Transcription
Hello all, I know everyone is in the final stages of preparation for the Degree Preliminary exam. Shall we quickly go through some important areas related to the Constitution there? Today, in this class, we are going to discuss some questions that PSC frequently asks and some related matters. So, everyone, please watch the class from beginning to end. Understand the exact portions, the important hot areas. Concentrate more on those, study well in this final time, revise, and go and write the exam excellently. Okay. So, shall we start now? We don't have any time to waste. So, what should we do? Let's quickly revise a few things in a rapid-fire manner. Okay. So, we are going to discuss some PSC questions, recent questions asked by PSC. So, pay attention. Okay. The first question is this. It's a question related to our Constituent Assembly. Three options, three statements are given, and we are asked to identify the correct statement. We need the correct statement, okay? So, the question is: Consider the statements. Statement 1: The idea of a Constituent Assembly was put forward for the first time by Jawaharlal Nehru. Okay. Statement 2: The total strength of the Assembly was 389. Statement 3: Mahatma Gandhi was a member of the Constituent Assembly. Hey, if you know the answer, please mark it as 1 and comment immediately whether it's option A, B, C, or D. After commenting on the answer, listen to the answer. Okay. Then you will be able to understand how much more you need to study, how much you need to improve, or if you are set in this topic. You will be able to understand these things. Okay. So, you must comment, okay? Okay. So, let's look at the first statement. "The idea of a Constituent Assembly was put forward for the first time by Jawaharlal Nehru." This is wrong, right? Was the idea of a Constituent Assembly first put forward by Jawaharlal Nehru? No. When we study the Constituent Assembly, we learn a name first. It's M.N. Roy, right? Okay. We will come to the explanation later. So, you need to understand one thing: Degree level questions will be high-level. So, don't just skip objective questions. If you think you can skip them, you might get into trouble. The questions we study as objective questions are being asked by PSC as statements here, given as options. So, you must study objective questions with importance. Okay. Let's come to the second question. "The total strength of the Assembly was 389." See here, the Assembly has become the Legislative Assembly. So, when you look at the Malayalam question paper, you might be seeing its Google translation. So, in case you have doubts about any words, if you are someone who studies by looking at the Malayalam question paper and answering, if you have doubts, you should refer to the English question paper as well. The English question paper will be on your left side. So, refer to that too and confirm before you go to the options. Okay. So, "The total number of members in the Legislative Assembly was 389." Yes, that's a correct statement, right? Okay. Now let's move to the third statement. "Mahatma Gandhi was a member of the Constituent Assembly." That's wrong, right? What is it? Mahatma Gandhi had no connection with the Constituent Assembly. Did we study anything about Mahatma Gandhi when we talked about the Constituent Assembly? Did we study him as the head of any committee or as the chairman of anything? No. The names that came up were Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, Dr. Rajendra Prasad, Jawaharlal Nehru, etc., right? We didn't study the word Mahatma Gandhi there. So, the third statement is wrong. So, what is the answer here? Only two is correct. Option B is the answer, right? Only two is correct. So, if questions like this are asked related to the Constituent Assembly, what should you do? Answer them correctly. Although the Constituent Assembly is a somewhat large topic, the things that stay in our minds after reading it once or twice are simple. They are simple things, okay? So, there are no very theoretical things. After reading once or twice, it will be set. Okay. So, if asked like this, you will answer now, won't you? So, if asked who was the person who first put forward the idea of India having its own constitution, it's M.N. Roy. In 1934, he brought out such an idea through the newspaper called "The Indian Patriot." Similarly, if asked whether Mahatma Gandhi was a member of our Constituent Assembly, we should say he was not a member. Then, as we said, the total number of members in the Constituent Assembly was 389, right? 389. Yes, that's correct. The total strength was 389. So, you don't need to memorize just that count. The numbers given below have come as questions many times. Out of these 389, 286 were from British India. British India was divided into two: Governor's provinces and Chief Commissioner's provinces. So, from 11 Governor's provinces, 292 people, and from 4 Chief Commissioner's provinces, 4 people, making a total of 296 people from British India. Understand this. So, the structure of the Constituent Assembly was a total of 389. Of these, 296 were from British India. British India means it's a combination of 11 Governor's provinces and 4 Chief Commissioner's provinces. From the 11 Governor's provinces, there were 292 people, and from the 4 Chief Commissioner's provinces, there were 4 people. Now, coming to this side, what do we have? Princely states. Princely states, meaning from there, there were 93 people. From the Princely States, there were 93 people. Understood? Is it clear? So, the total strength was 389. I think you got 296 and 93. PSC also always asks which are the four Chief Commissioner's provinces. They might change one of them and ask which one is not included among the Chief Commissioner's provinces or which one is included. So, we have a code for learning that: ABCD - Ajmer, Baluchistan, Coorg, Delhi. Yes, Ajmer, Baluchistan, Coorg, Delhi. These are the four Chief Commissioner's provinces. Okay. So, I assume you have learned all these things. If so, let's move to the second question. The question is: