Transcription
Hello everybody. Regarding map work, I will also provide you with the solution for map work. Fine, let's begin the story. This video will conclude all the problems of this chapter. Here we go. What is the very first thing? Let's divide the chapter "Minerals and Energy Resources" into two parts. The minerals part will be one, and the energy resources part will be the second. So far, in Geography, we have studied chapters like Chapter 1: Resource and Development. In Chapter 2, we saw forests and wildlife as resources. In Chapter 3, we saw water as a resource. In Chapter 4, we saw agricultural resources. Now we have come to minerals. Fine. So, what are minerals and energy resources? Look, the name itself is explaining that our energy needs, and besides that, our other needs related to development, construction, everything is fulfilled by minerals and energy resources. Fine. So, what are minerals? Minerals are everything. We ourselves are a mineral in a way. Now you might be thinking, "Yes sir, my mom says I'm a nag." So, you can't say that. You are called a nag, but that doesn't mean you are a mineral. Our body has a lot of mineral composition. There is iron in our body, and other things like calcium. All these minerals are found in very small quantities, but they are found. So, if you look, minerals are an indispensable part of our lives. From pins to large ships, everything is made around these things. Fine. In this sense, we are surrounded by minerals from all sides. From toothpaste to building a house, everything is using minerals somewhere or the other. If we go by the definition, what are minerals? Minerals are homogeneous, naturally occurring substances with a definable internal structure. Fine. Homogeneous naturally occurring substance means what? Like iron is iron, it is homogeneously iron. Naturally occurring substances that are found naturally in the environment, whose internal structure you can define, what the atom, molecule is, that's a chemistry thing. Fine. So, this is the definition of minerals. You have to write this in the exam. What are minerals? Minerals are homogeneous, naturally occurring substances with a definable internal structure. Fine. Definable internal structure, which varies in size, color, texture. All those things vary, but you have understood the basic definition of a mineral. Fine. That they are found in nature, homogeneous, meaning their structure is the same from the inside. They are naturally occurring, their internal structure is definable. You can tell what the molecule, what its structure is, all of this. Fine. So, let's move on. Minerals are found in rocks, so we also call them rock minerals. Many minerals are found in rocks. So, we see minerals in the form of ore. So, minerals are a combination of homogeneous substances. Meaning, rocks are a combination of homogeneous substances called minerals. There is a soil, and in that soil, if you remove the dirt, remove the dust, after removing all those things, you will get a structure, a definable structure. For example, if we talk about gold, when gold is extracted from gold mines, a definable structure is obtained. It is processed, all things are done, and after removing that soil, dirt, and dust, you get gold. So, gold is a homogeneous, naturally occurring substance that has its own structure. It is found with rocks. Fine. So, rock minerals, why? Because rocks are a combination. What do you see inside rocks? Many homogeneous substances. Inside it, dirt, dust, four other types of minerals are found together. Fine. And a rock piece can contain one or more minerals. Fine. So, in this way, rocks are being processed. Mining happens, soil is removed, and minerals are extracted from it. Now, these rock minerals, their formation depends on different factors. Physical and chemical conditions are different. Some are formed in high temperature, some in low temperature. Somewhere pressure is high, somewhere pressure is low. But you have to understand what minerals are. Minerals are found in the form of ore. Fine. Ore is not written anywhere, so you have to remember this. This rock which contains dirt, dust, and minerals is in the form of ore. Fine. It is found in the form of ore, and minerals are extracted by processing the ore. Now, two terms come in this chapter, remember. One is geographers, and the second is geologists. Geography is about studying the earth. So, geographers are those who study the earth. Fine. So, they study minerals as a part of the Earth's crust. They are studying the entire earth, and while studying the entire earth, you are studying minerals. Fine. So, when you study the chapter "Minerals and Energy Resources" in the Geography subject, you will not study the exact basic composition of every mineral like in chemistry. You will understand superficially which minerals are found where, what are the properties of which mineral, just that much. Fine. So, a geographer also studies minerals as a part of the Earth's crust. Fine. He or she studies minerals above the earth. They are studying minerals on the earth, where what is found. On the other hand, a geologist studies the formation of minerals, their physical and chemical composition. So, a geologist specifically studies minerals in geography. The composition of minerals, their structure, where they are found, how, etc. So, they go inside the earth, meaning not literally digging into the ground, but they study the composition of minerals below the earth and its details. Fine. So, a geologist becomes a bit more specific. If you understand minerals from a chemistry perspective, everything, that will be called a geologist. And a geographer studies minerals superficially as a part of the Earth's crust. Fine. So, let's move on. Now, look. What have we studied? What are minerals? Homogeneous, homogeneous occurring, homogeneous naturally occurring substances with a definable internal structure, which are formed under different physical and environmental conditions. They are formed under different physical and environmental conditions, and accordingly, if you look, minerals have different structures, different types, different textures, different colors. Fine. So, their mode of occurrence can also be different. Meaning, how they are found. Like, now you have friends. When you go to one friend's house, you find him sleeping. So, his mode of occurrence is sleeping. Another friend, you go to his house, and you always see him playing games. So, his mode of occurrence is playing games. Understood? So, what is happening here? The case here is also that since minerals vary so much. They vary, meaning their texture is different, color is different, everything is different. So, the way they are found in nature, their mode of occurrence is also different. Minerals. Fine. And this is where a question arises. Let's put a dot on it. Important question. How? Because in this chapter, if you look, the theory part is less. Relatively, it's facts, facts, facts. It will come on the map, it will come in objective questions. What can be asked as a theory question? So, that area is limited. What can be asked as a theory question? So, that area is limited. So, if we bet on that limited area, one bet we can place here is that if they ask you about the mode of occurrence, what will you write? So, minerals are found in ores. Minerals mixed with other elements, that dirt, garbage, all these things. Ores are processed to extract minerals, and they will be found in different forms, in different modes of occurrence. Like, first comes veins and lodes. Fine. Like tin, copper, zinc. Veins and lodes. What is happening? I am explaining each one to you. This is the entire slab of the earth. And in this slab of the earth, in the form of veins and lodes. Veins are these, and this slightly larger part. Fine. Like this, stratified. So, meaning stratified. Lodes are slightly heavier. Just that. So, these veins and lodes. What will you see? The entire structure, the structure will be in the form of beds of minerals. Like in the form of veins and lodes, you will have to dig out the entire earth. But apart from veins and lodes, in the context of beds and layers, they will be situated deep down in strata. In strata, they will be found in layers. You can call it rat-hole mining or shaft mining. They bring it out through shaft mining. So, the second mode of occurrence is in the form of beds and layers. Like coal, gypsum. They are found in this way. Third is residual mass of weathered material. Don't get confused, understand it well. There is confusion in this. Residual mass of weathered