PRINCIPLES OF INHERITANCE AND VARIATION in 1Shot: FULL CHAPTER COVERAGE (Theory+PYQs) |Prachand NEET

So hello everyone, how are you all doing? I hope each and every one of you is doing absolutely well. My name is Dr. Vipin Kumar Sharma, and I heartily welcome all of you to our beloved batch, "Prachand," on the Yakin YouTube channel.

The wait for the chapter on Genetics and Variation is finally over, friends. You have been constantly asking, "Sir, teach us Genetics, teach us Genetics." Although we were moving in a sequence, it became very important for all of us to complete the prior chapters first. But now we have entered Genetics, and here I want to tell you one truth, and it's better if this lecture begins with that truth. That truth is: either you can spend 20 hours on this chapter and learn nothing, or you can get confused. Or, you can watch this lecture comfortably, make your notes, and solve every module's question, every NCERT-based question, every PYQ very easily. This is a unit where reading less but reading precisely is important; reading more is not important.

Here, you will get an idea that everything runs in patterns, and I will decode the patterns of Genetics for you today. That is, in very little time, if you decode the pattern of one thing, if you decode the pattern of monohybrid, then you will be able to do dihybrid, trihybrid, everything yourself. And I will definitely do it with you in class. That is, things that are miles away from your syllabus, which you find very complicated, even their derivatives will be remembered by you very easily, without doing anything. Everything will run on autopilot; everything will run automatically. You don't have to do anything; you just have to keep the heading in mind. I promise you that I will break down the entire topic just by the name of the heading and prepare it for you. You won't have to put even 5% of your own input. If you are so capable, if you are so good at reading that you can just read the name of the heading and decode it, your Genetics will be done for sure, without any effort, and all the questions will be solved, and that too in very little time. It means this session will run for five to six hours; maybe it will be a little plus or minus one hour, but during this time, you will remember everything right here, and you will be able to solve even very complicated questions very easily. This is not my promise; this is my claim. Everyone will reach that level; you just have to stick around for these 6 hours to reach that level. So, sit comfortably and just listen to this lecture attentively.

Everything is already in NCERT. We know very well where NCERT is complicated, where NCERT will trouble you, where NCERT will not let you understand things. We will take out separate time today to conquer those things and win our battle with Genetics today in the end. You have to keep this in mind that the enemy in front has to be finished today, no matter what. Today, we will erase the fear of Genetics, solve all the questions, everything. And my health is a bit poor, friend; I am not fully recovered yet, so I have body aches. So, I would want you to trouble me as little as possible, which you all are good children, you won't trouble me. But okay, today we will focus only on studies properly. Don't spam by mistake in between, okay? Let's promise each other and move forward. If you all are ready for this session and your energy is completely full, then quickly type "Tara Rara" or "Tuna Tuna" in the chat section, please, so that I can get an idea of your energy. Send so many hearts in the chat section, brother, that a gust of wind reaches here, and I can sense your energy even while standing here, so that we can move forward and conquer this chapter of Genetics, Principles of Inheritance and Variation, thoroughly. All right, great.

So, friends, let's start this chapter without any delay. And first of all, whenever we enter any chapter, what do we do? We always decode the name of that chapter because a lot is hidden in the name. The name of this chapter is "Principles of Inheritance and Variation." That is, we are going to learn about those principles, those processes, by which inheritance and variation happen. Now, what is this inheritance, and what is this variation? We need to know this, brother. Your mother's and your father's characters have come into you. Yes, sir, mother's and father's characters have come into us. How did they come? Let's try to understand that first.

Here are your father's chromosomes. Here are your father's chromosomes, right? For reference, I am drawing only two chromosomes here, okay, brother? Correct, sir. Here will be the mother's two chromosomes as well. I will draw them in sky blue color. Correct? When gametes are formed, will both these chromosomes go into the gamete? The answer is no, brother. How many chromosomes do we have? Tell me yourself. How many chromosomes do we have? 46 chromosomes. Yes, sir, we have 46 chromosomes in diploid cells. Yes, sir, we have. But when we are forming gametes, do all 46 chromosomes go into the gamete? No, sir, only half go. So, when the gamete is formed, my brother, here, when the gamete is formed, you can write "Gametogenesis" with an arrow. When your gamete is formed here, gamete generation happens, gametogenesis happens, then will only this go into one gamete and only this go into the other gamete? Correct? Yes, sir. Will only this go into one gamete and only this go into the other gamete? Correct, sir. And at the time of fertilization, let's say your this gamete fuses with this one, then will the new organism formed have 23 chromosomes from this and 23 chromosomes from this? Absolutely, sir. We already know this. It's not rocket science. Parents have 46 chromosomes each. Gametes are haploid, so gametes have only 23 chromosomes. All gametes will have 23 chromosomes each. This gamete can fuse with this, this gamete can fuse with this, this gamete can fuse with this, this gamete can fuse with this. This is random mating. So, my brother, we fused these two and understood that after fertilization, you again have 46 chromosomes in the zygote. 46 chromosomes in the zygote, meaning a single cell is formed with 46 chromosomes. Now what will happen? Now this cell with 46 chromosomes will divide again and again through which process? Mitosis. Our entire body is diploid, right? So, this single diploid cell will prepare our complete body by dividing again and again through mitosis. This also we know very well.