Article 26 provides freedom to manage religious affairs. It states that it is subject to which of the following? Okay. Article 26. Okay. When freedom to manage religious affairs is given, it is subject to what? The options given are public order, morality, and health. That is, public order, morality, and health. What is the answer there? You must have studied Article 26 correctly. Article 26 talks about the freedom to manage religious affairs, simply put, it's about religious freedom. So, marking it as number two, please comment immediately whether it's option A, B, C, or D. What is the answer? Let me tell you the answer. The answer here is option D, All the above. That is, Article 26 states that even when religious freedom is given to everyone, it should not be used in a way that affects public order. Religious freedom that goes against our morality, that is, beyond morality, cannot be practiced. Religious freedom that includes practices harmful to health is not permitted, as clearly stated in Article 26. See, it's given there. Article 26, Freedom to manage religious affairs, or religious freedom. It states that it is subject to public order, morality, and health. That's where the question came from. So, based on public order, morality, and health, individuals can establish religious institutions and manage them. They have the freedom to manage their religious affairs. Related to this, they have the freedom to acquire movable and immovable properties. Also, what else? Legally, according to the law, they have the freedom to manage such properties, as provided by Article 26. Understand this. So, we understood from there. So, even if such religious freedom is to be practiced, even if all these are to be enjoyed, what must be kept in mind? There can be no compromise with public order. Public order should not be disturbed. There can be no compromise with morality. It should be subject to morality. We should not do anything beyond morality. Okay. We should not do things beyond morality, even if we have religious freedom. Similarly, we should not do things that affect our health, even if we have this. Understood? Are the two questions clear? So, whether it's a question related to the Constituent Assembly with a count, or a question based on Article 26, you will answer correctly from now on, I believe. Okay. If so, let's move to the third question. Please mark it as three and quickly tell the answer. The question is: Which article provides for the protection and improvement of the environment and the protection of forests and wildlife? That is, three articles are given, and we are asked which of them are related to environmental protection and wildlife protection. Can you try to find the answer yourself? There is Article 31A, 48A, and 51A. What is the answer? Both two and three are the answers. That is, option B, both two and three are the answers. That means 48A is related to environmental protection. 51A is also related to environmental protection. But these two are in different categories, right? This is DPSPs, Directive Principles of State Policy. Article 48A falls under this. What was 51A, dear? It was Fundamental Duties, right? Article 51A comes under Fundamental Duties. Understand this. So, children, tell me, the answer we got is option B. Both two and three are the answers. So, we have learned two articles related to the environment. One is Article 48A. What does it say? It's an article within the Directive Principles of State Policy, or DPSPs. It talks about environmental protection. It says that the environment, wildlife, and forests should be protected. Understood? So, remember this article. From now on, wherever you see 48A, you should say it's an article within DPSPs related to environmental protection. Will you say that? Okay. So, what was Article 51A, dear? It was Fundamental Duties, right? The fundamental duties of our citizens. So, we have learned that Articles 51A(a) to 51A(k) mention 11 duties. Among them, there is an article related to environmental protection, nature conservation, and wildlife, right? Which article is it? It's 51A(g). We always say G for Green, right? Think of Green, environment, nature. So, what does 51A(g) say? It says to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers, and wildlife, and to have compassion for living creatures. Understood? Is it clear? So, now if you are asked, which of the following is an article related to environmental protection? Before looking at the options, the articles should flash in your mind: 48A and 51A. Both 48A and 51A mention it. Understood? Is it clear? If so, let's move to the next question. Look here. The question is: What are the main changes made through the 106th Constitutional Amendment? Three statements are given. It says Article 239AA was amended. Then, it says Articles 330A and 332A were included. And the third statement says that a special reservation for OBC women was introduced. So, the question asked here is what are the changes made through the 106th Constitutional Amendment, right? So, tell me, which question is this? The fourth question, right? So, marking it as four, please comment the answer quickly. Is it option A, B, C, or D? What is it, dear? Did you get the answer to the fourth question? Okay. So, what is the answer? Only one and two are correct, right? Option C is the answer. Right? So, we should understand. Option C means only one and two are correct. That is, Article 239AA was amended, and Articles 330A and 332A were included. That's the only correct part. The third statement is wrong. So, we should have an understanding of the 106th Constitutional Amendment. The 106th Constitutional Amendment has been asked twice in PSC exams recently. So, there is a possibility of it being asked again, so study it carefully. The year of the 106th Constitutional Amendment is 2023. This amendment is known as the Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam, or the Nari Shakti Vandan Act. So, if asked why this amendment was brought, it is a major amendment to provide reservation for women in legislatures in the Constitution of India.