material. So, bauxite is an example. From bauxite, aluminum is obtained. From alumina, aluminum is obtained. Now, this bauxite is found in the form of residual mass of weathered material. What is residual mass of weathered material? Like, you see bauxite in this red color in the soil. Fine. You see bauxite in red color. Now it rained. It rained. So, due to rain, weathering happens, right? Weathering means the ground will experience wear and tear, the ground will break, crack, all these things. So, it rained. Weathering happened due to rain. Due to weathering, what happened? Everything washed away. What washed away? So, due to weathering, if you look, soil, soil washed away. After the soil washed away, what is left? After the soil washed away, you have this because this is bauxite, it's a metal. It's solid, it won't wash away. So, this residual mass is left. Residual mass means what remains. We call the remaining part residue. So, residual mass of weathered material means what? After weathering, from the surface, the soil that washed away due to rain, wind. After that, what was the solid element inside, which can be called the solid substance, which was in the form of a mineral, it remained there. We will extract it, mine it, pick it up. So, this is residual mass of weathered material. So, minerals are also found in this way. Minerals will be found in the form of veins and lodes. They will be found in the form of residual mass of weathered material. Fourth is alluvial deposits. Alluvial deposits. Like gold, silver, tin are examples. Yes. Like now, what is happening? In valley areas, if you look, for this reason, alluvial deposits are also called placer deposits. I am telling you the facts, keep them in mind. Like, what is happening? A river is flowing. Fine. This river is flowing. Fine. The river is flowing. The river is flowing. The river is flowing. Now, what happens due to the flow of this river? That here, if you see, some residual mass remains. Fine. Some residual mass, meaning what? Meaning residual mass, but its form will be in the form of alluvial deposits. Fine. That the river water is coming, the river water flowed away, and the sediments that came from above. So, the river water carried away the soil, dust particles, but the particles that came from above, or all the particles that came due to gravity. So, the metallic or even non-metallic mineral part among them, that mineral part will be found in the valleys in this way. It will be found in the valleys. It will be deposited with alluvium. Fine. So, that's why we call it. It is being placed over there. It flowed and got placed there. It is extracted from the valley areas. So, it is also called placer deposits. It is also called alluvial deposits. Understood? So, the thing to understand in this chapter is that minerals are found in the form of veins and lodes, in the form of beds and layers, in the form of residual mass of weathered material, in the form of alluvial deposits, and fifth, in the form of ocean waters. Fine. Ocean water, you know, I think the greatest wealth in the world is inside the oceans. You will say, "Yes sir, it's a golden Lanka." Besides that, why? Because look, everything that flows through rivers, drains, will be deposited in the sea. And it's not from yesterday, it's been depositing in the sea for millions of years. Fine. So, the ocean beds have many minerals. Petroleum is there, of course. Besides that, like salt water, meaning sea water will have salt, magnesium, bromine. So, all these minerals are also found there. Fine. So, the modes of occurrence are being found. Where are they found in India? In the context of India, it's still left. That minerals are found in these modes of occurrence. Minerals can be classified as metallic and non-metallic, and energy minerals. We will study energy in the second part of the chapter. In minerals, there are metallic and non-metallic. Metallic are those from which a ringing sound comes. Non-metallic are those from which no sound comes. Meaning, don't write that. Metallic means they have strength. They can have iron-based metals, or they can have non-iron-based, meaning non-ferrous. Fine. And some metals are also like gold, it's a metal, solid, high density. Fine. Along with being solid, some metallic minerals have the property that they transfer heat and electricity. Fine. So, metallic minerals include ferrous, non-ferrous, and precious minerals. Non-metallic include mica, salt, potassium. Natural gas, which we will study subsequently in the chapter. So, it was just a chart, it has been explained. Now, the point is, where are minerals found? Look. So, in the country, if you look, the peninsular rock of the country, this peninsular region, has the most minerals. Coal, metallic minerals, mica, and many other non-metallic minerals are found in this peninsular plateau. It is the oldest landmass, the oldest. This is our oldest landmass. For this reason, over a period of time, there has been a lot of mineral deposition. It was formed by volcanic eruptions. And fine. Then comes the East and West Peninsular. So, this is the rocky area of the peninsular plateau. Now, if we talk about the East and West Peninsular, so these are the Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats. So, here you will find petroleum. Fine. You will find petroleum. Rajasthan, so in Rajasthan, you will find copper. Fine. After copper, what else? Like mica, etc. This mineral is found in Rajasthan. Fine. Limestone, etc. Fine. It's in Rajasthan. Then the North India part. So, in North India, you won't find any commercially viable mineral. Why? This is devoid of economic minerals. Because North India is entirely made of alluvial deposits. Floods occur there repeatedly. There is a lot of sand and silt. It is newly formed when compared. So, this is the distribution of minerals. The possibility of this question is 50 percent, but you should know how minerals are distributed in the country. Fine. And accordingly, if we move forward, we have classified minerals as ferrous, non-ferrous, meaning metallic, non-metallic. So, we will understand all the minerals one by one. Fine. The theory part of the chapter was this much: what are minerals, what is the mode of occurrence, what is the distribution. Now, there are factual things. Facts, but we will study them by relating them. Fine. Facts, but we will study them by relating them. So, what is happening? Three-fourths of the total metallic minerals are the base for metallurgy. Not all metallic minerals are iron, but they are metals. So, copper, aluminum, other minerals are only one-fourth. The rest of the minerals are ferrous, which contain metal. Fine. And ferrous means most metals are those that contain ferrous, meaning iron. Now, if you look, these iron-based minerals form the base for the metallurgical industry. The metallurgical industry comes from ferrous minerals. Fine. So, ferrous minerals include iron ore and manganese, which we will study now. Fine. So, these two minerals are coming. So, now, if we talk about iron ore, iron ore is considered the backbone of industrial development. If industries have to grow, iron will be needed. There are two types of iron. One is magnetite, which has 70% iron content, and the rest can be called impurities. Fine. And the second is hematite, which has 50 to 60% iron content. So, its magnetic qualities will not be as excellent, but it is used as industrial iron. Sir, cheap material. Not cheap material. The case is that hematite is associated with a lot of industrial use, and it will not be as expensive because magnetite will be very expensive, and not as many industrial uses are associated with it. Understood? So, this is your iron ore. What to remember in iron ore? Two types of iron ore: magnetite and hematite. Fine. Let's move on. Manganese comes. So, manganese is also a ferrous mineral that contains iron. Fine. Used for making steel. When steel is made, iron ore, manganese ore, and limestone are put into furnaces. Fine. That process is called smelting, which we will study in the chapter on manufacturing industries. Fine. So, if you look, talking about manganese, manganese is used for making steel, ferromanganese alloys. Fine. To make steel or ferromanganese alloys, which require iron content, manganese is used. Fine. Used in manufacturing bleaching powder, insecticides, and paints. So, manganese is also used in making bleaching powder, powder, insecticides, and paints. These are facts, keep them in mind. Fine. Now, if we look at a fact, in 2018-19, almost the entirety of iron ore, meaning 97% of our country's.