That is, if I tell you, why did we study this entire story? We already knew this. I told you this story so that I could make you understand that these half chromosomes were coming from the mother, and these half chromosomes were coming from the father, and they together formed the first cell of your body. And if you look, in our body, instead of saying 46 chromosomes, we say 23 pairs of chromosomes. We have 23 pairs of chromosomes in our body. There is a pair for each chromosome. So, how many chromosome number ones do we have? Two. If someone says, how many chromosome number ones do you have in your diploid cell? Two. One chromosome number one came from the father, one chromosome number one came from the mother. So, a pair of chromosome number one was formed, that's why we are diploid, right? That's why we say our cells have 46 chromosomes, meaning 23 pairs of chromosomes. So, how many chromosome number ones do we have? Two. One from mom, one from dad. How many chromosome number twos do we have? Two. One from mom, one from dad. Chromosome number 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. How many? Two. One from mom, one from dad. 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16. How many? One from mom, one from dad. There is only one place where there is a discrepancy. If it is a female, then her sex chromosomes will also be the same, i.e., XX. But if I am male, then my sex chromosomes are X and Y. The Y chromosome is the smallest. All other chromosomes are exactly the same. And that's why the pairs of these equally sized chromosomes are called what? We call them homologous chromosomes.

Here, let's say this is chromosome number one from the father. Correct? Correct, sir. This is chromosome number one from the father. So, here chromosome number one of whom will come? Chromosome number one of the mother will come here. Only then will we say that they are homologous. Or at the very same locus. If I say here that there is a gene for eye color, that this is the position that decides eye color, eye color. Then, at this same locus, on this chromosome number one, will there not be a gene for eye color? Absolutely, there will be. If I say here there is a gene for hair color, how your hair color will be, it is determined by this gene. If I say there is a gene for hair color here, then my friend, my dear brother, tell me, if these homologous chromosomes are the same, only then can they form a pair? Have you ever left home wearing one size seven shoe and one size eleven shoe? Have you ever thought, "Oh, I'll wear this small shoe of my little nephew and my father's shoe, which is very long. What a combination that would be!" No one thinks that because it's impossible for those two to form a pair. A pair is formed by equal shoes, only then will both your feet be exactly equal, right? The same concept applies here. These are also, let's say, shoes. So, you won't pair a size seven shoe with a size nine shoe. You will want both shoes to be equal. Absolutely, I want that too, right? I want that too.

Now, let's do one small thing here. I have brought some magnets for you. Some magnets we have brought. Now, watch carefully. This is a female. This is a female, understand, I am talking about myself. So, this is my maternal grandfather's gamete, which has a single set of 23 chromosomes. Chromosome number one, two, three. These small magnets are connected to each other. See, you can also separate them. These small magnets are joined together, many of them. Correct? So, this is the maternal grandfather's gamete. This is the maternal grandmother's gamete. When these fused, a child was born. In whom the diploid condition was formed. Who is the mother? Correct. And here, this is the paternal grandfather's gamete, and this is the paternal grandmother's gamete. These fused, and your father was born. Now, gametes will be formed from them too, from the mother's and father's. So, this pair will separate, and let's say the green one is not fusing, I'll keep it aside. So, the red gamete came from the mother. And here, brother, I am separating this blue one, right? This yellow one is not fusing. This blue one, which is separated, is fusing. So, one set of chromosomes came. Yes. Now, their fusion happened, and then in the next generation, you see a set being formed beautifully. Correct. Now, when this child forms gametes, its cell has two pairs of chromosomes, right? So, here these will separate again and go into different gametes. So, when gametes are formed, these pairs of chromosomes separate, and they become separate, they become detached. Right? Okay, these will become separate. They will go to different poles. Right, brother? This is how your gametes are formed and fuse. I hope this is clear.

So, why did we study all this long story? We studied this because I want to tell you that whatever characters have come into you have actually come from your father and your mother. This process of bringing your mother's and father's characters into you is called inheritance. That is, the process by which characters are transferred from parents to the next generation is called inheritance. And from whom did these characters come? What is the vehicle they rode in? "Main nikla gaddi leke" (I set out with the vehicle). So, my brother, what is the vehicle here? The chromosome is the vehicle. So, today we will also study the chromosomal theory of inheritance. Some scientists said that chromosomes are the vehicle, chromosomes are the car inside which molecules that can express your characters, due to which you can make proteins, are fitted. Those molecules of yours are inside these chromosomes. So, chromosomes are the main vehicle. So, we will also study the chromosomal theory of inheritance.

