Transcription
Hi guys, and welcome back to the channel Deepak Yadav Education. Welcome to the daily Hindu news and editorial analysis of 10th of June 2026. So guys, today's date is June 10th, 2026, and it's Wednesday. We will look at today's complete Hindu newspaper. We will analyze the complete newspaper. But before moving ahead in the lecture, if you need the PDF of this lecture, what do you need to do? First, download Telegram. Then, go to the search box and type Deepak Yadav Education UPSC. You will find this Telegram channel. From here, you can download the PDF documents of these lectures on a daily basis. When you search for the channel, more than 83,000 people have already joined. You can also join and download all your documents from there. Now, as always, we will start our lecture with a map question. So today, all of you need to go to the map and see the Philippines. Where is it exactly located? Look at it carefully on the map. Then come back and type it in the comment section below so that you can remember it for a long time. So today's newspaper analysis is going to be quite relevant because if we look at today's editorials, they are very useful. Questions are being formed for Prelims. Questions are being formed for Mains from there. So there are about six to seven topics that we are going to cover in our session today. Some of these topics have been exactly mentioned in our thumbnail. Okay? Let's start with our first article. The first article you will find today in our Hindu newspaper on the pages after the editorial section. India Calls for Dialogue on Climate Finance Adaptation at Bonn Meet. See, Bonn is basically a city in Germany. So, a meeting is going on there, and that meeting is related to climate change. So, in that meeting, India has presented many of its points of view. Then, if you look at this article carefully, there are small micro-points that are very relevant for examinations. For example, a body called UNFCCC, what is it? And not only this, friends, don't just look at UNFCCC. Beyond that, when you look, there is a subsidiary body of UNFCCC. So, this time SB 64 is in the news. So, it has two sub-sections. What are they? What is Group 77? You should know this. Also, what is the BASIC group? Who are they? The BASIC group includes Brazil, South Africa, India, and China. That is being discussed. And as I told you, these subsidiary bodies of UNFCCC, SB 64, have two subsidiary bodies. SB and SBSTA. Both of these are in the news. Then you will see the European Union's Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) in the news. Now, we will understand each point by linking it. The meeting of Conference of Parties 31, which is going to happen this year in 2026, will be in Turkey. See, this is also an important fact you get here. So, this article is excellent. Let's decode all the points one by one. Because on the channel where you are watching this newspaper right now, we make notes from the newspaper on a daily basis. The most useful thing is that at the end, you have some PDFs, some notes ready, which you can revise during exam time and also practice questions. At the end of the video, you will find some practice questions. Attempt all those practice questions. Whatever your score will be, write it in the comment section below, and all those who are joining the channel for the first time, make sure to subscribe to the channel so that this session can reach you on a daily basis. So, let's decode this article now. The background is that India is now somewhat forcefully telling developed countries to fulfill their climate finance commitments. Because these promises are not new; they have been made since before 2015. In 2015, the Paris Climate Agreement came. You must know this, where the developed countries, see, there is 'ed' at the end, meaning these are developed countries that have caused a lot of pollution in their time and have become developed countries after causing pollution. For example, the United States of America, the nations of the European Union, these are all developed countries. But today, these same developed countries put pressure on us to stop polluting. If we don't pollute, how will our industries grow? That's the question. So, India is currently causing a lot of emissions, carbon emissions. That's not the problem. The problem is that when pressure is put on us to reduce carbon emissions, to reduce pollution, it cannot happen suddenly overnight, and if it has to be done, then we need a lot of money for it. We need funds. Where will those funds come from? So, we raised a question here. We told developed countries, "Hey, you finance us." All the developing countries that you are pressuring, that are continuously polluting, you fund them. How can you fund them? By creating a climate commitment fund or through a climate fund, you can provide them with money. So, India has emphasized this very point. Where was this said? In Bonn, a city in Germany, a very important meeting is going on. Of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. And this meeting that is going on, friends, which meeting is it? SB 64. It's 64 because it's the 64th session. Of the subsidiary bodies. So, India is also representing there. This entire meeting will run from June 8th to 18th. The points highlighted by India are presented here: Firstly, the climate finance promise that was made, these developed countries do not give us developing countries enough money to spend on clean technologies to control pollution. Second is the growing adaptation finance gap. This gap is continuously expanding. We need more money to adopt new technologies. We are polluting now, and we are receiving less money from these developed countries. Then, India has expressed concern about a law by the European Union, which is the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism. If this law is applied properly towards India, then India's exports will suffer greatly. So, India is also raising this question, saying that this law by the European Union is causing some discrimination, some prejudice against India. So, yes, these questions have been highlighted in this entire meeting. We have understood what the meeting is. Now listen further, friends. Let's first understand SB 64. SB 64 means you have understood UNFCCC, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Under this body, there are two important subsidiary bodies. And which are those two bodies? The first body is SBI. SBI stands for Subsidiary Body for Implementation. And the second is SBSTA. It stands for Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice. Remember both are important bodies. So, in this 64th session of SB 64, what is being discussed now, which we have seen the highlighted topics, what