According to the data for Iron Ore 2018-19, if you look, it comes from four states: Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, and Jharkhand. The remaining 3% comes from other states. So, by hearing this much, you must have understood where the country's major iron ore is concentrated: Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, and Jharkhand. Okay, and this is what you need to see here in the major iron ore belts. Okay, so this is your Jharkhand, this is your Odisha. Jharkhand, Odisha, this is Chhattisgarh, and this is your Karnataka. Okay, Karnataka is here, this is Karnataka. Okay, this is Chhattisgarh, and this is Karnataka. So, look, these three states and this fourth state, meaning this one state, these two states, these three, and this fourth state, in this much area, we have 99.7% of the iron content. Now, again, look, there is another theoretical part here about the belts. I have seen fewer direct questions on these belts in exams, but still, we will study everything. Okay, so if we talk about the major iron ore belts in India, where are they found? Let's start from here itself, first of all. Okay, so the first belt is the Odisha-Jharkhand belt. What is happening in the Odisha-Jharkhand belt? So, in the Odisha-Jharkhand belt, if you look, it's the belt between Odisha and Jharkhand, which includes mines like Goa, Noamundi, Mayurbhanj, etc. So, here, Hematite iron ore is found in Badam Pahar, Goa, Noamundi. Okay, these are districts of Odisha. Then, if you look, Badam Pahar is in Odisha, Goa, Goa, not the Goa state, but the Goa region. Noamundi, these are mines. Okay, so it is found in different districts like Singhbhum district and in these districts of Odisha, etc. And Noam, Badam Pada, I guess, is in Jharkhand. Okay, you just need to specifically remember that in this belt, the Odisha-Jharkhand belt, the mines are Badam Pahar, Goa, Noamundi. Okay, the port, Paradip Port, is nearby. And from this Paradip Port, it is exported. It is exported from Paradip Port to whoever the iron ores are extracted, if they need to be exported outside.
The second belt is the Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur belt. Where will the Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur belt be? So, Durg, Bastar, these are all in Chhattisgarh. So, Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur, this is the belt. Okay, Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur. So, the Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur belt overlaps with Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra. Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra. Hematite iron ore. Industrial iron ore. So, Hematite ore, Hematite ore is found in the Bailadila range of Bastar district. Bastar district is in Chhattisgarh. There is the Bailadila mountain range. Sir, how will I remember all this? The point is, you see, I have explained it to you once. You will have the notes in front of you. You can get them from the Telegram channel. The more you read them, the more they will be imprinted. Tell it to four people sitting together. Okay, I will tell you four things. What to tell? Just this, that the Odisha-Jharkhand belt, the Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur belt. Tell it like this. The third belt is dangerous. Meaning, what will be the port near them? And yes, near Durg-Bastar, the Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur belt, the port near it is Visakhapatnam. Okay, remember the port too. Now, let's move on. Which will be the next belt? It will be your Bellary-Chitradurga-Chikmagalur-Tumkur. Okay, so the Bellary-Chitradurga-Chikmagalur-Tumkur belt is in Karnataka. Okay, this belt is in Karnataka. So, Kudremukh mines are a 100% export-oriented unit. Okay, there are Kudremukh mines. So, where whatever, like Kudremukh means a mountain whose face is like a horse's. Kudremukh. Okay, so that mine, whatever extraction happens from that mine, Kudremukh mines, iron ore from that region, so Kudremukh mines' iron ore, it is exported. The port here is Bengaluru Port, nearby. Okay, Bengaluru Port, through a pipeline. Chapter Seven is not coming in your exam this time. So, like in pipeline transportation, it is explained that all chapters are interconnected. That through Bengaluru Port, by pipeline, slurry is made from Kudremukh and iron ore is transported, and then it is exported. Okay, and the fourth, the fourth belt, is the Maharashtra-Goa belt. Now you will say, sir, 97% in three states? Yes, so the remaining 3% is from here. Okay, the Maharashtra-Goa belt, the Maharashtra-Goa belt, in Goa and the Ratnagiri district of Maharashtra, this region is the Maharashtra-Goa belt. The port, and the port near it, so which port is it? Marmagao Port is near it. Okay, so you should understand the story like this, that there are four major belts: the Odisha-Jharkhand belt, the Durg-Bastar belt, the Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur belt, the third is the Bellary-Chitradurga-Chikmagalur-Tumkur belt, and the fourth is the Maharashtra-Goa belt. Okay, all four belts are clear.
