would give a full report. So he did this very well. After doing all this, he also did this. The most important thing was that he did not do this. Therefore, he invited various learned people to his court. Among them, one person's name is Shridharacharya. Shridharacharya. He was also a local Brahmin of Mithilanchal and a very learned scholar. And he adorned the court of Ram Singh. So what did Shridharacharya do? He wrote a commentary on Amarkosh. He wrote a commentary on Amarkosh. What is Amarkosh? Amarkosh is a dictionary written by Amarsingh. It is a dictionary in which more than one lakh words of Mithila language, local languages, are included. Whether it is Paili, Lota, Khanti, Khotiya, Chauki, Table, whatever words we speak in the regional language, Amarsingh collected all these regional languages. And Shridharacharya translated it into the Mithila script. Who was Amarsingh? Amarsingh was in the court of Chandragupta II during his reign. He was his courtier. Who is Shridharacharya? We are talking about Shridharacharya, not Amarsingh. Shridharacharya wrote a commentary on Amarkosh. Amarsingh wrote Amarkosh. So Shridharacharya wrote a commentary on Amarkosh. What is Amarkosh? Amarkosh is a dictionary written by Amarsingh. It is a dictionary in which more than one lakh words of Mithila language, local languages, are included. Whether it is Paili, Lota, Khanti, Khotiya, Chauki, Table, whatever words we speak in the regional language, Amarsingh collected all these regional languages. And Shridharacharya translated it into the Mithila script. Who was Amarsingh? Amarsingh was in the court of Chandragupta II during his reign. He was his courtier. Now, the most important thing about the reign of Ram Singh is that the most learned and famous Buddhist monk, or a very learned person, Dharmaswami, came to Mithila. Because the creation of texts in Mithila had started. So Dharmaswami said that there are so many learned people in Mithila, they consider themselves learned. They don't need much. So to understand the people of Mithilanchal, Dharmaswami visited Mithila during the reign of Ram Singh. Do you understand? So when Dharmaswami came to Mithila, he roamed around locally. What did he do? He roamed around. He saw that Mithilanchal is so prosperous. If there is a student of Maithili literature, it is around 1300 to 1400 AD. This is the period when the region of Mithila is full of wealth and prosperity, with sons and daughters, no one is unhappy. So when Dharmaswami came to Mithila, he wrote a commentary in his later texts. So whatever books Dharmaswami wrote, when he went to Mithila, he was a monk. He was a monk. He said that Mithila, Bihar is such a region where people are so educated, so learned, very happy, completely full of wealth and prosperity, they have no sorrow. And Dharmaswami also mentioned a place called 158. And in 158, it is said that the palace of Pata is built on a mountain, which is not easy for everyone to reach. And it is a large golden palace, the sunlight salutes it. Who salutes it? So this Pata is called modern Simraha by historians. Or you can say, Pata was another name for Simraha. Do you understand? Let's go. Now, after reading all this, Ram Singh passes away. He goes to God. He dies. So after his death, there is a son who is a powerful son, whose importance in the history of Mithila is immense. That son's name is Shakti Singh. Just like his name, his father's name was Karn. Do you understand? So Shakti Singh, he is considered the most powerful person in Mithila. But he is considered a powerful person, but in reality, he was autocratic. And he was autocratic. This is a big thing. If a person is powerful, how can he be autocratic? So he was so engrossed in his pleasures and luxuries, because there was no shortage in the royal court. So what is happening in his society, what is happening to his king, he has no idea. How many people have been killed? Some people have started a war against him, plotting against him. So he became autocratic. And he was a great scholar. He was a great scholar. Yes, sir. Because his daughter, not his daughter. He calls someone. Look. So he was such an autocratic ruler, so engrossed in pleasures, that his reign weakened. His reign weakened. So at that time, in Bengal, there was a ruler, whose name was Kesh. Kesh, they say. Kesh. His name is very good. Look. So Kesh was a ruler. When he saw that the king was involved in pleasures and luxuries, he thought it was a very good time for him to invade. To conquer this Karnat dynasty. So while he was indulging in pleasures, the ruler of Bengal, a local feudatory, whose name was Kesh. So Kesh invaded Mithila. With elephants, horses, palanquins, he said, "I will destroy Mithila." So when Kesh attacked, Shakti Singh's senses were shocked. He had no strategy. He had no army. So how would he win? So Shakti Singh immediately sent a message to Delhi. He must have called Delhi. He sent his envoy to Delhi. And he appealed to Alauddin Khilji for help. He said, "Sir, look."