has India highlighted? But friends, what is the purpose of these two bodies that come under SB 64? The first body, Subsidiary Body for Implementation. Its main responsibility, its main duty here, is what? To check how climate agreements are being implemented, the promises being made to control climate change, and to check their implementation. And how much progress countries are making in eradicating pollution, to work on that. This is the main purpose of SBI. The second you see is SBSTA, Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice. What is its main purpose? Its main responsibility is to provide scientific and technical guidance. And to support all decisions related to climate policy. What is the main purpose of this? SBSTA. To support decisions related to all climate policies is the work of SBSTA, and to implement them or to see how the work is progressing is the work of SBI. Okay? So, what are both doing? Basically, they are bodies associated with climate. Under whom do they come? Under UNFCCC. Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Now, what is this UNFCCC? Let's discuss it quickly. This body was created in 1992. During the Rio Earth Summit, a conference was going on in Brazil, during which this body was formed. What was the main purpose of creating this body? The purpose was to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations. That is, to reduce this pollution, greenhouse gas emissions. And to stop human interference with the climate system, how we are polluting our environment today, it also works to stop that. And remember, India is a party to this convention. We are a part of UNFCCC here. That's why we are here. We wouldn't be present in the meeting if we weren't a member of UNFCCC. Understand? Is it clear? So, we talked about UNFCCC. After that, we will talk about signatories. There are 198 countries that have signed it. Even India has signed it. The main purpose is climate protection. You will see some other things here as well. As I mentioned, when the UNFCCC meeting took place, many climate agreements were adopted. Among some important agreements are the Kyoto Protocol. Also, the Paris Climate Agreement. All these agreements have been registered under UNFCCC. Meaning, all these agreements that have come into effect come under UNFCCC. Remember this. Now, we are talking about climate finance. So, first, let's know its definition. What is climate finance? It means some financial resources that we can give to developing countries. Developing countries that are currently developing, their target is also to become developed countries. For that, they will have to pollute. Industrialization is the biggest requirement. They cannot adopt clean technology overnight. Otherwise, they will have to face many difficulties. So, this climate finance provides some financial support, financial resources to those countries so that they can fight climate change. They can adopt new types of adaptation techniques. They can strengthen their capacity building. Understand? So, where does this money come from? That is talked about giving to developing countries. Firstly, developed countries can contribute something here. Because you have caused pollution in your time. Now, please help us a little. Let us also become developed countries. So, funding can come from here. Second, there can be multilateral institutions. Third, there can be climate funds. And fourth, there can be development banks. So, remember this. These are some important sources that are mentioned in this article. Then the question arises about the need. So, all developing countries, friends, have a great need for climate finance today. Remember this. Why? Because pollution needs to be reduced. Climate impacts need to be adapted to, how climate change is happening. We need to strengthen ourselves against disasters. So, for that, we have the greatest need for this climate finance. And who will help in this? All these sections will help us. This is what we call climate finance. Okay? Now, there have been many agreements in climate finance before. Where there was talk of giving funds to developing countries. Right? Like you talked about the Paris Climate Agreement of 2015. There is the Cancun Agreement of 2010. The Loss and Damage Fund was announced at Conference of Parties 27 in 2023, that these funds will come from developed countries and will be given to developing countries so that developing countries can work better. Right? Understand? Now, the problem is that those funds that have been announced repeatedly, numerous agreements have been signed worldwide, those funds are not properly released by developed countries today. So, there is a huge gap between the funds needed and what we are actually receiving. So, India is saying here that the gap is widening. We need to reduce this gap. We need more funds. India is not asking alone. India is speaking as the voice of all these developing countries, saying that you should fund us. Understand? Now, what is India's main demand in this Bonn Climate Agreement, sorry, in this Climate Summit? Firstly, increase climate finance funding. As soon as possible, this plea is made to developed countries. Implement the promises made in the Paris Climate Agreement. Tell me, in 2015, countries stood up worldwide and made promises. We will do this to control temperature. We will do this to control pollution. But no one here has fulfilled their commitments, whatever rules or commitments they made. Understand? So, fulfill the commitments as soon as possible. After that, adopt the finance gap. Okay? And after that, talk about the interests of developing countries. Developing countries need funds today. There should be no injustice with them. Understand? And for this, India forms a group. We have formed a group called G77. G77 means it has 77 countries, and China is also included. So, it is a very large coalition of developing countries. These are countries that are developing, continuously progressing, and all these countries are part of the United Nations. So, these countries together formed a group called G77. What is the exact main objective of this group? It is to promote collective economic interests. To promote their economic interests as much as possible, so that they get a lot of money. They can adopt their new types of clean technologies. For this, the G7 group was formed, and India and China are included. Remember, among the most popular countries are, for example, India, China. Even Saudi Arabia, Bolivia, Malaysia. These are like-minded countries. Okay? See, one is G7, which includes China. There is also LMDC. LMDC is a different group. Like-minded Developing Countries. Those developing countries that have similar views. Like India, China, Saudi