Now, if we move forward, Iron Ore and Manganese, these are both ferrous minerals. Now, let's come to non-ferrous minerals. Non-ferrous minerals mean those minerals that do not contain iron. They do not contain iron. So, first of all, as I told you, 3/4 of metallic minerals are ferrous. So, the remaining 1/4 are non-ferrous minerals. So, non-ferrous minerals are generally fewer, and they are also found less in our country. Okay, so not sufficient minerals like copper, bauxite, zinc, lead, gold, these are all non-ferrous. Meaning, they are metals, but along with being metals, you see that they do not contain iron. So, copper, bauxite, zinc, lead, and gold. Used in metallurgical industries. So, they are used in metallurgical industries. For example, copper wires and aluminum wires are made, and we have put one specimen of each. Fine. Now, if we talk about copper, where is copper found in the country? So, copper, if you look, India is critically deficient in copper production. First of all, we don't have much copper. We have less copper, and whatever we have, if you look, it's from the Balaghat mines of Madhya Pradesh, from the Khetri mines of Rajasthan, from the Singhbhum district of Jharkhand, and these are leading producers of copper. Okay, so these are some of the areas where copper will be found. These are mainly facts. If you have to remember where it is found, sir, how will I remember? So, copper needs very intense pressure and heat for its formation. And you get that intense pressure and heat, like in Khetri mines, Balaghat mines, Khetri mines, so these are those areas. Like Khetri mines in Rajasthan, those areas are dry areas. Major producers in the world, if you look, are in the Atacama Desert. Okay, I am taking you very far away. Here, simply remember that Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Jharkhand. And even among these, if you remember Rajasthan, it will be enough. If it comes on the map, it will come from there. And what will come on the map, I will cover it, don't worry. Okay, now, if we look, copper has a quality that it is malleable and ductile. You can beat it into sheets. You can make wires from it. So, because it is malleable and ductile, it is a good conductor of heat and electricity. Therefore, copper has high demand, and because of this, its price is also good. Price is high. Okay, so this is copper. After copper, let's move on to bauxite. Okay, what is bauxite? So, it is also a metallic mineral that is non-ferrous. Bauxite is the raw form, the ore. Okay, so alumina is extracted from bauxite. Alumina is further processed to extract aluminum. Congratulations, aluminum is made. Aluminum means that this is also a metallic mineral. You must have seen aluminum utensils. So, it has strength and lightness. In the aircraft industry, etc., aluminum is used a lot. Understood? So, it combines the strength of metal, that is iron, with extreme lightness. And because of this, the aviation industry is using it, and it also has good conductivity. It is very malleable. Malleability means making wires and sheets from it, being ductile and malleable. So, because of this, you see that wires are also made from it, aluminum wires are also made. So, copper, bauxite. After copper and bauxite, where is bauxite found? So, mainly found in the Amarkantak Plateau, Mekala Hill Plateau region of Bilaspur, Katni. You simply need to remember that the Chhattisgarh region. Okay, there, the Amarkantak Plateau, a lot of bauxite is found. Okay, Odisha is the largest producer of bauxite. Okay, if you look at the state-wise production chart in the book, out of the total production, major production is from Odisha. You need to remember this. Okay, Odisha is the major producer of bauxite. Okay, if you want to see here, like copper was mentioned, so these are Khetri mines, Beawar, these are for copper. Khetri mines, Bhebar mines. Copper. After that, we were talking about bauxite. So, in bauxite, like Amarkantak Plateau has been mentioned, everything. Okay, in Odisha, Koraput, this Koraput mines in Odisha, so a lot of bauxite is produced from Koraput mines. Because of this, Odisha is also a major producer of bauxite. A lot comes from Koraput. Okay, this is our copper, bauxite. Let's move on.
Now, let's come to non-metallic minerals, also called rock minerals. In metallic minerals, we saw ferrous and non-ferrous. In ferrous, iron and manganese. In non-ferrous, we studied copper and bauxite. Now, let's come to those minerals that are not metallic at all. They do not contain metal. They will not make a ringing sound. So, what will they be? Like mica. Okay, this mica is not sunmica. Mica is also a type of stone. It is found in layers, in sheets. It has dielectric strength. It acts as an insulator. So, it is used in electrical equipment, etc. And then, the second is limestone. Limestone, meaning lime. So, if you see limestone, it is compressed, and stones are also made from it. Stones are also made. So, limestone and mica are both naturally occurring substances, homogeneous naturally occurring substances, hence they are minerals. It is not necessary that every mineral is a metal. Just as not every shiny thing is gold, similarly, it is not necessary that every mineral is also a metal. Okay, so these are non-metallic minerals. If we talk about mica, its mode of occurrence is a series of plates. In it, there are such series of plates, you can see in the photo. Okay, used in the electronic industry due to dielectric strength. Due to dielectric strength, it is used in the electronic industry. Low power loss factor, it does not lose power that quickly. Okay, insulating property, due to which you can use it as insulators. Like you see, many electrical sockets are made of mica. High voltage resistance. For this, it is used a lot in electrical and electronic industries. Where is it found? The Chota Nagpur Plateau, Kodar, Gaya, Hazaribagh belt is there. Here's a ninja technique: if you start forgetting which mineral is found where, then just write Chota Nagpur Plateau. Practically everything is found in the Chota Nagpur Plateau. Okay, limestone, we will come to it later. Hazaribagh, yes, Gaya, Hazaribagh, Ajmer, Rajasthan, Nellore. This Nellore belt of Andhra Pradesh, these are some of the regions where mica is found. Let's move on.
Limestone. What is happening in limestone? Rocks composed of calcium carbonate or calcium and magnesium carbonate. Okay, so rocks made of calcium carbonate or calcium and magnesium carbonate. Okay, so they form limestone. Fine. Essential for smelting iron ore in blast furnaces and the cement industry. So, in the form of lime, it is also used in the smelting process when making iron ore. Okay, after that, it is also used in the cement industry. Okay, then you will see where it is found. Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, and many more states. So, limestone is sufficiently available. Okay, let's move on.
Now you have studied all the minerals. Let me tell you, one part of the chapter is complete. Okay, so minerals, we have seen all the minerals here. After seeing these minerals, we have understood that there are ferrous, non-ferrous, and non-metallic minerals. Now, these minerals are mined. They will not come up by digging from above. So, when these minerals are mined, there are some hazards of mining, dangers. And because of these dangers, we need to mine minerals safely, and also, how they can be conserved, a question can be formed on this theoretical part. So, what are the hazards associated with mining? What are the dangers? If you look at the impact on miners, there is a very negative impact on the health of miners. Like dust and noxious fumes are inhaled. When mining is done, like going inside a coal mine, a pit, oxygen level is low, and poisonous gases like methane are released. They inhale them, so they get pulmonary diseases. They have to inhale dust, so there are many health issues. They are vulnerable to pulmonary diseases. Respiratory diseases can occur. This is the impact on miners. While mining, this is a loss. Miners are suffering, but along with miners, if you look, the environment is also suffering a lot. How? Like if you see, water sources get contaminated. When mining happens, a lot of waste comes out. That waste is dumped into water sources, rivers, ponds, lakes. So, those water sources are getting contaminated. Okay, along with dumping of waste and slurry, if you dump the waste and slurry in an open pit, then groundwater also gets contaminated. Land, soil, river pollution is happening. Land is getting contaminated. Okay, then, if you see, landslides occur due to mining. So, there are a number of problems. Fine. So, these are the hazards. These are the problems associated with mining. Understood? These are the problems related to mining. What have we learned? That instead of focusing on problems, let's focus on solutions. Because of this, how can we conserve minerals? What steps can be taken? So, our dependency, meaning we also need to understand why conservation is necessary. Because we are very dependent on minerals, and only 1% of the entire earth is mineral, the rest is soil. We will all turn to soil, and return to soil. So, the case is that our dependency on minerals is very high, but their availability to us is very low. Only 1% of the earth's crust is mineral, the rest is dust, soil, pebbles. The rest is dust, soil, pebbles. And because of this, you need to understand that minerals take millions of years to form. Formation of minerals takes millions, even billions of years. But the speed at which we are consuming them, we should not be proud of it. Development is happening very fast. In the name of development, at the speed at which minerals are being consumed. They are not forming at that speed. And because of this, if you see, because of this, if you see, there is a question mark on how long these minerals will be sustainable. Minerals are finite and non-renewable. Our needs are infinite, and there is no end to our needs. Therefore, conservation of minerals is very essential. Because of this, conservation of minerals is very important. So, conservation is also necessary for another reason. A point in support of why conservation of minerals is required, such a question can come. So, what is happening is that as we continuously extract minerals, the cost of minerals will increase as you bring them from greater depths. And the deeper you go, the more the quality will decrease. So, at the end, all these indicators show us. All these indicators tell us that we need to conserve minerals. And how can it be done? So, use technology better so that wastage is reduced. Recycle the metals. The metals we are getting, recycle them as much as possible. Because metals don't get spoiled, right? Your utensil might be old, melt it, and a new steel will be made. Recycling of metals. Using alternatives and substitutes. Like, if you can see, some, meaning it's not that we should not use minerals, use plastic. Use alternatives and substitutes. You can also do this by using biodegradable products, etc. All these things. So, in short, why is conservation necessary, and what can be done for conservation, and what are the hazards of mining? Okay, so you have understood this entire aspect here. What are the hazards of mining? Why is conservation necessary? You have seen all these things. Fine.