And now, tell me, friend, are you 100% look-alike to your father? Do you look 100% like your father? Do you look 100% like your mother? Do you look 100% like your siblings? The answer is no. Why? Because variations also occur. When we were studying meiosis, we clearly saw that these homologous chromosomes exchange their small arms, due to which variations occur. That's why we don't look exactly 100% like our parents, like our siblings, like anyone else, because during gamete formation, meiosis is used, and recombination happens there. That's why we are all a little unique. So, we have to write this down.

The very first definition of what we have come to study is that itself. What is Genetics? Genetics is the branch of biology. Genetics is the branch of biology that deals with the study of inheritance and variations. Inheritance and variations. What is inheritance? How characters are transferred from parents to you. That is inheritance. And what is variation? The differences found in you. So, what is inheritance? The process by which the process by which characters are transferred from parents to offspring. How characters are transferred from parents to offspring. They are sent through the process of inheritance. And there is a very dangerous thing written in NCERT, and children don't understand that thing. Try to listen carefully, and you will understand that thing. We read in NCERT that inheritance forms the basis of heredity. Open NCERT and see, you will understand this. It is said that inheritance forms the basis of heredity. Sir, what is this matter? Now, because we read books, we see it written like this: heredity and inheritance are the same. And this confusion exists for many students. But if I ask you a statement question or if I ask you an assertion-reason question, I can trap you very well.

What is the meaning of heredity, and what is the meaning of inheritance? Understand carefully, my friend. Inheritance is a process by which characters come into you. And heredity is the process by which you express those characters. That is, those characters have started working in your body. That is heredity. Understand, you ordered food from Zomato. So, food is coming to you. Food is coming to you. That is the process of transfer of food from the restaurant to your home. That process is inheritance. Food is reaching you. That is inheritance. After the food arrives, you ate the food. That is heredity. That is, the chromosomes from your mother and father, the DNA inside the chromosomes, those things have reached you. This is inheritance. But what you have achieved in your life from that DNA is heredity. I received the gene for hexokinase from my parents. Did I make hexokinase? Yes. I received the gene for phosphofructokinase. Did I make phosphofructokinase? Yes. I received the gene for insulin. Glucagon? Yes. That is heredity. But how did those genes come into me? How did gamete formation happen? Fusion happened. Zygote formed. That is inheritance. So, the process of transfer is inheritance, and the process of utilization, once the information has come into you, what you do with that information, that is heredity.

And if you don't understand this thing, I hope you all understand both these statements clearly. Variations. Let's look at the meaning of variations. The degree of difference. How much difference is there between parents and offspring? The degree of difference between parents and offspring is called variation. I told you, you don't look exactly like your father, you don't look exactly like your mother. So, there are some differences in you compared to your parents. How many are these differences? That is called variation. How variable are you compared to your parents? That is called variation. Or you can find variation between any two organisms. How different are you from your own sister? How variable are you? That is also variation. How variable are you from your own brother? That is also variation. So, you can compare within the same generation, and you can also compare in different generations. You can compare with your parents, and you can also compare with your own children who will be born. When you try to see the difference between yourself and some other organism, you are seeing variation. Correct.

And the last point is "like begets like." It's a very old saying: "If you sow the seeds of a babul tree, how can you eat mangoes?" That is, whatever seed you sow, that kind of plant will grow. And this is also the law of life. Now, we humans give birth to humans. If it's a mango tree, only a mango tree will be born from it. If it's an elephant, it will give birth to an elephant calf. If it's a donkey, it will give birth to a donkey calf. That is, organisms of the same species give rise to organisms of the same species. "Like species, same species" individuals will grow. We call this "like begets like." Just like you and me, right? Our parents are also human beings, we are also human beings, and our future children will also be human beings.

Now, here you will say, sir, there must be some exceptions. Absolutely, there are. When individuals of two different similar species meet, their offspring are different. As we read in the chapter "The Living World," if it's a male donkey and a female mule, then a mule is formed, right? If it's a male donkey and a female horse, then a mule was formed at that time. It was neither a donkey nor a horse. Right? So, in this case, a different type of organism is formed. But read the statement carefully here: "Organisms of a species." If a donkey mates with a female donkey, then the child will be a donkey, for sure. Yes. So, both parents should be of the same species, only then will this theory be applicable. That's why it is clearly stated: "Organisms of a species." Parents should both be of the same species, only then will the child be of the same species, which is the law of the world. Okay.

So, these are some definitions we have studied so far. Genetics is the science of inheritance and variation. What is inheritance? The transfer of characters from parents to children. And what is variation? That parents and children are not 100% similar, so how many differences are there between them. Studying this is variation. Correct? We have only studied the definition of Genetics so far. Correct? Done, sir. In asexual reproduction, variations do not occur. A little variation does occur there too, friend, because of mutation. Because mutation is the way of the world, right? So, usually, after many generations, such mutations start to become visible. But if there is continuous asexual reproduction, the scope for variation remains. Correct, friend.

