Transcription
[Music] Hello everyone. In this video, we're going to talk about the basic rules for citation. Actually, we have two different citations: one of them is in-text citation, and the other one is end-of-text citation or reference. This video is basically about in-text citation, and you will be talking about end-of-text citation in your classes.
The first thing to talk about for in-text citation is the format of that. We have two different formats for in-text citation: one of them is parenthetical format; the other one is signal format. In parenthetical format, what we do is, if it is a direct quotation (copy-paste style), we put the quotation; we insert the information from the external source; we close the quotation. Then, in parentheses, we have three main pieces of information: one is the last name of the author (no first name), comma; then we have the year of publication of that article, comma; then we have the page number. And how do we do it? Opening the quotation, information of external source, closing the quotation, open the parenthesis, we have Kapan, 2005, and we have P. showing the page number, and we write the page number. We close the parenthesis, and we put a dot. This is the first format, parenthetical.
As for signal format, we introduce the source at the beginning of our sentences. How do we do it? We use "according to," then we add the last name of the author; we open the parenthesis, the year, close the parenthesis, comma; then we add our information. If it is a direct quote, in quotation marks; if it is paraphrase or summary, no quotation mark. Then, at the end of the sentence, we open the parenthesis; we put the page number. If we have used something that has been used in two pages, then what we do is we put double P. Double P shows that the source is mentioned in two different or more pages.
Now let's go to the other issue, which is in case that we have two authors. The same system can be applied for two-author sources. How? In parenthetical format, we do the same thing. I'm not going to explain it again to you. We have the external source in parenthetical format; we add the names of both authors, and we put the sign for "and" (we don't write "and"); we put the sign of "and" in the parenthetical information, then the year, then the page number. In the example, you can easily see that. In the signal format, we do the same thing as we did in the first part. We have "according to," or you can say "as the last name of the person states," and we put both names over here. If it is signal format, we have to put this "and" over there, so I'm just going to do that. Most probably, no, ah, done. Okay. Then we have the parenthesis; we have the year; we add the information. As I said, in direct quotation, we have quotation marks; otherwise, we don't use quotation marks. And when we finish the piece of information that we have cited from the external source, we write the page number, like P. 26, and finish it this way.
Let's continue. Sometimes you may find some kind of academic sources or websites that you think that you need to use in your own study, and when you—there is no author—you don't know what to do. So how do we do that? In the parenthetical format, we need the title of that source, from a website, from the page on the website; you take the title; you open the parentheses, just like the other way that we worked with the author-based citation. In parenthesis again, you have a quotation mark, as you see; you put the title of the article; you put a comma over there; you close the quotation mark (the comma is in the quote mark); then you put the year and the page number as we used to do before. So what we see over here is "Airbag safety" is the title of the article that is written in quotation marks, and the comma is inside. Year and page number. In signal format, again, we do the same thing as we did before. We do it as, in the article, you write the title and the year, or "according to," comma, I'm sorry, quotation mark, the title of the article, year, and you add the page number after you finish the source, and it will be seen like this, like this example over here; you can see it.
The next issue is going to be about no date or no year. What do I mean? Sometimes, again, you can find some kind of sources in which you cannot find the year of publication. For that one, I make—I want you to be sure that it is a dangerous application. Don't prefer the sources which have no dates; they are risky somehow. But if you don't have another chance to find another article or the source that you need, what you need to do is you, for the year, the other parts are the same in parenthetical format, in signal format, but one thing which is different is you write ND, which is talking about there is no date for this article. But again, I want to remind you, please be careful about the sources which have no date, because generally they might not be reliable to be used in your reports.
Going to some kind of generic web pages or important websites that you are going to use while you're citing in your reports, and for these kinds of sources, again, look at the picture. The picture is telling lots of things to you. You are just trying to hold the hand of someone, someone or something that might create some risks for you. So here, what we do is, if there is no page number, what we rely on is the paragraph number. Don't forget, if there is no page number, so we use the same system, parenthetical format and signal format; everything is the same. What changes is the page number, because there is no page number. What we do is we write paragraph number, and the short form of paragraph number is going to be par., because we have cut it short, and we write the paragraph number. The same thing is going to be for the signal format as well.
Still, we have one more example over here that you—you have found a reliable source, but this source is not the original source; this is a secondary source. It means that somebody has already taken that information from somebody else, the original source. So we have two different writers. In these kinds of sources, and in academic writings or in report writings, we don't prefer secondary sources, but if you don't have a chance, you can use this source. Avoid using several sources as secondary sources, please. So here, what we do is, at the beginning, we generally use signal format for these kinds of secondary source citations. We begin with "according to" or the signal format patterns, and then we write the last name of the main author who has originally written that article or piece of study, then we add the information over there. Here, I have to remind you that if it is a direct quote, quotation mark; if there is no direct quote, you don't put quotation marks, paraphrase or summary. Like in parenthesis, exactly, you're going to write "as cited in," then you have to write the last name of the author that you have found that is the secondary source, and after doing that, that secondary source's year, that secondary source's page number you will be writing. So I have to remind you again: Johnson, in this example that we have here, Johnson is the original writer, and Smith is the writer of the source that you have found. Please be sure when you're using the second remark in using the citation correctly.
There is one more thing that I want to share with you, and that is, you know, when we are using some sources, sometimes we find those kinds of sources very long, and we need to cut it short, or sometimes you find some unnecessary information that you don't want to cite when you are using the citation, so you need some kind of omission; you need to cut some part of that, or sometimes you are using some kind of sources in which you have technical information or unknown words or some kind of extra things that your readers may not understand, so you need to explain it inside the citation, inside the quotation. So we have addition and omission. So for these, if you want to add something from yourself in the citation, you use these kinds of brackets. Okay, so the information in the bracket is your information; it has no relation with the author of the original source that you are citing. And if you want to cut a piece of information, one phrase, two sentences, or whatever, if it is long, you use ellipses (three dots). Three dots is showing that something has been cut from this information. I've put an example for you; you can see it very clearly. We have cited—the citation starts from here; this is a direct quote because we have a quotation; you can see over there—and then there is a word "contaminated." You think that your reader may not understand this, and what you do is you just explain that (don't put it in other color; I just put it that way to make sure that you can easily see it). So you put that extra information that belongs to you in the brackets; you close the bracket, and you continue your writing. And at the end, you can see ellipses here (three dots); it is showing that this piece of information was continuing, but you didn't need that part, so we put it in the same way again. We have P for page number, number; we have the signal format, the last name of the author, the year, and the citation's going in the same way.
So I have given too much information; I provided you with lots of details in this video. You can just open this video anytime that you feel that you need to use that while you're doing your citation. And why? I have a very small quiz for you for checking yourself. Actually, I have given a piece of paragraph to you, and in this paragraph, we do have some kind of citation, and what I want you to do is, after watching all the videos about citation, the logic of citation, the basic rules of citation, and techniques of citation, I want you to check yourself. Here, what do you do to do that? You read it; you try to understand it; and then we go and answer these kinds of questions: like, is it a short quotation or long quotation? Is it a signal or parenthetical format? Is it a direct quote or paraphrase or maybe summary? Or does this citation have an author? Or is there any omission in the original source? Is there any addition to the original source? And there can be many, many questions after that. You can check yourself before doing your quiz, visit—or before doing your in-class performances. Thank you very much for watching our video. If you have any questions, you can go to your instructors; you can deal with the problems together with your instructors. Goodbye for now. [Music]