So, after minerals, let's come to the second part of the chapter, Energy Resources. Energy Resources. What do energy resources mean? Look, without energy, there is nothing. You are able to watch this video, you used electricity, charged your mobile. I am able to make this video because there is light, so it is running on electricity. Okay, energy resources are very essential. Fine. We need to move from one place to another, we use vehicles, so they run on petrol. Fine. So, energy resources are very essential for human survival. Because of this, we have understood the need for energy resources, how important they are. Okay, and because of this, you will see that there are two types of energy resources. Some are conventional sources of energy resources, meaning some conventional energy resources, and some are non-conventional energy resources. Now, what is a conventional source? Conventional means those old ways of energy resources that are, that are, in today's context, you can say, they are the ones that are being used for a long time. For example, if you look at coal, you burn it, produce heat, get energy. Okay, then petroleum. You burn petroleum, go for a ride, petroleum is finished. So, coal, petroleum, natural gas, electricity, these are conventional sources. Non-conventional sources mean those that have been recently discovered, or can be said, that do not degrade the environment as much.
Those that are being renewed will become non-conventional sources, fine. Like nuclear and atomic energy, solar energy, wind energy, biogas, tidal energy. So these are non-conventional sources of energy, okay? These are non-conventional sources of energy. Let's understand them one by one. All energy resources are clear. Geothermal is left, brother. Geothermal is left, it will feel bad. So now, I will recap a bit because the chapter is in two different segments. See, the chapter will never feel big, the chapter will be kept very easy. Mineral resources. When we studied about minerals, we are studying minerals and energy resources. So minerals are also resources. What did we study in minerals? We studied how minerals are found, what is their distribution like in the country. Basically, if you keep looking at the types, then ferrous, non-ferrous. Both ferrous and non-ferrous are metallic, they are metals. They make a sound when struck. So, iron and manganese. Then, in non-ferrous, what did you study? In non-ferrous, you saw copper, no, yes, in non-ferrous, you saw copper and bauxite. Then in non-metallic minerals, you studied mica and limestone. Minerals are complete. What are the hazards of mining, what are the hazards of mining, and why is conservation necessary? Now we have come to energy resources. So in energy, we also know that there is a great need for energy. But energy resources are of two types: conventional and non-conventional sources for deriving energy. Okay. So let's start the story with conventional sources, the old methods, old energy that is not renewable, that will be exhausted, that is not so environmentally friendly. So, coal. Coal means coal. If you understand coal, coal is an extremely important source of energy. What is happening is that it is a conventional source, not so environmentally friendly, resources will be depleted, but it is a very important source because coal has been used for energy since time immemorial. It is used for power generation, to supply energy to industries, as well as for domestic needs. It is used for power generation. How for power generation? Like if you see, there are coal thermal power plants. Coal is burnt. Coal is burnt to produce electricity. The power that comes for our domestic needs, for industrial needs, comes from burning coal. So in this sense, coal is very important. In this sense, coal is very important. And the formation of coal depends on the degree of compression, how much compression it was formed under, from what depth it is extracted, the time of burial, how old it is, whether it is from the Gondwana age, Tertiary age. On the basis of time, there are types of coal. I will tell you. So, looking at it that way, the formation of coal depends on multiple factors: degree of compression, depth, time of burial, all these things. And looking at it that way, based on quality, if we look at the types of coal, this becomes a theoretical question here, so pay attention. What are the different types of coals? The first is peat. What is peat? Peat is that coal which has a very low carbon content, low carbon content, and very high moisture content. So it is a bit like watery coal. Not watery, but slurry-type, semi-liquid type. Moisture, wet. So high moisture, low carbon. Therefore, low heating capacity. So this is a disgrace to the name of coal because it does not have that much heating capacity. But it is a type of coal, peat. Peat is done. The second is lignite. Lignite coal is a low-grade brown coal. Not as good quality as peat, but not as good quality. Low-grade brown coal, soft with high moisture content. So, the quality of lignite is that it is better than peat, but not so good. Then comes bituminous. Bituminous is good quality coal. Not the best, but good. So this is found deep inside the earth. It comes out from the depth of the earth where, if you see, it has formed in high pressure and high temperature regions. So, when you burn it, it has good carbon content. Then what happens? Therefore, it is used in commercial uses, in smelting processes, etc. How is it used in smelting processes? So, when iron is made, in iron ore, I am telling you a smelting process: iron and steel, and iron that is extracted, in that, coal, limestone, and iron ore are put into furnaces and smelted to melt the iron. So, bituminous coal is used in the smelting process. Moving on, anthracite. The best quality of coal. So, it is considered the highest quality of coal, also considered hard coal. And, if you see, the demand for anthracite coal is very high. But bituminous is available on a large scale. Understood? Now, moving on, if seen on the basis of age, then you have seen this on the basis of quality. Coal of different qualities. Now, if seen on the basis of age, then there is Gondwana coal and there is Tertiary coal. Gondwana coal is that coal which is very old, 200 years old, not 200 years, 200 million years ago. The coal from 200 million years ago is Gondwana coal. That is, plants, etc., got compressed and buried in the earth's crust 200 million years ago. When they converted into coal, they were called Gondwana coal on the basis of age. And on the basis of age, there is Tertiary coal. Where is Gondwana coal found? So, in the Damodar Valley, Jharia, Raniganj, Bokaro, in these regions, Gondwana coal is found. Tertiary coal, which is on the basis of age, where will it be found? I will tell you that too, and what is its time? 55 million years ago. That is, Tertiary coal is that coal which, 55 million years ago, the fossils that were buried, when they converted into coal, they were called Tertiary coal. Gondwana coal is old, Tertiary is relatively new. 55 million years ago. Relatively, it's not like you can say that this is recent and this is old. This is also very old, but relatively not very old. You will find Tertiary coal in the North-Eastern states. You will find Tertiary coal in the North-Eastern states. Now, if you see, coal is something that is very essential. Like electricity comes from thermal power plants, so thermal power plants will also need coal. Industries will also need it. Iron industries, so in iron industries also, you will need this coal. Coal is definitely needed in iron industries because smelting has to be done. So you have to remember one thing: coal is a bulky material. So much has to be carried, and after burning, you get ash, then you get energy. So remember, coal