Arabia, Bolivia, Malaysia, all these countries have demands regarding equity and climate justice, that justice should be done to us too. We should also get these funds here. So, these are like-minded countries with similar thinking. They have formed their separate group. Then, because we are talking about climate, another group comes, which is the BASIC group. Who are present in the BASIC group, my friends? Brazil, South Africa, India, and China. Remember the full form of BASIC. Just like the full form of BRICS, in a similar way, BASIC is Brazil, South Africa, India, and China. Don't get confused by 'A' thinking that there should be a country starting with 'A'. So, you can say 'A' for Africa, or South Africa. Okay? It's just that the 'S A' is swapped in BASIC. Just remember this a little. It's very important. They might ask you, "Tell me, which countries are in the BASIC group?" They will give country names in the options below. Because they have asked about G20 members. They have asked about European Union members. They have asked about NATO members. Also, they have asked about GCC members. Check all questions in a similar way. So, which countries are in the BASIC group? They will ask. They will give names in the comment section below. You should know Brazil, South Africa, India, and China. If you haven't studied, suppose, then if a country starting with 'A' is present, you will say, "Yes, this country starts with 'A'. This might be in it, or not?" I'm saying this if you haven't studied. So, the main purpose of the BASIC group is also to work together on climate negotiations. Then, the biggest concern that India raises is regarding CBAM, which is Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism. See, this CBAM is a European Union policy, which we have already discussed before. So, the European Union is implementing this policy. The European Union is saying that we are 27 countries, and we are purchasing a lot of goods from all over the world. For example, India also exports a lot of aluminum or steel to the European Union. Now, the European Union brings this law, CBAM. It says that if any country is producing a product, and during the production of that product, there is a lot of pollution. Like steel and aluminum cannot be made without pollution. A lot of coal is required for that. Only then is steel made. Coking coal is used in making steel. Do you know or not? So, there is pollution, carbon emissions. So, when we produce something through pollution and it goes to Europe, then Europe is saying that under CBAM, a carbon tax will be levied on it. Meaning, your goods will sell very expensively in Europe, and if they sell expensively, people will prioritize them less, purchase them less. Your exports will start getting hit directly, which India might face. So, India is saying that this CBAM that you have brought can act as a trade barrier. It will stop trade because the aluminum and steel we are making involves pollution, and if you don't purchase it, or our exports decrease, we will suffer greatly. So, trade is stopping, right? The costing of exports from developing countries is increasing. This is against the principles of climate equity because if you look at UNFCCC itself, there is an article, Article 3.5, which says that all measures related to climate should not become arbitrary discrimination or hidden restrictions on international trade. So, bring whatever rules and laws you want regarding climate, but talk about controlling pollution. You are also discussing it. There should be a discussion. It should not be that due to that law, international trade is directly obstructed. India wants open discussion on this and some concessions in CBAM. They don't want it to be abolished. You can give concessions yourself so that our exports are not harmed. Understand? Then, in this same article, Conference of Parties 30, you know, last year, November 2025, in Belem, Brazil, this meeting took place. And this year, because this Conference of Parties meeting happens every year. What happens in this party meeting? Countries from all over the world are present. They make new promises regarding climate. We will stop pollution. We will stop it in this way. So, many new promises are made here. Simple. So, if you look here, when it comes to Conference of Parties 31, it will be held in Turkey this year in November 2026, and SB 64, which we are discussing now, a body under UNFCCC, Subsidiary Body 64, has two different sections, which we have read. Its main purpose is that all the outcomes of Conference of Parties 30, which happened last year, should be implemented properly here, and there will be some open discussion on it in the upcoming meeting in November 2026, because we hold new types of meetings, and later in the next meeting, there is neither open discussion nor any separate conversation. Okay? Understand? So, this concludes our article. I hope we have decoded the article completely because the article is important, and it is lengthy, so you can look at it thoroughly. Okay? So, there is no point in this article that you have not read thoroughly. We have read everything and generated extra notes. If a question arises in the examination, you are ready to solve it. This topic is important from the perspective of GS Paper Number Three, Environment. Okay? And remember one more thing. You might be thinking, "Sir, where will these PDFs be available?" And if they are available in Hindi, then these PDFs are provided in both Hindi and English languages, friends, containing all this content. See, if you need to revise quickly in the future, the six to seven pages we discussed above have been converted into one page. You can revise this quickly. There is also a lot of repeated content in this. You will see. These are revision notes for remembering facts. You can revise this easily. And then, at the end of the video, there are practice questions, and also Mains questions. Everything is included in one particular PDF. But all these PDFs, friends, are available only in our paid group and nowhere else. The fee for joining the paid group is very minimal, just ₹999 for lifetime access. Until you get selected, you can keep this group joined for ₹999. To join, what do you need to do? Go to WhatsApp. The number is given to you: 853487368. Message this number saying, "I want to join this group." You will get a reply. The payment process will be given. A link to a demo video will be provided. You can watch it, check it, and after completely satisfying yourself, you can make your investment. Okay? So, friends, all these PDFs are available there, within this group. Let's move on to the next news article. Now, if you look at today's editorial section, it is quite important. We will talk more