Come, now let's talk about a process called Artificial Selection. We have seen this same process in the last chapter, "Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants." I told you that there is a plant, I cut off its male part, meaning I do emasculation, and I cover the remaining female part with a bag so that no other pollen falls on it. And I sprinkle my favorite pollen on this female so that my favorite pollen can interact with my favorite female pistil. We called this artificial hybridization. Hybridization is happening here. A hybrid is being formed here. But it is artificial; it is not a natural process. I can direct this entire process according to my will. That's why it's called artificial selection.

Can you do it? Yes, you can, brother. There is a very strong bull, right? And there is a very good milk-producing cow. Milk-producing cow means a cow whose milk is of high quality and also gives a large quantity of milk. Wouldn't you want these two to mate? Then, if a male is born, he will be very strong and will help in making the next generation strong. And if a female is born, she will give more milk, better quality milk. So, wouldn't we want to mate these two whose characters are very superior? We would want to, sir. So, this is not a new thing. If you go back in time, people have been doing these things for a very long time. For example, ancestral wild cows were domesticated. A combination of strong males and milk-producing females was created, and the Sahiwal cow of Punjab was prepared this way. So, people also sense and observe changes around them, and they see how these changes are happening in nature. So, even long ago, people knew that the changes that happen in nature are due to sexual reproduction. So, they deliberately conducted artificial hybridization to test this and observed their progeny, thinking, "Yes, these are indeed advanced." They saw their children and said, "Indeed, these children born are more advanced than their parents." This means we were thinking correctly. The secret of these variations is hidden in sexual reproduction. But they didn't have the scientific evidence behind it, obviously. Science evolved slowly, slowly. People could only state some statements earlier, like, "I feel that we are evolving because of sexual reproduction." But if someone said, "Prove that you are evolving because of sexual reproduction," they couldn't prove it, right?

So, here, artificial selection and domestication were carried out very regularly in organisms. So, ancestral wild cows were selected. They were selected and domesticated. After that, they were hybridized, meaning they were bred. So, they are selected and domesticated to become the Sahiwal cow of Punjab. So, how did the Sahiwal cow of Punjab come about? The existing superior breeds around us, we bred them and started raising them. Brother, I see a bull roaming around, and it's very strong. There is no bull of its caliber around. I caught it, "Come, my brother." And here we see another female whose milk quality is better, and the quantity is also more. We selected her. So, our first process of creating a hybrid is this: we select superior parents. We selected a superior male. We selected a superior female. And we mated them. So, what is our expectation? If a male is born, he will be as strong as his father. And if a female is born, she will be as good a milk producer as her mother. Very good. So, in many such experiments, the children we got were genuinely as strong as their fathers and, like their mothers, children who produced better quality milk. Right? So, after that, they were bred further with their own relatives, so that more such children could be obtained. And slowly, by doing this, we got many new varieties of cows, buffaloes, and goats, which were better varieties. So, here, these old people, from 8000 to 1000 BC, also knew that the main issue is the issue of sexual reproduction. Right? People around 8000-2000 BC also knew that the cause of variation, the cause of variations among organisms, lies in sexual reproduction. Brother, these changes occur because of sexual reproduction. We observed this. Correct.

Is it done here? We are talking about very general things because we have to start from a very basic level. Although these are very ultra-basic things, we will be moving towards our conceptual part in a little while. Correct? So, up to here, we have learned what Genetics is, what inheritance is, what variation is, and what artificial selection is. And in BC, time ran backward. Now, in many modules, you will find this written, and in many modules, you will find this written as 8000 to 1000 BC, and they will say, "We have corrected it." You haven't corrected it, my brother, you have messed it up. And it runs backward: 8000, 7000, 6000, 5000, 4000, 3000, 2000, 1000, 0. BC time. After that, it started running forward in AD. So, here, my friend, your 8000 to 1000 BC, which is your NCERT data, is absolutely correct. There was no need for any correction in this. Okay. So, we saw that even ancient people knew that there was some secret hidden in sexual reproduction that brings variation into us. Now, in such ancient times, people didn't know about recombination, crossing over, mutation, etc., so they couldn't explain why variations occur. They just said, "It must be due to sexual reproduction." Correct? Done.

Now, we saw how gametes are formed. Then we saw homologous chromosomes. What is the difference between a character and a trait? Let me give a reference. What is the difference between character and trait? Character versus trait. What is the difference? What is a character, friend? Write in brackets: A character is any feature of an organism. This is a character. And what is a trait, friend? A trait is the expression of that character. Give an example, sir. Give an example, brother. Eye color. Eye color. Or, what can the eye color be? It can be these black eyes, tururu tururu. Or blue eyes, hypnotize. Or pink eyes, but that would be a sign of illness. Black, blue, brown, green. These are your eye colors. So, what is eye color? It's a feature. What the eye color is, that's the trait. Your height is a feature. Your height is a feature. Now, how is your height? Is it short? Is it tall? What is this, brother? This is your trait. The color of your hair is a feature. The color of your hair is a feature. But what is the color of your hair? Black, brown, dyed, brother, burgundy, whatever it is. This is your trait. Do you agree? That is, your character is some feature of yours, and the expression of that feature is your trait. So, first, this thing should be clear: what is the difference between character and trait.