is a bulky material which loses weight on use, as it is reduced to ash. Meaning, you carry so much, burn it, and reduce it to ash. So it loses weight and has to be carried. So, heavy industries and thermal power stations are located on or near the coal fields. That is why, instead of bringing coal from so far away, what is better is that the large heavy industries that require coal, the thermal power plants, are set up near the coal fields. Like Jamshedpur is the most ideal location in the world for any iron and steel industry, that is Jamshedpur. The coal field is also nearby. All resources are available there, water resources too. So, thermal power plants etc. are also there. For this reason, if you see, this is the most ideal location. Heavy industries and thermal power plants should be located near the coal fields. This is about coal. You have studied coal. Coal is a conventional source of energy. After coal, let's move on to petroleum and natural gas. We will study them separately. Petroleum is also a conventional source of energy. What is petroleum? So, the petrol you are getting, it is extracted from crude oil. By burning that petrol, in that crude oil, like petrol, diesel, everything is included. So, in general, we are taking it that all these will come under conventional sources of energy. So, the petroleum industry, meaning petroleum is being used as a mineral. Talking about petrol, the petroleum industry is considered the nodal industry. Nodal industry means that the petroleum industry connects many other industries. Like fertilizers, synthetic industries, plastics come from petroleum. So, fertilizer industries, gas and energy industries. So, the petroleum industry keeps all these industries connected. That is why the petroleum industry is also called the nodal industry. Now, where is petroleum found? How is it found? So, again, like coal is formed from fossils, similarly, petrol is also formed from fossils. And where will you find it? So, you will find it in fault traps, in anticlines, synclines. So, like this is the earth, this is the earth. Now, in this earth, you have to see this is an anticline. This is an anticline. Fine. What are anticlines and synclines? So, this is a syncline, this is an anticline. The upper one is anticline and the lower one is syncline. Now, you will see that the landmasses inside the earth's crust move, due to tectonic plates moving, you will see anticlines and synclines like this inside the earth. Now, in these anticlines and synclines, if fossils are trapped, if fossils are stuck, then over a period of time, they convert into petroleum. So, anticlines and fault traps are in rocks formed during the Tertiary age, meaning 55 million years ago. Like, what is a fault trap? If there is a fault between two plates, there is a fault here, between two plates, there is a fault here. So, if fossils are deposited in this fault, then those fossils convert into petroleum. So, in this way, in anticlines and fault traps, there are fossils, so they convert into petroleum. And they are found between porous and non-porous layers. And gas has been lighter, usually occurs above the oil. I am explaining, don't get confused at all. What is happening is that in the formation of petroleum, you have to understand this: it is found in anticlines and fault traps, in those rocks. Along with that, there are two words: porous and non-porous. Porous means what? That through which things can pass. And non-porous means what? Through which things cannot pass. Like a sponge, it is porous. If you put water in a sponge, water can flow out from here and there. And non-porous means what? Like metal is non-porous. If you pour water here, it will not flow out from there. So, now, inside the earth, this red color, I am calling this porous. I am calling the red color porous. It is a porous rock. So this is porous, meaning through which water, oil, nothing will go. Red color means porous. Now, if we talk about non-porous. This is non-porous. So, in this non-porous, you will see this. This non-porous layer. This non-porous layer is such that liquid can penetrate it. Now, do you know where petroleum is found? It is found between two porous layers, with a non-porous layer in between. The non-porous layer is made of soft stone, limestone, etc. So, because it has permeability, don't get confused. Permeability means what? That liquid can penetrate it. So, liquid keeps flowing in this layer. Why doesn't it come up? Because there is a porous layer above, so it won't let it come up. Why doesn't it go down? Because there is also a porous layer below. It flows like a river inside the ground in that non-porous layer. Meaning, it's not like a river, it means it's a liquid, so it keeps floating. Now, is there heat from below? There is heat from below. So, because of this, sometimes what happens is that some petrol, feeling the heat, turns into vapor, becomes heat, becomes gas. And it becomes gas. So, what you will see is that between these two porous layers, you will find petrol. And above the petrol, gas, being lighter, because it has become like gas, like you see, it has become vapor, and it is trapped because it cannot go up, there is liquid below, and there is also a porous layer below. So, gas will be found here above the petrol. So, sometimes, when petrol extraction happens, when you go to extract petrol, you also find natural gas reserves there. So, porous and non-porous layers, in between them, there is petroleum. Gas, being lighter, usually occurs above the oil. So, above the oil, you will see gas. Understood? You will see gas above the oil. So, this is the formation part of petroleum. This will be the formation or occurrence part of petroleum. Moving on. Where are they found? So, found in Mumbai High, Gujarat, Ankleshwar. Mumbai High, Gujarat, there is Ankleshwar mines. In Assam, there is Digboi. Digboi is the oldest oil field. Digboi is the oldest oil field. You need to understand this. Digboi is one of the oldest oil fields. Clear? So, this is Mumbai High. This is Ankleshwar. And this is Digboi. We will do all of this on the map. We will do all of this on the map. Clear? Okay, let's move on. What is the next case? So, petroleum is done. After petroleum, let's come to natural gas. After petroleum, let's come to natural gas. Natural gas is also what? So, petroleum and natural gas are not separate. Both are formed from fossil fuels. You will find both nearby. And in fact, it happens that below petroleum, there is oil, and above it, there is natural gas. So, source of energy as well as industrial raw material. Just like petrol is used, natural gas is also used. Found in association with or without petroleum. That same thing. If all the petrol is exhausted by getting heat, then all that petrol will convert into natural gas because heat is coming from below. So, natural gas can be found with petroleum, and also without it. Environmentally friendly, low carbon dioxide emission. Now, compared to petrol, natural gas is a bit better, environmentally friendly, because its carbon dioxide emission is less. Clear? Krishna Godavari Basin, Mumbai High, Gulf of Cambay. So, where petrol is found, like Mumbai High, natural gas can also be found there. And this natural gas is extracted and supplied to the entire country. So, like if you see the HVJ pipeline. Let's go back once. See, this Hazira, Vijaypur, Jagdishpur, this HVJ pipeline, and going up to Delhi. So, this HVJ pipeline is the most prominent natural gas pipeline in the country. Through this natural gas pipeline, natural gas is supplied. Where else is natural gas found? So, in the Krishna Godavari Basin. Oh, two commas put. In the Krishna Godavari Basin, Mumbai High, Gulf of Cambay, it is found here. Power and fertilizer industries are key users. And as you see, around where the