from the perspective of International Relations today. India-Myanmar relations, India-Nepal relations, then what is China's Huqo system? All these things are in the news. So, let's share them one by one. First, we will discuss the article that is useful. India's Road Through Myanmar is One of Engagement. Two writers are visible here. They are talking about how Myanmar is a very important country for India today. Even if we want to connect with Southeast Asia, Myanmar is a very, very important country for us. Now, what actually happens here is that the political situation in Myanmar is not very good. But it is improving slowly. So, India can support Myanmar. Because if the space in Myanmar is vacated, China will fill that space, will occupy it. This has always happened. Understand? Now, why is Myanmar important for India? This is explained very well in this article. Listen carefully. Then, after this article, I will give you a Mains question. You should attempt it. Even in this article, you will find many facts for Prelims. Please read them too. They are very useful. And even this time, UPSC has asked a question, right? About the India-Myanmar-Thailand Trilateral Highway, a question was formed, wasn't it? All that is in the news. So, let's look at all these one by one. First, what is the background context here? What is the background context, meaning, why are we discussing this? After all, what is the reason behind it? Because the President of Myanmar, whose name is Min Aung Hlaing, recently visited here. Their meeting took place from May 30th to June 3rd. You must have seen it in the news a lot. And because he has recently become the President of Myanmar, so this entire visit was as the first President of Myanmar. Before coming to New Delhi, he also visited the Mahabodhi Temple, which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Okay? Because it is an important place related to Buddhism. Because if you look at Myanmar, it also follows Buddhism. Meaning, on the basis of religion, Buddhism is followed in Myanmar. Now, this visit by the President of Myanmar highlights some important policies of India. Policy of Engagement rather than Isolation. Because, as you have seen, a coup took place in Myanmar. It happened in 2021. A coup, which we call a coup. Military coup. The government was overthrown. Elections were abolished. A military dictatorship was running. Now, many countries worldwide started imposing sanctions on Myanmar. Many sanctions were imposed on it. But India did not impose any sanctions in this way. India has always spoken about peace in Myanmar, saying "make peace, make peace, make peace. We will help you. We will act as a mediator for you. But peace must be established in Myanmar." India has been following this approach. So, India's approach is the policy of engagement rather than isolation, meaning leave it alone, just as countries worldwide have left Myanmar. But China did not leave. China was waiting for the opportunity, for India to leave too, and for us to enter Myanmar. We will invest to a devastating level. Understand? So, Myanmar becomes separate from India, whereas Myanmar is very essential for us today if we want to connect with all of Thailand, Laos, even Cambodia. Myanmar is very, very important. Understand? The coup happened in 2021, I have told you all this. So, what is this policy of India, the policy of engagement? I will explain it to you. First, you need to know why Myanmar is important for India. Why does Myanmar hold so much importance for India today? Reason number one is strategic location. Myanmar is India's only bridge connecting India with Southeast Asia. Example. Here is the example in front of you. Oh, here is the example in front of you. Okay? You will see the northeastern region of India here. Bangladesh is here. Myanmar is here. What can we say about Bangladesh? You will see Myanmar here. See, this highway being built is the India-Myanmar-Thailand Trilateral Highway. So, Myanmar is a country through which India's connectivity extends to Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia, this entire Southeast Asian group. Understand? So, Myanmar's location is important. You understood this, why it is being said here that we have decent relations with it, we can also help. So, Myanmar is the only land bridge to Southeast Asia and is also an important pillar of the Act East Policy because India is expanding its policies with Eastern countries. We adopt the Neighborhood First policy. So, our relations with all these Southeast Asian countries are maintained only because of Myanmar. The border between Myanmar and India is not a small border. It is 1643 km long. Today, Myanmar shares its border with many of India's northeastern states. For example, India's Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram. These are four states, friends, that share borders with Myanmar. So, if there is any kind of instability in Myanmar, if problems start arising in Myanmar, it will directly affect India's Northeast, won't it? Absolutely. Four states share borders with Myanmar. Okay? Now, suppose the military there started killing people in 2021. When this coup took place. People tried to flee. People tried to somehow enter India. Understand? Now, the problem is that whatever happens in Myanmar will have an impact on India. Absolutely. But we cannot let China's influence enter Myanmar. Because understand the matter. In 2021, when this coup took place, many Western countries directly started imposing sanctions on Myanmar, saying, "Here, take these sanctions, here, take these sanctions." They crippled their economy. China was secretly watching who was imposing sanctions. It was enjoying. And as soon as China saw that sanctions were imposed on Myanmar by the whole world. Now, China came as a supporter towards Myanmar. China started building its influence, saying, "We will invest in infrastructure here. You need weapons, we will give them. Why are you worried? You need diplomatic support, we will give it. You need to build infrastructure, we will build it here. But we can also use your territory in our own way." Now, India is worried about this because this has happened with many countries. It happened with Sri Lanka. When Sri Lanka was in trouble, it took a lot of loans from China. Took a lot of loans. Now, they are unable to repay those loans. So, Sri Lanka is saying, "Okay, take this land on rent. Take this land on rent." They have placed China at the Hambantota Port. Meaning, they have placed China in the Indian Ocean region through Sri Lanka. Okay? So, India's fear is that if there is complete disengagement or if Myanmar is isolated, then the entire Myanmar will come under China's orbit. China will exert its full dominance there. I