We were happily eating and drinking there, and had just started when the success of Bengal attacked us in the neighborhood, saying, "Please save us!" So, it was said, "Okay." Then what does Alauddin Khilji do? He helps Shakti Singh and sends the Texas Maharaj back to Bengal with the Union President. So now, what does Alauddin Khilji do? He tells Shakti Singh, "Brother, we helped you. We helped you, and when the need arises, you too should help us." Do you understand? If you help us, then you will see what a wonderful story this is. The hero is Alauddin Khilji. This story is very similar to the stories of Rajasthan. So, there is a place in Rajasthan called Ranthambore. Ranthambore's ruler was named Samir Sharma. It was not Hamir Yes-Yes, it was Hamir Dev. So, he attacked Hamir, and he said, "Brother, help us!" In return, he used to get elephants. When this, when Alauddin and his soldier, Sankhya, helped him in this way, what happens is that help is given to help. So, it is very important that he helped him, and he helped him. So, you know that there are many types of people, and some of them are exceptions. So, here we are among ourselves. So, it will be kept behind the school. So, at that time, seven people in Shakti Singh's court held very important positions. They were ministers. What were they? They were ministers. He had seven ministers. So, these ministers formed a local administrative council. They formed a local administrative council, and through this council, Swastik, okay, you are the family president. Through the administrative council, these seven ministers governed the entire Mithila region. How wonderful is that! Tell me. Okay. Now what happens? Now, in the meantime, Shakti Singh dies. This is all the story there is. He died. The "Aaya Ram, Gaya Ram" people are gone. Now do you understand? Pallavi, like data, there is a lot left. There is a lot. Look, now what happens is that in the 14th century, Shakti Singh dies. So, this is a very beautiful and wonderful event, which in the history of Mithila is considered very important. So, this is the son of this person, Karnat, and these people are from the Karnat dynasty of Mithila. Now, what is important in the meantime? So, Harisingh was the last powerful ruler of the Karnat dynasty. He was the last powerful ruler. Or, all the great people. And after Harisingh's death, the Nivar dynasty is established, which is still echoing today. So, he is the last ruler of the Karnat dynasty. He is called great. Why is he called great? Did he do something good? So, we will call him great. We will see further what he did. So, Harisingh was a great warrior. Look, he was a person who indulged in luxury and pleasure, but his son turned out to be a great warrior. And Harisingh was a learned person, a strategist. And the best thing is that Harisingh greatly respected the scholars in his court. And he gave scholars a place to sit in his court. Harisingh did this. Among them were some important scholars who composed some books. We know them. The most important scholar's name is Shri Chandeshwar Thakur. Chandeshwar Thakur. And another person's name comes up. That person's name is Jyotirishwar Thakur. Now, look, why have we written the names of these two? Because Chandeshwar Thakur and Jyotirishwar Thakur, the books written in Mithilanchal, are discussed in the UPSC syllabus. And what did they do? They wrote a very good book at that time. The name of the book is "Rajniti Ratnakar" or "Niti Shri Ratnakar". It is written as "Rajniti Ratnakar". Remember, which book did Chandeshwar Thakur write? "Rajniti Ratnakar" or "Rajniti Ratnakar". Jyotirishwar Thakur wrote "Varnaratnakar". This is a very important book. These are very important books that are being discussed in Indian history. Do you understand? Now, look here. There was another minister named Vikram Thakur. Look, these two have just been mentioned. They have written books. They had them too, but they did not compose any books. Instead, Suryakar Thakur introduced the Kulin system in Mithila. And what did he do? He introduced the Kulin system. The Kulin system is understood as the people of the golden caste in Mithilanchal were called Kulins. Those who had money were called Kulins, and they were given a place in every category of society, in every compartment. This is called Kulin. So, the credit for this Kulin system goes to Suryakar Thakur. Don't forget that he had Hiteshwar Thakur, it was the same. No, they were different people. Secondly, during Harisingh's reign, the Panji system was also started in Mithilanchal. What is the Panji system? Understand this: if there was a young man or woman in a family who was ready to get married, then they had to bow down to get married. Money and resources were exploited. So, what did Harisingh do? He said, "You don't have to go anywhere. If your son or daughter is getting married, then inform our minister in the royal court. Tell us the age of our son, the age of our daughter, and that we want to get married. We will tell you." So, they used to have all their records. So, the king used to do this. A Saurath fair used to be held in Mithilanchal. You know, it's a very famous fair. Now it has been closed. There, a specific group of men used to gather. So, all men and women used to come there, and girls could see the boys and choose. They would say, "Yes, I will marry him. I will marry him." It was like this: parents used to see whom their child liked and had to marry that boy. But about 500 years ago, in Mithila, there was no such thing as a choice. Instead, if a girl had to get married, she would choose a boy from her own caste who was sitting there. She would talk to the boy. If the girl said yes, then the marriage would happen. Similarly, the boy would see 10-15 girls, and if he liked their beauty and qualities, he would get married. That famous fair of Saurath. Even today, it is a nature's prize. So, this system was started during his time. Understand that the Saurath fair and this system were started