natural gas pipeline originates, there are many power and fertilizer industries too. Because power and fertilizer industries are the key users of natural gas. Understood? CNG, Compressed Natural Gas, is used in vehicles, replacing liquid fuels. And to replace the use of petrol and diesel, CNG is used in vehicles, so that instead of liquid fuels, a more eco-friendly gas can be used. Clear? Petroleum, natural gas. Third, non-conventional. We are studying conventional now. So, all these are conventional sources of energy, which are not so environmentally friendly, and which will be exhausted, which are not renewed, are conventional. So, one, two, three are done. Fourth conventional source of energy is electricity. Electricity means power, you all know. Now, what is its importance? Like, if you see, it is the most prominent energy resource. All work is done by it. Per capita consumption is considered as the index of development. Meaning, in a country, how much electricity is consumed. So, people won't eat electricity with bread. People will use electricity only when they are doing some work, productive work, running a laptop, or watching TV. Whether it is productive or not, I don't know. But electricity, as they say, is related to development. Where development happens, electricity reaches. So, per capita consumption. This is the indicator of development. This is the indicator of development. Now, electricity is produced in two ways: hydroelectricity and thermal electricity. If we talk about hydroelectricity, then electricity is generated by rotating turbines with flowing water. Like water is flowing, by the flow of water, the turbine rotates, and by the rotation of the turbine, energy is produced, and that energy is used to make electricity. So, produced by running water. That is hydroelectricity, which is made with the help of water.
Let's use renewable sources. How to use renewable sources? Because water is renewed, right? We released that water into the canals, and the water didn't get spoiled. The water rotated the turbine, it was released into the canals, and then the farmers used that water in their fields. And then later, it rains, the dams fill up again with that water, and then electricity is generated from it. Okay? So, use renewable sources. A multipurpose river project like Bhakra Nangal Dam, Damodar Valley Corporation. With their help, hydroelectricity is generated. These are some dams with the help of which water is being provided to farmers, and electricity is also being generated. Okay? Hydroelectricity is done. What is thermal electricity? So, it is being generated from coal. Okay? By burning coal, heat is produced, and with that heat, you are generating electricity. So, by burning coal, petroleum, and natural gas, the heat produced from burning coal, petroleum, and natural gas, and electricity is being generated. Okay? Use non-renewable fossil fuels. So, the problem with thermal electricity is that it uses non-renewable things. Coal, petroleum, natural gas are burnt, and that's the end of the story. Okay? This was about electricity. Now, after electricity, let's move on to non-conventional sources of energy. Non-conventional sources of energy are those that are new, relatively environmentally friendly when compared with conventional sources of energy. Okay? So, why is it needed? The need for this is simple. As we consume fossil fuels, the sources of energy are being consumed. They will definitely run out. Resources will be depleted. And if resources are depleted, what will happen is that the price of the remaining resources will increase. They are not sustainable in the long term. Understand? That's why we have to do something. Because of this, it is evident that there will be uncertainties in the future, and there will be environmental problems. Because of this, we must use renewable sources of energy. We have to depend on such sources of energy that can last in the long term, that are safe, secure, and that are non-conventional. Non-conventional sources of energy include solar energy, wind energy, and tidal and biomass. These are four or five examples that we will study one by one. Let's start with nuclear and atomic energy. What is nuclear and atomic energy? So, if you look, there is uranium, there is thorium. Using these minerals, using these minerals, the heat produced from their fusion, with that heat, when you are generating electricity or producing energy, then that is atomic energy or nuclear energy. Okay? So, this is obtained by altering the structure of atoms. Okay? So, uranium and its atoms' structures are altered. From the alteration of their structures, the energy produced is used to generate electricity. So, it is relatively safe, environmentally friendly, but there is a risk. It is environmentally friendly. Okay? Uranium and thorium are used. Where are uranium and thorium found? In Jharkhand, the Aravalli ranges of Rajasthan, and the monazite sand of Kerala. Okay? These minerals are found here. All these minerals are found, like uranium, thorium, and nuclear or atomic energy is generated using these minerals. Simple. Next comes solar energy. Simple. Non-conventional. Simple things. Solar energy means what? Energy generated from the sun's rays. Okay? So, photovoltaic technology converts sunlight directly into electricity. So, you must have seen photovoltaic panels, solar panels on roofs and in various places, like traffic lights. So, with photovoltaic technology, the heat from the sun is used. Just like we get Vitamin D from the sun, similarly, the sun's heat is used to directly generate electricity. That is solar energy. So, because of this, you will see large solar plants being set up everywhere, which are safe. Non-renewable means renewable. How much solar energy is coming into the world? We are not even using it. So, there is immense potential. Solar energy is fast becoming popular in rural and remote areas. Why? Because in rural and remote areas, where energy needs were previously met by plant-based energy, trees were burnt, wood was burnt. So, moving away from that, we are using the sun's rays. So, in rural and remote areas, how will you extend the entire electricity line to remote areas? There, you can generate electricity from the sun's rays. That's it. Okay? This is an advantage. Solar plants will contribute to environmental conservation and adequate supply of manure in agriculture. Because earlier, wood was burnt. For example, if electricity was generated from biogas or energy was used, then instead of wasting it, it can be specifically used for electricity or energy. So, cow dung etc. can be used for making fertilizer. Okay? So, along with environmental protection, you are also seeing solar energy being used in agricultural help. Okay? Nuclear energy is done. Solar energy is done. Both are non-conventional, both are non-conventional sources of energy. Moving on. The third non-conventional source of energy we have is wind energy. Wind energy means what? Winds are blowing. Okay? It is also renewable, isn't it? We are not doing anything to stop the winds. So, from the blowing wind, what are we doing? Windmills, wind farms, you must have seen them. So, windmills are installed. Okay? Those windmills have blades. They rotate with the wind and the energy produced from their rotation is converted into electricity. Okay? So, the potential of wind is used to generate electricity. The largest wind farm cluster, like Nagarcoil to Madurai in Tamil Nadu. This belt is called the largest wind farm cluster. Many wind, we can say, windmills. What to call solar? Okay? These windmills are used. From the rotation of windmills, you see energy being produced. In Nagarcoil to Madurai, you will find the largest wind farm cluster. Okay? Amarkantak, Amarkantak, no, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Gujarat, Kerala, Maharashtra. These