will tell you one more thing. It happened with Russia, didn't it? Did you see or not? When the Russia-Ukraine war happened, what did the USA do? They said, "We will fund Ukraine, give weapons." All countries together, Western countries, the European Union, the USA, thousands of sanctions were imposed on Russia. Now, towards whom did Russia lean? Towards China. Because who was supporting Russia? China. Understand? So, Russia became more dependent on China. We cannot let the same situation arise with Myanmar, where there is a lot of pressure on Myanmar, India also abandons Myanmar, and Myanmar also goes under China's control. Becomes dependent on China. So, India's policy towards Myanmar is very much an engagement policy for this reason. So, you understood the importance of Myanmar. What is its importance? That's why our policy is the policy of engagement rather than isolation. And this is not the only reason, my friends, there is another reason, and that is major connectivity projects. You will find multiple projects in Myanmar that are very important. For example, the first project is the Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Corridor. See, the word multi-modal is used here. Multi-modal means it includes sea routes, highway routes, road, rail, everything is included. So, the main purpose of this Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project is to further strengthen India's connectivity with Myanmar. Even to increase connectivity within our own country because this route, this path, do you know where it starts? Listen to the interesting thing, friends. The route of the Kaladan Multi-Modal Project starts from Kolkata and ends in Mizoram. You will say, "What is this, brother?" Kolkata is also part of India. Mizoram is also part of India. So, Kolkata
The project, starting from where, how is it going in Mizoram? So, what is its significance? Here is a picture in front of you in which you will be able to understand it very well. This is a part of India. This is our Northeastern Region. Today, we are just a little unlucky in this matter that our connectivity with the Northeastern Region is not so strong. You see this road, this is the road. We often call it the Chicken Neck Corridor or sometimes it is called the Siliguri Corridor. You must know this. So, India builds a connectivity with the Northeastern Region. Through what? Through the Siliguri Corridor. The connectivity is not that strong. Are you understanding? So, we want another route through which we can remain connected with the Northeast. Bangladesh cannot be trusted. So, this is where an important role comes in, friends, of whom? The Kaladan Multi-modal Transit Transport Project. What will this project do? It will build a route from our Kolkata. Suppose these highways come from Kolkata. They reach the sea, i.e., the port. Then the sea route will go directly to the Sittwe Port in Myanmar. That is, our port in Kolkata will be connected to the port in Sittwe. And then from inside, you will be able to see this road coming directly to Aizawl in Mizoram via road. That is, India's connectivity is established from here. The second connectivity is from here. We have secured our Northeastern India from both sides. Okay? Understood? So, does Myanmar have a role in this or not? Because we will be using Myanmar's Sittwe Port. So, this is that project. Remember it. So, if asked in the examination about the route of the Kaladan Multi-modal Transit Project. Then from Kolkata to Sittwe Port, from Sittwe Port to Kaladan River, then Paletwa, and then it creates this entire connectivity up to Mizoram. Is work underway on this project? It is underway, but some parts are still pending. Some parts have been operationalized. This entire project is working from Kolkata to Sittwe. Inland water transport comes here, the Kaladan River. Okay? That's why its name is Kaladan. This river, wait a second, everything is hidden. So, I have made this in green color. This is the Kaladan River. So, the project is named after this river. Okay? So, what happened, friends? So, this entire route of 109 km is currently pending at least. Or from here, the upper part of this route is pending. When this is completed, then understand that this project will be completed. So, I hope you have understood the role of Myanmar here. Okay? That this will provide us with connectivity to Northeast India in an alternative way. We have to look at the challenges a bit, that this route will not be that easy. There is some mountainous region etc., so it might be a bit difficult. But our target is to complete it by 207. Understood? The second project of India with Myanmar is named the India, Myanmar, Thailand Trilateral Highway, and the UPSC asked a question about this project this time. Here we are building road connectivity, and I have already shown you this, in which our main purpose is to create a route from a place called Moreh in India, in Manipur. Oh dear, what happened here? We will create a route from here. We will build a highway, and this highway will go directly to Myanmar. There is a place called Mandalay in Myanmar. Then, crossing through all these regions, it will reach Thailand. Okay? And further, our target is also that our plan is also that we will divert this highway upwards. We will take it to Laos, we will take it to Vietnam, and even down to Cambodia. This is our target, so that all these countries will be connected to India by road. You can travel by roads. Connectivity with these countries will increase through highways, which will also increase exports and imports. For now, the highway between these three countries is about 1360 km. Are you understanding? So, here too, you saw that if Myanmar is not there, then forget this highway case. If our relations with Myanmar deteriorate. If they say, "We are not going to give any route here." Understood? So, that's why this is important, or we don't want China's presence in Myanmar either, because if it becomes completely dependent on China, if it gets buried under China's debt, then it will listen to China. Tomorrow, China might secretly tell it in a meeting, "Refuse to open this route for India," so these problems can arise here. Therefore, it is absolutely not right to isolate it or leave it. Then comes economic cooperation. So, India-Myanmar trade reached $1.95 billion in 2025-26. There are some new avenues on which we are cooperating together. For example, critical minerals, rare earth minerals, trade expansion, both countries are working together. Both countries have also settled in their own currencies. Its name is the Rupee Settlement Mechanism. Its main purpose is that both countries should do bilateral trade together, trade with each other in local currencies and reduce