Then, in the constitution, there wasn't much more said about women's reservation, specifically about women's reservation in the legislative assembly. So, the amendment that came to bring all of that, to add all of that, is what is called the 106th Constitutional Amendment.
Now, let's look at the important changes that have come about there. That is, 33 percent reservation was brought in for women. What percentage is it? 33 percent. Keep that in mind. 33 percent reservation was brought in where? In the Lok Sabha and also in the state legislative assemblies. If we are asked which constitutional amendment led to bringing 33 percent reservation for women in the Lok Sabha and state legislative assemblies, we will say it is the 106th Constitutional Amendment.
That is, one-third of the total seats, one by three, okay, one-third of the seats must be reserved for women. Not only that, reservation for SC/ST categories is also specifically mentioned within it. Among the existing reserved seats for SC/ST categories, one-third of the seats must also be reserved for women. So, in the Lok Sabha and legislative assembly, along with women's reservation, one-third of the seats reserved for SC/ST categories must also be reserved for women, is what is being said. Did you understand? Is it clear? So, remember that point.
Now, understand which articles were added and which articles were amended through this 106th Constitutional Amendment. Because if such a question is asked again, we should be capable of answering it. Did you understand? So, the newly added articles are easy to learn: 330, 332, 334. Just add an 'A' to all of them. That's all. Okay.
Article 330A deals with women's reservation in the Lok Sabha. Article 332A talks about women's reservation in state legislative assemblies. Similarly, Article 334A deals with the duration of reservation. Understand that a provision to extend it, along with a 15-year term, has also been added there. Did you understand?
So, tell me, what are the new articles that were added? 330A, 332A, 334A were added. Now, an amendment was made to an existing article. What is that amendment? In which article was it done? It was done in Article 239AA. An amendment was brought in Article 239AA. What was stated in it? It was about women's reservation in the Delhi Legislative Assembly that was added or amended in 239AA. So, earlier, it did not mention women's reservation. However, it was amended that women's reservation should also be brought in the Delhi Legislative Assembly, according to the amendment of 239AA. Understand that.
So, when you hear about the 106th Constitutional Amendment, it is related to women's reservation. When you talk about women's reservation, remember three articles: 330A, 332A, 334A. The first is women's reservation in the Lok Sabha. The second is women's reservation in state legislative assemblies. The third is the duration of reservation, 15 years plus a provision to extend it. Okay, that is what was newly added. Now, a new amendment was made to the existing Article 239AA. It was stated that women's reservation should also be brought in the Delhi Legislative Assembly. Did you understand? That is why this amendment is called the Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam. Did you understand, friend? Is it clear? So, you will now answer the 106th Constitutional Amendment correctly, won't you?
If so, come, children, let's move to the next question. Which of the following provisions of the Indian Constitution was effective from November 26, 1949? Okay, look at the options: Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles, Citizenship, Emergency Provisions. That is, the date the constitution was adopted, right? Tell me the date it was adopted. November 26, 1949. The date the constitution came into effect, tell me. January 26, 1950. So, on the date it was adopted, a few provisions had already come into effect from that day itself, which are in the constitution. All the rest came into effect from the day the constitution came into effect. Did you understand?
So, the question asked is, which provisions came into effect from November 26, 1949 itself? So, out of the four given, we have to choose only one option. So, what is the answer? Option C, right? Citizenship is the answer. So, let's clearly understand which articles came into effect from November 26, 1949. So, only these articles mentioned came into effect from that day. All other articles come into effect from the day the constitution comes into effect, January 26, 1950. Understand that.
Tell me, which articles did you learn? Provisions related to citizenship. The citizenship that existed at the time the constitution came into effect, provisions related to that came into effect from the beginning itself. So, remember, citizenship and all had come into effect from the time the constitution was adopted. Also, Article 60 is related to the oath of the President, and it also came into effect from that day. Provisions related to elections, related to the Election Commission, Article 324, also comes. Also, 366 and 67 come; these are interpretations, definitions. Then 379 and 91 come from that; these are temporary provisions. Then 392 and 393 are the commencement and short title of the constitution. All these articles had come into effect from November 26, 1949. These have not been asked much in detail. Mostly, citizenship is asked. If a few provisions are given and asked which of the following came into effect from November 26, 1949, check if citizenship is among them. If it is, mark that. Did you understand? Citizenship is the main thing we should look out for there.