Second important thing: when homologous chromosomes have a gene for a character, will there be a gene for eye color here? Yes, sir. If there is a gene for hair color here, then at the same locus, will there be a gene for hair color? Yes, sir. But my friend, the most important thing is: is there a gene for eye color here, and is there a gene for eye color here? So, will they give the same color? Is it necessary that the chromosome that came from the mother and the chromosome that came from the father will give the same color? Is it written in any scripture? No, it's not written. They can give the same, I'm not denying that, but it's not compulsory. For example, understand. The father's chromosome says that the eye color should be "blue eyes, hypnotize." But the mother's gene here is saying, "black eyes should be." And here, regarding hair color, father is saying it should be brown. And mother is saying, "Yes, brother, it should be brown. My hair was also brown." Correct? So, in this case, for hair color, both genes are expressing in the same way. So, will the child get any other option? Will the child's hair be black here? Or will the child's hair be safely black? No, it won't happen because there is no other option. Both are just brown.

But here, if you look, there is an option, my friend. Now, from here, you have to learn one thing: a gene can have alternative forms, which we call alleles. There is a gene here too, but it codes for blue eyes. There is a gene here too, but it codes for black eyes. So, this gene for black eyes and this gene for blue eyes are actually alleles of each other. Right? They are alleles of each other. Yes, sir. So, here you can write: Alleles are contrasting forms of a gene. Different forms of the same gene. Are all human eyes the same color? Are all human hair colors the same? No, because there are variations here, differences. That is because of alleles.

Let's take the example of height. Suppose on this chromosome, there is a chromosome of a pea plant, which we will study. On one, there is a capital T allele, and on the other, there is also a capital T. What will the child be? Brother, what will the child be? Won't the child be tall if there is a capital T? The child will be tall. If you take capital T on one chromosome and, let's say, small t on the other. When they are found differently, when there are different alleles, then one of them dominates. Only, brother. You are sitting, and your father is sitting. So, whose will be the preference? Father says, "I will watch the news." You say, "I will watch the match." What will be on TV? News will be on, because it's father's TV, so father's preference will prevail. Here, the father is sitting alone. Capital T, capital T. Big T means a father-level person. So, if even one capital T condition is found here, it is called dominant. Right? Correct, sir.

Now, see, this capital T, capital T are the same. Both alleles. So, this condition is called homozygous. Homozygous. And it is dominant overall. This also, small t, small t, both are the same. So, it is also homozygous. It is also homozygous, but recessive. And this is capital T, small t. This is heterozygous. This is heterozygous. Zygous is different, and both alleles are the same, so it will be called homozygous condition. Now, here's a great thing to note: when the heterozygous condition arises, only one of the two alleles can express itself. Now, sir, you have been saying "express, express" for so long. What does it mean? Which express are we not able to sit in? Expression means something very simple. What is a gene? It's a piece of DNA that can make an independent protein. It is called a gene. That is, a gene is that part of DNA.