dependence on the US dollar. So, Myanmar will also help us in this. Then cross-border security. You will see that a lot of smuggling happens today. It comes from Myanmar. Smuggling happens inside India. Drugs are smuggled. So, the government of Myanmar, because the President of Myanmar recently visited India and had a meeting. He told India here that we will ensure that Myanmar's territory will never be used against India's interests. Because many times, there are many insurgent groups that are causing trouble near the border, i.e., near the border of our Northeastern states and Myanmar. They try to spread insecurity in our country. Or many cybercrime and scam centers operate from Myanmar. Myanmar is saying that we will work on all these, we will protect people. Many Indian nationals are caught there. They are made to work in scam centers. So, Myanmar will help India. It is saying that we have already rescued, saved more than 2400 Indian nationals from scam centers, and Myanmar stands ready to help India further. Understood? So, the significance of Myanmar is clear. Then there is nothing relevant here. So, look here, friends, the writer is explaining the significance of Myanmar in India's policy, because we have seen what Myanmar is doing within its country. So, India's policies were being criticized a bit, how is India's engagement policy? We should isolate Myanmar, but why did Myanmar have a coup? But we cannot isolate it. You have seen the exact reason behind it, which the author has mentioned in this editorial. If you want to revise something, you can revise from these revision pointers. Some facts have been given regarding the border, etc., you can check them. And these are your small notes for revising the editorial. Now, since the matter is not limited to notes, you also have to attempt a small question here. I told you at the beginning that you have to write this Mains question today. Where to write it? I will tell you where to submit it. First, look at the question. The question says that India's engagement with Myanmar is driven by strategic economic and security considerations. So, explain the significance of Myanmar in India's foreign policy and discuss the challenges in strengthening bilateral relations. So, India's engagement with Myanmar is based on strategic economy and security. On this basis, explain the significance of Myanmar for India's foreign policy and also discuss the challenges in strengthening the relations between the two countries today. You have to write it in 250 words. You can read it in Hindi. You can write your answer comfortably. And how to write the answer? Here is some information. An introduction is given that Myanmar holds an important position in India's foreign policy because of the large border. After that, you can briefly explain the significance of Myanmar for India, i.e., the exact significance of Myanmar for India. Strategic significance, security interests, then connectivity projects, because significance has been asked in the question. So, you can mention this significance as it is here. Then what are the challenges? Political instability, delayed connectivity projects, Chinese influence are all important challenges in bilateral relations. That's it. The question is also covered. Let's move on to the next news article. The next article says, "A New Face in India-Nepal Relations." A new phase, a new era is visible here in India-Nepal relations. This era just needs to be improved. If we cannot handle this situation, then India-Nepal relations will seriously deteriorate in the future. This is clearly mentioned in the article. So, what is the matter? I will explain it to you. Friends, India and Nepal maintain a unique relationship today. Even India and Nepal can be said to have a relationship. Many times, you will see marriages happening between Indian and Nepali citizens. Now, the exact point here is that when we talk about India-Nepal, civilizational ties and open borders matter a lot because Nepal shares a significant border with India. Just as India shares a long border with Myanmar, similarly, we also share a long border with Nepal. Now, friends, we are not just sharing a long border. Along with the border, it is mentioned here that it is an open border. There was never any trouble. Why? Because there is cooperation and trust between the Indian military and the Nepali military. So, the border is open. You can easily travel from India to Nepal and Nepal to India. Millions of Nepalis work in India today. What happened? Recently, elections were held in Nepal. Currently, there was a protest. How did this protest bring a new Prime Minister? Balendra Shah became the new Prime Minister. But his remarks or some statements from the beginning have an anti-India undertone somewhere. For example, the matter is very old. Even the former Prime Ministers before him have raised this issue, but in his statements, you will find something like this. The article states that an anti-India undertone has been found. For example, Kalapani, Lipulekh, Limpiyadhura. These are three regions, friends, which are disputed regions between India and Nepal. The matter is about these three regions. Remember the names Kalapani, Lipulekh, Limpiyadhura. This is India, and this is Nepal. This is the Uttarakhand region of India. Here you will see Limpiyadhura, Kalapani, Lipulekh, and here is the Lipulekh Pass, and recently, as you know, the Lipulekh Pass has been opened. Through this pass, because this pass means a route between mountains, India and China have restarted their trade. So, today we are also trading through the Lipulekh Pass. After that, recently China has also allowed the Kailash Mansarovar Yatra through the Lipulekh Pass, saying, "Okay, we can go." So, Indians are also going to Kailash Mansarovar Yatra from Lipulekh Pass today. So, Nepal's Prime Minister Bal Shah is saying, "What are you doing? India, China, you have opened the Lipulekh Pass together. You are trading. Right? You have allowed Indians for the Kailash Mansarovar Yatra. This Lipulekh Pass is our territory." This is what he says. And he doesn't just say Lipulekh Pass. Kalapani, Limpiyadhura, this entire area, which is highlighted in yellow today, this portion belongs to Nepal. This is what Balendra Shah says. Okay? Whereas these territories belong to India. They fall within India. Now, the Prime Minister of Nepal says that this dispute is not one-sided. Here he says that there are some areas that Nepal may have occupied, land that India is claiming. So, both countries have to resolve this entire situation peacefully together. If they cannot resolve it peacefully, then the matter will become very serious. It will deteriorate. Just as we were talking about Myanmar, that China will get