If so, let's look at the next question. Which of the following is a right available to foreigners? We know that among our fundamental rights, some rights are applicable only to us, that is, only to Indian citizens. Some rights are available to foreigners as well. So, the question is from that. Which of the following is a fundamental right available to foreigners? Articles 14, 15, 16, 19 are mentioned. What is the answer? The right available to foreigners as well is Option A, Article 14, right? The others are not available to foreigners. So, remember, we only need to memorize the others. We only need to memorize which rights are exclusively for citizens. Just memorize the articles. 15, 16, 19, 29, 30. If you memorize these five articles, if asked about rights exclusively for citizens, just mention these. Understand that all other rights from 12 onwards, up to 32 to 35, are applicable to foreigners as well. Is it clear?
So, when we talk about fundamental rights exclusively for citizens, those numbers should come to our mind: 15, 16, 19, 29, and also 30. So, let's look. What was Article 15? Protection from discrimination, right? That is, no discrimination should be shown to anyone on the basis of caste, religion, gender, place of birth, etc., is what is said in 15. Equality of opportunity is said in 16. In 19, six fundamental freedoms are talked about. In 29, minorities, that is, minority groups, have the right to protect their language, script, and culture. Article 30 says that individuals belonging to these minority groups have the authority to establish and administer educational institutions related to them. We know that both 30 and minority are related, right? We know that 19 is about fundamental freedoms. We know that 15 is protection from discrimination. We know that 16 is about equality of opportunity. So, these rights are exclusively for Indian citizens. So, memorize the articles: Article 15, 16, 19, 29, and after 29, 30, right? So, just memorize it like that. It's simple, okay? So, whatever is asked other than this, we should answer that it is a right available to foreigners as well. Okay?
If so, come, children, let's move to the next question. When was the second proclamation of emergency made in India under Article 352? The question is, when was the second emergency declared in India under Article 352? Can you try to answer? 1962, 71, 72, 75. What is the answer? Option B, right? The answer is 1971. So, let's quickly look. We are looking at the National Emergency. It talks about the National Emergency. So, in which article is the National Emergency discussed? Tell me. Article 352. Once again, Article 352. Article 352 discusses the National Emergency. If asked about the reasons for declaring a National Emergency, there are mainly three reasons: one is war, two is external aggression, and three is armed rebellion. Understand this: war, or war; external aggression, or external aggression; armed rebellion, or armed rebellion. These are the reasons for declaring a National Emergency.
So, if asked how many times National Emergency has been declared in India so far, what should be the answer? Three times National Emergency has been declared so far. That was the question asked. So, we will now clearly study it. The year of the first emergency is 1962. Remember 62. The first emergency was declared in 1962. The reason was the Chinese aggression, right? The first emergency was declared in India due to Chinese aggression. At that time, the President was Dr. S. Radhakrishnan, and the Prime Minister was Jawaharlal Nehru.
Now, the second emergency. When we talk about the second emergency, that was the question asked, right? In which year? 1971. The first was in which year? 1962. So, the next one, put 7 instead of 6, subtract 1 from 2. Put 1. The second emergency occurred in 1971. The reason was the India-Pakistan war, okay? The second emergency was declared due to the India-Pakistan war. At this time, the President was V.V. Giri, and the Prime Minister was Indira Gandhi. Got it? So, if the second emergency is asked again, you will answer correctly, won't you? The year is 1971. The reason was the war between India and Pakistan. Understand that at this time, the President was V.V. Giri and the Prime Minister was Indira Gandhi. Is it clear? Okay?
If so, let's move to the third emergency. Tell me the year of the third emergency. 1975. So, can you tell all three? 1962, 1971, 1975. Close your eyes and say it yourself. 1962, 1971, 1975. Once again, 62, 71, 75. Once again, 62, 71, 75. You won't forget anymore. The reason for declaring the emergency was pointed out. There were many problems related to this. The reason given was internal rebellion. The President was Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed, and the Prime Minister was Indira Gandhi. After this, to study why the third emergency was declared, commissions like the Shah Commission were appointed, and they submitted their reports. It was said that it was declared unnecessarily, and Indira Gandhi lost the election the next time, and the Janata government came to power due to this third emergency, right? So, understand that too. The emergency that caused the most problems, related to it, that is, these emergency powers were misused, they were not exercised properly, and there were controversies against them. So, the third emergency is considered the emergency that caused controversies, in 1975. The reason was internal rebellion, okay? So, you understand that point, right?