This is the part that will later create RNA and protein. When we were studying the chapter "Cell: The Unit of Life," I told you that DNA makes RNA inside the nucleus. The process of DNA making RNA is called transcription. RNA then leaves the nucleus through the nuclear pore and goes into the cytoplasm to make protein. This is because the factory for protein, the ribosome, is found in the cytoplasm in the form of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. So, where will protein be made? Not inside the nucleus, because there's no protein factory inside the nucleus, and no ribosomes. Protein will be made in the cytoplasm. Therefore, the RNA that was made inside the nucleus has to come out into the cytoplasm. Then, ribosomes will sit on that mRNA, that RNA, and convert it into protein. This process is called translation. And this RNA, on which many ribosomes sit, was called polysome or polyribosome in the "Cell: The Unit of Life" chapter. Do you remember? It was called polysome or polyribosome. To convert RNA into protein, many ribosomes sit on this RNA and read and understand what the RNA is trying to say, which protein it wants to make, and then we synthesize the protein. What do you call this protein synthesis? Expression. If I have very strong DNA, the best DNA in the world, but I cannot express it, my DNA cannot make RNA and protein, then my DNA is useless. If I have the best DNA in the world and cannot express it, then someone with very normal DNA will surpass me. Because it's not about carrying the best genes, it's all about doing the best expression. Your execution matters. If your DNA can make RNA, can make protein, and in your cell, those proteins, those dark horses, that form of genes, we call them black eyes. So, we will say here, blue-eyed allele, brown hair. So, we will say both are homologous traits. Blue and black eyes are characters, hair color and traits are brown hair. So, understand character versus trait. Understand gene versus allele. Understand homozygous, heterozygous. Understand, understand. Is it correct so far? Things should be understood. Dominant versus recessive trait. So, we can also remove this slide. In a heterozygous condition, when two different alleles are present, only one will be able to express itself. That is, it will be dominant. Its will prevails. It will be dominant. That is dominant, and the other one, and the other one will be recessive. The other one will be recessive. Meaning, if both alleles are dominant, then there is no tension at all. So, your child will be tall. If one is dominant and one is recessive, it will still be tall. Its will will prevail, the capital T's. Only in your last case, the plant will be dwarf. When there is no tall one with it, meaning if even one capital T comes, we will move towards dominance. So, your child will be tall. Meaning, this small t has no value as long as capital T is standing with it. Small t has no value. This means capital T is dominant compared to small t. Capital T is dominant compared to small t. You observed this. This is dominant versus recessive trait. Correct. Now, let's look at phenotype versus genotype. Very important, very essential. Listen carefully. Phenotype versus genotype. P for phenotype and P for physical appearance. G for genotype, G for genetic complement. You went to a lush green field. Wow, today I will visit the field, it will be great fun. Everyone thought the child went to the field, enjoying himself. Everyone doesn't know that the child is a genetics student. He will return with a question. He saw a pea plant in the field, and this plant was very tall. And he saw another plant, this was also tall. And he saw a third plant, this was quite short. So, someone asked, "Brother, you saw three plants, tell us their status." He said, "Brother, this was your tall, this was your tall, and this was your dwarf." Was this the correct status? Yes sir, this child said the truth. I am also saying this child said the truth. But can this child now tell which of these tall plants is Capital T Capital T and which is Capital T small t, or are both Capital T Capital T, or are both Capital T small t? Can you tell this just by looking at the plant? If someone asks you how you knew these plants were big and these plants were small, you will clearly say, "Do you think I am blind with intellect? But I am not blind with eyes. I saw that its height is big, so it is tall. Its height is small, so it is dwarf." Everyone started clapping. "Wow, that's great! You have told the phenotype, tall or dwarf. You have told the phenotype, but not the inner genetics." For the dwarf, it can only be small t small t. So, this is out of the league. There is no need to worry about this. But how will we tell if this is Capital T Capital T or Capital T small t? We cannot tell. For this, we will have to go into the genetics of the genetic complement, then we will be able to tell if this tall is the Capital T Capital T tall or the Capital T small t tall. We will know this then. We don't know now. So, the things we can tell by looking at the physical appearance, that is phenotype. And for which we need to do more research inside the plant, that is genotype. Simple. Correct, brother. You saw a pea. You saw a pea. So, it had a flower of this color, white color. And you had a violet colored flower. Or for both of these, you will have to look inside the plant. To tell the difference between these two flowers, you will have to study the plant's genetics. No, you just have to look with your eyes, and by looking with your eyes, you have to say, "This one is white, this one is purple." That's it. Correct. So, you are telling their phenotype. You can tell their genotype only by study. This is phenotype versus genotype. Correct. Correct, brother. Now let's come to the main point. Now genetics begins. Until now, it was a bit of fun and games. Now the real genetics begins. First, we pay our respects to a person who didn't even know what he was the father of. And I say this with great sadness, my friend, because this is genuinely very sad. As badly as the scientific fraternity treated Mr. Mendel, no one has been treated that badly. Imagine, a man who, until his death, didn't even know what he was the father of. This is a very dangerous thing, isn't it? Mr. Mendel died in 1884. 