during his time. Do you understand anything? Nothing is being said. It's okay. Okay. Let's see. Now, during Harisingh's reign, what happens? In 1324, remember, during Harisingh's time, Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq attacked our Mithila. This date also needs to be remembered by all the children. The ruler's name needs to be remembered, and the king at that time also needs to be remembered. Now, what do we do? Let's try to understand further. When Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq attacks, Harisingh's army gets scared. So, Harisingh flees to Nepal. Where does he flee? He flees to Nepal and hides somewhere in the Terai region of Nepal. This is a very important point: who is the person who flees? Do you understand? Now, what does Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq do? When he attacks here, in Mithilanchal, it was called Mithila before. It was called Mithila. But now, when Ghiyasuddin attacks, he says, "I will not take Mithila, but I will give it a new name." The new name is Tughlaqpur. What is its name? Tughlaqpur. That is, Mithila will be called Tughlaqpur. And Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq starts converting the people of Mithila to Islam. So, most of the people, who were previously in a caste system, and the oppressed people, to gain respect in society, converted to Islam. In Darbhanga, Madhubani, Jainagar, Darbhanga, Madhepura, Supaul, Bhagalpur, Munger, the number of educated Muslims and those in the service of the Nawabs... Do you understand? Now, look here. When Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq toured there and started converting people to Islam, what happened was that many people, to protect their religion, left and settled in the Terai region of Nepal. So, the people who settled in the Terai region of Nepal, you know, many people meet many people. They are actually people who fled and settled at that time. Like Janakpur, Jaleswar, Mahottari, Matiyani, the area of Nepal is small. In all these places, Biharis are still living. Their descendants are still living there. So, the people of Jaleswar, Nepal, still call themselves "Mithilanchal". They also call the people of Mithila "Mithilanchal". This is the reason why they fled to Nepal to protect their religion and their lives. So, now what happens? Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq will not stay there. So, Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq established his name and returned to Delhi. So, this vast empire, who will look after it? So, he appointed a very good and trustworthy person. His name was Ahmad. So, Ahmad was appointed to look after the entire Mithila region. He returned to Delhi. So, we continue to run our own administration. In the meantime, Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq, we will see. So, after about four or five years, Firoz Tughlaq, who is the descendant of Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq, comes. So, after four or five years, Firoz Tughlaq... Uttar Pradesh became very bad. From 1325 to 1328, then comes. Now, he is saying 1351, so it is around 1350-51, that the descendant of Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq, Firoz Tughlaq, or Firoz Shah Tughlaq, as he is called. He attacked Mithilanchal in 1359. Okay, I will write it down. So, who was the ruler at this time? Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq. Look, he did not attack Mithilanchal. Remember, the descendants of Muhammad Shah, they are looking after the region. So, Firoz Shah Tughlaq says, "We have converted to Islam, but now we will establish a new dynasty here. It will not be our dynasty, but we will build a new directory." So, remember, in the 14th century, Firoz Shah Tughlaq established the Nivar dynasty in our Mithilanchal. He established the Nivar dynasty. This is very important. Who established the Nivar dynasty in Mithilanchal? You will read about Harisingh, Harisingh. Or who did it? This Muslim ruler, Tughlaq. What happened? This family found out. This is a very good thing. Look, this Nivar dynasty is also known by another name. It is called the "Cross Dynasty". And Firoz Shah Tughlaq established this important dynasty. The reign of this ruler ends. So, King Singh realizes this. He realizes that he has received some new information. Pallavi ji, will you tell me when I ask? Now, when the test is approaching, you will not subscribe. Look, this is the Nivar dynasty. Firoz Shah Tughlaq, look, all the children, Firoz Shah Tughlaq established the Nivar dynasty in our Mithilanchal. Okay. So, I told you earlier that the reign of this dynasty is considered to be from 1353 to 1526. Did I tell you? Such a long period. The reign of the Nivar dynasty. So, a powerful ruler of this Nivar dynasty was King Shiv Singh. Look, King Shiv Singh is important. Why is he important? So, during the reign of King Shiv Singh, there was a very famous person from Mithila, Vidyapati. Who is he? He is called the "Maithil Kokil". What is he called? "Maithil Kokil". So, Vidyapati wrote two books. Remember the names of the books. Look, the first book is "Kirti Lata" and the second book is "Kirti Pataka". And Vidyapati was not only a scholar, but he was also a poet. He wrote about King Shiv Singh. He wrote about King Shiv Singh. Vidyapati always praised Shiv Singh. This is not from today. This is from Mithilanchal. The "Kirti Pataka" is also there. Now, the game of Muslims starts. So, what happens is that after 1526, the Mughal invasion starts. Then the second phase of their invasion begins. Then this medieval history of Mithilanchal, after this, we learn about the Khandwal dynasty. We learn about King Hari, who was called Central. We learn about him. After this, there were some more kings, but their history is not important. Neither from our perspective nor from the exam perspective. We have covered all the important points we needed to take from the medieval history in the context of Bihar. With this, our Mithila kingdom ends.