If so, come, children, let's move to the next question. Which of the following items are in the concurrent list of the Seventh Schedule? We know there are three lists, right? The Seventh Schedule mainly has the Union List, the State List, and the Concurrent List. The Union List means subjects over which only the center has authority. The State List means subjects over which only the state has authority. However, the Concurrent List means subjects over which both the center and the state have equal authority. Understand that.
If so, let's look at the options. Post and Telegraph, Police, Public Health and Sanitation, Social Security and Social Insurance. So, from here, we can logically arrive at the answer. Post offices and railways, which are under the control of the center, are all under the control of the center, right? So, Option A is definitely the Union List. Okay. Now, Police, we know that police are fully under the control of the state, right? So, it is in the State List. Public Health and Sanitation, public health, most of the work is done by the state, right? So, it is in the State List. However, the fourth one, Social Security and Social Insurance, understand that it is in the Concurrent List, where both the center and the state have authority. If asked about social security, social insurance, etc., what should be the answer? It is in Option D, it is in the Concurrent List. Did you understand?
So, PSC often picks subjects from the Concurrent List and asks questions. Quickly learn which subjects are included in the Concurrent List and go. Forests, both the center and the state have a role in forest matters. Education, factories, trade unions, electricity, boilers, price control, criminal law, trade unions, marriage and divorce, acquisition and requisition of property, economic and social planning, protection of wild animals and birds, population control and family planning, administration of justice. Except for the Supreme Court and High Court, the administration of justice also has some powers for the union and the center to intervene in certain matters. Then newspapers, books, printing presses, employment and unemployment, social security and social insurance. All these are subjects that come under the Concurrent List. Understand that.
So, if asked which subjects come under the Concurrent List, you will now answer correctly, won't you? Okay? All right. If so, come, let's move to the next question. Which constitutional amendment restored the authority of the state to recognize Socially and Educationally Backward Classes (SEBC)? That is, SEBC refers to socially and educationally backward classes. The question is, which constitutional amendment restored the authority of the states to recognize them? Is it 106, 105, 101, or the 100th amendment? Try to answer. What is the answer? It is the 105th amendment, Option C is the answer.
The 105th amendment is the answer. Listen carefully. Memorize the years of a few amendments and what they are related to. That is, if asked which amendment restored the rights of states in preparing the list of socially and economically backward classes, it is the 105th amendment. Don't get it wrong. Okay.
Now, if asked which amendment introduced 33% reservation for women in Lok Sabha, legislative assembly, etc., or the amendment known as the Women's Reservation Bill, the answer should be the 106th amendment. So, we got 105, which is about restoring the authority of states to prepare the list of economically and socially backward classes. And 106th amendment brought reservation for women.
Through which amendment was the exchange of territories between India and Bangladesh done? It was through the 100th amendment. 111 territories were transferred to Bangladesh, and 11 territories that were bordering areas were exchanged between India and Bangladesh. Remember that it was through the 100th amendment.
Now, through which amendment was GST implemented in India? It was through the 101st amendment. Remember that GST was implemented in India through the 101st amendment.
Now, if asked which constitutional amendment made the National Commission for Backward Classes a constitutional body, it is the 102nd amendment. The National Commission for Backward Classes, right? That commission is made a constitutional body through which amendment? The 102nd amendment. For this, which article was added? Article 338B was added. Okay?
Okay, now look at the next one. Which amendment was implemented to provide 10% economic reservation for economically backward forward communities? It is the 103rd amendment. That is, there are economically backward forward communities, and to provide them with 10% economic reservation, which amendment was implemented to provide for that? It is the 103rd amendment.
Then, what was the 104th amendment? It is the amendment that abolished the representation from the Anglo-Indian community to the Lok Sabha and legislative assemblies. Not only that, if asked which amendment extended the reservation for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the Lok Sabha and legislative assemblies for another 10 years, it is the 104th amendment. Understand that it has been extended until 2030.
So, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106. Understand exactly what amendment was for what purpose and memorize it well. Because when options come, we should not get confused. Did you understand?
So, the questions studied today are very important questions recently asked by PSC. So, if you haven't studied these areas, study and complete them as soon as possible before the exam. Revise them well.
If you want more PYQ classes on the Constitution, comment below. Based on your requests, we will provide classes. Don't forget to comment on your opinion about this class. Your response is the motivation for us to keep providing classes to you. Everyone, watch properly, study, revise, go and write the exam well. Okay, thank you, thank you so much.