regions. So, now what you need to remember is just the major points. Okay? So, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Gujarat, Kerala, Maharashtra. These are some of the major states where wind energy is found. Fine. Moving on. Biogas. Yes, this is something new. Wind energy, solar energy, these are things that are abundant in nature. You can use as much as you want. We are not even using it fully. Now comes biogas. What is biogas? So, from bio-waste, like agricultural waste, human waste. Okay? Use this. Use the gases within it, and use that gas in the form of energy. Okay? So, shrubs, farm waste, animal and human waste is used to make biogas. Okay? Meaning, gas derived from life forms is being used. Understood? Like biogas plants are made. So, all the cow dung and this waste is processed. After its fermentation, methane is released. That gas is used. So, people install biogas plants, which can be used like cooking gas. In biogas plants. And it has twin benefits. What are the twin benefits of biogas plants? See, the first benefit is that it has become a source of energy in rural areas where earlier wood etc. had to be burnt. So, that is not there. It has become a source of energy. Also, when you are using cow dung etc., then what you are doing is, earlier people used to burn cow dung. Okay? Cow dung cakes were made, called 'kande', called 'uple', they were burnt. Then ash remained, which was of no use. But now, from that cow dung, you have extracted gas, and after extracting that gas, you have cow dung left. So, you can put that in the fields as natural fertilizer, as manure. Okay? So, the twin benefits of biogas are that you are getting energy, and at the same time, you are getting quality manure. You have saved trees from being cut. Because people, if they were not getting energy, if biogas was not working for them, if they were not getting it as cooking gas, then they would cut wood and light fires. Okay? So, this also helps us to prevent the loss of trees. This is an advantage of biogas. Okay? Biogas is found everywhere. You will find biogas in every village if you use shop waste, farm waste, animal and human waste. So, biogas is available. Okay? Three. Now, if we look at another conventional source of energy, it is tidal energy. Tidal energy means what? That the oceanic tides that come, the tides generated in the ocean, use those tides to generate electricity. How? I will tell you. Okay? Gates are created. Gates are created, and turbines are installed in these gates. Okay? Turbines are installed, like fan-shaped ones. Now, from this side, what is a tide? Rhythmic rise and fall of water. So, when the ocean water level rises due to gravitational pull, then due to the rising ocean water level, when that water pushes inwards, gushes inwards, then as that water goes in, this turbine rotates. Okay? This turbine has rotated. So, this is one thing. After that, what will happen? After that, a gate will be installed. A gate is installed. Okay? Now, what will happen? When this water retreats, goes back down, then we have stored water here. So, now the stored water will also come out when the gate is opened. So, the turbine will rotate again. So, ocean water is being used. The rise and fall in ocean water, which is happening naturally, is used to rotate the turbine, and from that, energy is produced. Okay? So, oceanic tides can be used to generate electricity. Gulf of Khambhat, the Gulf of Kutch in Gujarat. On the western coast, and the Gangetic Delta in the Sundarban regions of West Bengal provide ideal conditions for utilizing tidal energy. So, if you look, all the coastal regions mentioned, coastal regions, Gangetic Delta, Sundarban region of West Bengal. Okay? Here you see tidal energy because where there is the sea, there will be tides, and where there are tides, there will be tidal energy. Last conventional, non-conventional source of energy. Again, perhaps I called it conventional. So, don't go by the words. The last non-conventional source of energy, if we look, is geothermal. Geo means earth, thermal means heat. So, the heat from inside the earth is used to produce energy. Where does the heat from inside the earth come from? Sir, how should I explain it to you? Yes, this is your and our, everyone's earth. Inside the earth, there is the crust. After the crust, if you look, below the crust is the mantle. Okay? Magma. Okay? Core. So, the magma is hot. So, that hot magma keeps emitting heat. It emits heat. Now, if there is a crack in something, if there is a crack in the crust, then that heat gets a way to escape. Okay? Now, that heat is coming out. You can convert that heat into electricity and energy. Okay? So, that heat that is coming out, if it is, say, above a pond, then hot water springs are formed. Hot water springs are formed. So, where that heat is escaping, you find such geothermal points. So, use the heat coming from that geothermal point to produce energy. Okay? So, this is your geothermal energy. Okay? So, if you look, it refers to the heat and electricity produced by using the heat from the interior of the earth. When the heat coming from the earth's interior is used, it is called geothermal energy. Parvati Valley near Manikaran. Parvati Valley near Manik in Himachal Pradesh and Puga Valley, Ladakh. These are two prominent geothermal energy sites where geothermal energy is used in the country. Okay? Keep these in mind in the form of facts. If it comes in objective questions, it will be useful. Okay? This is your non-conventional. In non-conventional, wind, biogas, tidal, geothermal. Then, we also studied nuclear energy. Okay? Solar energy also. So, all these are your non-conventional sources of energy. Understood what non-conventional sources of energy are? They are newly discovered, environmentally friendly, renewable. Now, if we talk about the conservation of energy resources, just as the conservation of minerals is important, the conservation of energy is also important. Why? Because as development increases, our energy needs also increase in the name of that development. But we have to understand that that energy need should be renewable. That energy need should not be such that we exhaust all the resources. Because it is certain that after 50 years, petrol will not be available. People will worry, "Sir, I bought a car, but it won't run for 50 years." Okay? Looking ahead. Therefore, we have to consume sustainable energy. Because of this, we have to use sustainable energy. Energy that can support us for a long time, that does not harm the environment, and whose chances of depletion are low. Okay? For example, how can we use sustainable energy? One person is going in one car. How much petrol is burnt? If many people travel using public transport, then we can save resources. Okay? Switch off electricity when not in use. Okay? Yes, sir, we read this in moral science, but these small efforts bring big changes. Okay? So, switch off electricity when it is not in use. Using power-saving devices. Using non-conventional sources of energy like wind energy, solar energy. They are sufficient. Use them a lot. Okay? Generate electricity from them. So, in short, it's not that we have to produce more energy. Whatever we save is what we have produced. This statement is very good: "Energy saved is energy produced." So, consider whatever you save as what you have produced. Okay? Meaning, the point is that you should live your life using energy very frugally, with less consumption, so that there is no wastage. Okay? So that there is no wastage. So, this was the lovely chapter. I hope you people enjoyed it. The problem with minerals and energy resources is just that you feel there are many facts, but I promise you, we can. We will. Thank you. Thank you very much.