21 years after 1884, the term genetics was coined by Mr. Bateson. Meaning, 21 years after the father of genetics died, the term genetics came. Meaning, if someone had asked him during his lifetime, "Tell me, what are you the father of?" he couldn't have answered. Similar case is with the father of biology, father of zoology. Mr. Aristotle died in 323 BC, and our term biology was coined in 1802. Meaning, thousands of years after his death, the term biology came. Meaning, if you ever asked Mr. Aristotle, "Brother, what are you the father of?" he couldn't have answered. And this happens in science. No one pays attention. For the first time, perhaps your attention has gone to this. But as a clever student, we used to pay a lot of attention to such things. "Oh, they call him the father of genetics, father of genetics." When he was alive, the term genetics didn't even exist. Gradually improving, the names of your disciplines change and get altered. Right? So, he didn't know. And the worst thing that happened to him, I will tell you. During his lifetime, he did not get credit for his work. When Mr. Mendel died, his laws were rediscovered 151 years after his death. And later it was said that this man is a very, very dangerous man, and the work he did was ahead of his time. He was 30, 35, 40 years ahead of us. But what's the use? We gave him nothing during his lifetime. Later, we call him the father of genetics, but when he was alive, right in front of our eyes, at that time his papers were being rejected, being denied. And his work was not given any importance at all. People understood his work only after a lot of time had passed since his death. And what could be worse than this in science? That's why, from our side, we will say "OP Mr. Mendel" once for Mr. Mendel. So that we get the satisfaction that yes, from our side, we have given him what he deserved. Because if you look at Mr. Mendel's research, it was far ahead of its time. Today, no one can even think of work at this level that he did in the garden. Even today, people cannot do it in big laboratories. He was a big shot, and he was one of his kind. I don't think there will be another Mendel after Mr. Mendel. A very dangerous scientist. And many things, if he were alive today, perhaps he would have received tremendous recognition. Nobel Prize, Vol Prize, I guess, many times. He was very, very, very ahead of his time. So, some respect is due to him. Mr. Mendel's research was on what? Mr. Mendel did hybridization. Hybridization. In flowering plants, this same hybridization. Brother, he hybridized peas according to his will, made hybrids. This is called hybridization. So, why did he choose peas? Why no other contender for his experiment? Listen carefully. The first reason for choosing peas was that peas have a short lifespan. The shorter the lifespan of an organism, the sooner its offspring will be produced, and the faster, faster, faster you can research on them. Correct. After short lifespan, the second thing is that it is bisexual. So, there is no hassle of bringing pollen from outside. Self-fertilization can also happen again and again. So, they were bisexual. Second important thing, which I will tell you on the next slide, pure lines could be made here. And this is the most important point. Pure lines can be made. Because if you ask me, who was the first to succeed in genetics experiments? We will say Gregor Johann Mendel. Mr. Mendel was the first to succeed. But if you ask, was he the first person to start experiments in genetics? No. Other scientists came before him, like Mr. Knight, Mr. Gauss, but they failed. Why? Because they did not make pure lines. So, his biggest advantage was that he made pure lines, which I will teach you how to make on the next slide. Third important thing is that his sample size was large. Brother, you can grow many peas at once, and their seeds are also abundant. So, when there is a large sample size in any experiment, your data becomes credible. Your data becomes better. Errors in data decrease. So, you move towards credibility due to large sampling size. Correct. And tell me, what else can happen? The fourth, which is a very good factor, you can write that contrasting traits were found for different characters. Contrasting traits were seen for different characters. For example, if you talk about seed color, there were two different types of seed colors. If you talk about flower color, there were two different types of flower colors. If you talk about pea pod, that is pod color, there were two different types of pod colors. If you talk about plant height, there were two contrasting heights. So, you can differentiate. How many plants were tall? How many were short? How many had yellow seeds? How many had green seeds? Oh, 70 had yellow seeds, 30 had green seeds. I could tell the data. Right? So, here we were with seven characters. Mr. Mendel studied seven characters, and for each character, there were two opposite traits. So, does that mean 14 traits? If the character is height, then the trait is tallness, shortness. If the character is seed color, then the trait is yellow or green. If the character is pod color, then the trait is yellow or green. If the character is flower color, then the trait is violet or white. So, if there are seven characters, then there are two traits each, right? Two opposite traits. So, we have 14 traits. Which ones were they? Which characters were they? Try to write them down. What is the first character? Seven contrasting characters will come here. Seven contrasting characters. Right? Here, write character. After character, write dominant trait. One of these will be dominant, one recessive. Write dominant trait. Here, write recessive trait. Recessive trait. Correct. What is the character? Height. Write height first. In height, my brother, what is the dominant character? Or the shape of the pod. The shape can be inflated. Inflated means when you fill air in something, it is called inflated. So, either the pea pod is inflated, that is inflated, or it is constricted, shrunken. In this way, it will take the shape of the pea seeds. So, it will be constricted. Third is your pod color. Third is your pod color. Fourth is your seed shape. Fifth is your seed color. Sixth is your flower color. And seventh is your flower position. These are your seven characters. These are your seven characters. These are your seven characters. Now, look. What is the pod color? It is green, brother. Dominant green pod is dominant. So, what is your recessive? Yellow is recessive. What is the seed shape? It is round, plump. So, it is dominant. And wrinkled, so it is your recessive. If the seed is round, it is dominant. If it is wrinkled, it is your recessive. What is the seed color? Here you see a major change, opposite to your expectation. In seed color, yellow is dominant, and green is recessive. Sir, why is this? Listen carefully, very carefully, my brother. Your pod color is green, dominant. Yellow is recessive. You