space, if isolated, then the same is the case with Nepal. Nepal cannot be isolated. China is sitting right behind it. So, the article argues that Nepal's new leadership, in this new leadership, you will see that the focus is on development. It is on governance reforms. It is on economic growth and the aspirations of the youth. It is not just emotional nationalism. Other sections are also included in this. But India has a chance with Nepal. A big chance that now is the time. Resolve this entire issue. Otherwise, how long will you fight over this issue? This dispute has been going on since 2020. In 2020, Nepal included those three parts in its map. Then they bring out currency, and in that, they have included some three parts of Indian territory in their map. How long will this dispute continue? How long will this dispute go on? So, the time is now. Sit together. Peacefully reset this entire matter, resolve it. The Kalapani region, the Lipulekh region, the Limpiyadhura region. Nepal is claiming it. Now, what is the reason behind the claim? The reason is the division that happened in this particular region during the British era. The Treaty of Sugoli was made here. It can be called the Treaty of Sugoli, accepted in 1816. It was the British era, and they divided this matter, and they did not properly demarcate the borders, saying, "Here, this river is going this way, so the territory on this side belongs to Nepal, and the territory on that side belongs to India." So, proper demarcation did not happen, friends, are you understanding? So, both countries are carrying historical records, but they are saying different things, because the flow of the river is not straight, friends. Does the river flow straight? It flows like this. Not straight at all. So, the river is flowing like this. Then some different routes are also emerging from it. So, Nepal is saying that this was the river, this river. The part on this side belongs to Nepal. This was agreed upon in the Treaty of Sugoli. India is saying, "No, you are wrong." This is not the river, but this river, the Kali River, is the river on either side of which the discussion is happening. So, what does India say? India says that this was the river, the Kali River. The part on this side belongs to India. So, due to the lack of proper demarcation, this dispute exists today. So, recently, a controversy also arose because we saw that trade has started from Lipulekh. China allowed trade from Lipulekh Pass. The Kailash Mansarovar Yatra has started. Nepal protested this route. India rejects Nepal's objection, saying, "Listen, this claim you are making is completely wrong. These territories belong to India and will remain a part of India." Are you understanding? Now, what is it, friends? Nepal, generally, wants to maintain relations equally. Because you would not want Nepal to suddenly spoil relations with India. The reason is that India matters to Nepal. No matter how many political differences there are. No matter how different the ideologies of the leaders are. But India has always been important for Nepal. It is today, and it will remain so in the future. Talking about economic significance, first of all, it is the largest trading partner. Major investment from India is going to Nepal. In global markets, you will see that Nepal basically accesses the world market, it can export to the world market through the Indian market. Because there is a land border with India. China is behind. There is no sea route. So, goods first come to India. Then they are exported from there. Talking about geographical significance, Nepal is a landlocked country. It is mostly dependent on Indian routes. Millions of Nepalis work in India today. Then energy cooperation, hydropower exports, electricity trade, a lot of business happens. Border management, in all these aspects, India matters a lot to Nepal many times. But here too, there are many challenges, such as this boundary issue, there are some challenges in this boundary issue. First, historical records, as I told you, it is a map from the British era. They could not explain this matter properly. Security concerns, because Nepal is located close to China, so India cannot afford to leave Nepal in this way at all. So, then Nepal has also released new maps. It has released new currency notes. In it, it has shown parts of India as its territory without any discussions, without resetting anything. So, this is also a problem. China's role is very big here. If the situation becomes vacant, China will get this entire place. Remember. So, for that, the writer says, what is the solution? Solution number one is to continue diplomatic dialogue. All boundary disputes, all conflicts, should be settled through negotiations and joint boundary mechanisms. They should be resolved by sitting together and talking. Okay? And work on a neutral path so that you can say that you are also completely satisfied, and we are also satisfied. So, there should be a shared interest. Our focus should be more on trade, connectivity, hydropower, tourism, cultural exchange. We should support the open border tradition because there is a 1700 km border between India and Nepal. And which is a kind of open border. The border is completely open. People can come and go. The border is open. Okay? There is some checking. But it is called the most unique border in the world. Because despite being an open border, there is peace. Then similarly, here you will see. Why? The reason is that there is a strong relationship between the two countries. There is a strong relationship between the Indian Army and the Nepali Army. We are currently avoiding nationalistic escalations. Both sides, both countries, should avoid it, saying that if this dispute is manageable, then manage it. Do not make it a permanent bilateral problem under any circumstances. Okay? Now, if you want to revise anything, you can revise very easily from these revision pointers. I have told you about the statement of the Prime Minister of Nepal. And we have covered the entire matter. Now, let's have a small Mains question based on this article. Let's quickly attempt this question. It's an interesting question. The question says, "India Nepal Boundary Dispute reflects the challenges of balancing historical claims with contemporary strategic realities." India and Nepal's boundary dispute is turning into a new problem today. What is the main reason behind this dispute? First, explain that. And what are the ways by which we can strengthen India-Nepal relations? Explain that too. Read it in Hindi. Write a good answer. The model answer is presented before you. Give an introduction. Explain the reasons behind the boundary dispute. So, these reasons are presented before you. And what are the exact measures to strengthen relations, you will find them here: diplomatic dialogue, focus on economic cooperation, protecting the open border tradition. All these things can be done here, which we can take forward. After writing your good answer, where to submit it? Go to Telegram. Search for "Deepak Yadav Education Mains Group" in the search box. As soon as you type the full form, you will find my Telegram channel, where about 77,000 or 76,000 people have already joined. You can also join and submit your answers there. Let's move on to the next article. The next article talks about "Inclusion Without Abolition in China's Hukou System." So, what exactly is this Hukou system of China? How does it work? You don't need to read much about it. You just need to know a few small points, and your work will be done. The matter is that on May 22, 2026, China's State Council issued new guidelines so that public services provided by the government of China can reach people properly. They can reach their places of residence, wherever people are living, all those people can receive government services, no matter where they are living, whether they are living in the village or in the city, irrespective of their Hukou status. Okay? So, this is why this Hukou system is being discussed. Look, what happens is that in China, a long time ago, around 1950. In 1950, China introduced a household registration system. If asked, "What is China's Hukou system?" then you should know that it is a household registration system. It registers citizens and divides them into two categories. Those living in the city will be tagged as urban citizens. Those living in the village will be tagged as rural citizens. That is, their place of residence will be officially registered, so that migration can be prevented. Because today, there are more opportunities in the city, so a person from the village runs to the city, so urbanization increases. Crowding increases in the city. Pressure starts increasing in the city. Right? So, to prevent this, China said, "We are registering. You stay in your village." Public services, government services, will be provided to you in the village. So, don't worry. So, to control internal migration, this Hukou system was introduced. So, the Hukou system basically works like an international passport, meaning which person will get school, healthcare, housing, social welfare, government benefits. This will depend on their registration, whether they have rural status or urban status. So, this is China's Hukou system. Now, what happens here? Economic reforms take place in China. After 1978, many reforms were made. Labor mobility increased. Millions of people migrated from villages to cities. The Hukou system remained in place. Are you understanding? So, now what is happening? A new change has been made, and it is being said that the Hukou system does not matter. That is, no matter where you belong, whether you live in the village or in the city, you will still receive basic public services. Now, what is the reason for this? The reason is? First, they tried to prevent migration, tried to control urbanization. Now, China is trying to increase urbanization because the population is declining, and there is a need for people in China's important cities. Are you understanding? So, people who were living very far away will basically get opportunities in big places here because if services are available at home, in the same area, then where will urbanization happen? They are saying that you will get it here. All facilities will be available. So, don't worry. Earlier, they were saying, "No need to come here. You will get services there." Now, come, it's okay. Whatever your status is, it doesn't matter. There is no problem. You will be provided with all these services. Are you understanding? I hope you have got this clarity here. So, China is basically trying to increase urbanization. China's target is to achieve 70% urbanization by 2029. That is, urbanization on a large scale. Okay? So, the Hukou system still exists and works in this way. It works as an internal passport, or you can say it is seen as China's household registration system. Okay? I hope you have got clarity. Everything has been covered very well. So, you have understood. Now it is time to attempt some practice questions. Let's see how well you have read everything. These questions are given one by one. Answer these questions in the comment section below. Question number one is presented before you. Which of the following countries constitute the BASIC group in climate negotiations? Which countries are included in the BASIC group? Remember. Brazil, Australia, South Africa, India, or Brazil, South Africa, India, China, or Belgium, Australia, India, China, or Brazil, South Korea, India, China. What is the correct answer here? It's a good question. One question is presented before you. The Kaladan Multi-modal Transit Transport Project is primarily intended to connect. Friends, what is the main purpose of this project? Which region does it intend to connect? It talks about connecting Kolkata to Thailand through Bangladesh, or Guwahati to Vietnam through Laos, or Manipur to Cambodia through Thailand, or Kolkata to Mizoram through Myanmar. Explain what the Kaladan Multi-modal Project exactly is. The next question is Question Number Third, presented before you, with reference to the India-Nepal boundary dispute, consider the following statements. There are three statements regarding the India-Nepal boundary dispute. Tell me which statement is correct. First, this dispute is primarily related to the Treaty of Sugoli, which was brought in 1816. Second, the Lipulekh Pass is currently being used as a route for the Kailash Mansarovar Yatra. Third, Nepal and India share a completely fenced international border. That is, a barrier has been completely built on the border. Some border, meaning barbed wire border or whatever you call it, has been built on the border. So, tell me, which of the statements above are correct? Option A: One and Two only, B: Two and Three only, C: One and Three only, or D: All three statements are correct here. The answer is visible. It is visible. I can see it too. No problem. Question number Four is presented before you. A term is Hukou. Important question. A term is Hukou. It is often seen in the news in the context of China. So, what is Hukou? Tell me, is it a national social credit rating system, or a household registration system, or a rural land redistribution program, or is it a state-owned enterprise reform mechanism? What is it actually? Tell me, Hukou. So, these were today's important questions. I hope you enjoyed it and learned a lot. Today's session ends here. Bye-bye, have a nice day. Thank you and Jai Hind.