opened a green colored pea, which was dominant, and inside it came a yellow colored seed. What will be your first thought? Your first thought will be that my pea is spoiled. Everyone will have this thought. Let's turn off the AC, brother. A little bit. Everyone will have this thought that my pea is spoiled. Because it was green from the outside and yellow from the inside. That's why we deliberately did this. That's why we deliberately sprinkled pollen on the female that had green seeds. So, you opened the green colored pod and got a green colored seed. So that people feel that yes, our pea is fine, our pea is good. So, here yellow is dominant. But we prefer to eat green seeds. If you look at the flower color, it is violet. And when there is no color, meaning you say white, then it will be recessive. Flower position can be axial. Meaning on the axis. Meaning if this is your plant, then at different axes, your position can be terminal or apical. If this is your plant, then at the apical position, your flower is available. So, all these seven are different characters. These seven are different characters of the pea. Correct. These seven are different characters of the pea. So, you took seven characters. Here, seven dominant traits, seven recessive traits. So, how many traits in total? Brother, how many in total? 14 in total. How many characters in total? Seven. Correct. Absolutely correct. No problem at all. Now tell me, when we make pure lines, how many will we make? Pure line means one type of pure, same plant. Meaning, if I say tall, then pure tall. If I say dwarf, then pure dwarf. Inflated, pure inflated. Constricted, pure constricted. Green, pure green. Yellow, pure yellow. Round, pure round. Wrinkled, pure wrinkled. If I have 14 different traits, then for each trait, I will make one pure line. So, how many pure lines will I have? I will have 14 pure lines. For each trait, I will make a separate pure line. How many pure lines will I have? Sir, 14 pure lines. Absolutely correct. Correct. 14 pure lines. Sir, what are these pure lines? Pick a particular trait and repeat it so many times in an organism and its future offspring that the trait becomes fixed. For example, maybe it doesn't make sense now. No problem at all, brother. We are here to explain. Listen calmly. Don't worry. Listen calmly. This is the female part of the flower. This is the female part of the flower. This is the male part of the flower. This is the male part of the flower. Correct. Correct. Now, first, what did I take? This is Capital T Capital T. For reference, this plant was pure tall. So, if this is Capital T Capital T, then the pollen it forms will also have one Capital T from Capital T Capital T, and the female gamete formed will also have one Capital T. This is how it works, my brother. Look here again. Let's play the magnet game. This is a diploid plant. This is a diploid plant. When its gametes are formed, these two sets of chromosomes will separate. One will go into one gamete, and the other into the other gamete. And if we fuse these gametes, then the pair will combine again. Similarly, look here. The female gamete formed from pure tall will also have Capital T, and the male gamete formed will also have Capital T. So, how was the child formed? Tell me yourself. If I do self-pollination here, how will the child be formed? The child will also be Capital T Capital T. Yes sir, it will be formed. The child will also be Capital T Capital T. It is formed. Now, what did I do? I self-pollinated this again. So, how will its child be formed? Will its child again be Capital T Capital T? Absolutely. I self-pollinated it. So, its child will be Capital T Capital T. Its child will also be Capital T Capital T. And so on. Meaning, until so many generations, I will do self-pollination, self-pollination, that Capital T Capital T, meaning pure. With certainty, I can say that this tall plant that I have made, that I have created, is not like Capital T small t. Capital T small t is what you called heterozygous tall. This is homozygous tall. Homozygous tall. This is pure tall. There is no doubt about it. No confusion. Similarly, come here. Come here, brother. Here, take another character. For example, you said, "Brother, I will take small t small t here. I will take small t small t here." So, you self-pollinated this small t small t with small t small t many times. From here, small t came. From here, small t came. From here, small t came. From here, small t came. From here, small t came. From here, small t came. In the future generations, all the children formed were small t small t. We made it this pure. Right? So, here a pure line of capital tall was formed. Here a pure line of capital. Here a pure line of pure tall was formed. Here a pure line of pure dwarf was formed. Similarly, I will make a pure line of inflated. One of constricted. One of green. One of yellow. One of round. One of wrinkled. And always remember, the alphabets given to them are capital and small, depending on the dominant and recessive trait. Meaning, if I have written Capital T, then for dwarfness, I will not say small D. What is the relation between T and D? I will give such alphabets that their direct comparison is possible. If for tallness, you have used T, then for dwarfness, you will use small t. If for round, you have used R, then for wrinkled, you will use small r. If for green, you have used G, then for yellow, you will use small y. If for violet, you use V, then for white, you will use small v. And if you have written small d here, then you will show it with a capital W. If you have written A for axial, then here you will write a small a to indicate it. This is your complete nomenclature. You can differentiate between dominant and recessive. Otherwise, how will you know? There will be confusion. If you write green as capital G and here small y, then you won't even know if this is its small y or the small y of this yellow one. That's why correct nomenclature is very important. These are the seven characters. These are the 14 traits we read about. We made their 14 pure lines. Now we are going to do a monohybrid cross. Now what is a monohybrid cross? Understand calmly. Learn with great love. There will be no trouble in genetics. Brother, I have two pea plants. Okay. I kept everything the same in the two pea plants. All characters the same. All characters that could be. I changed only one character so that my attention goes to that character. Meaning, if one plant has violet flowers, then the other has violet flowers. If one has axial flowering, then the other has axial. If one has yellow pods, then the other has yellow. If one has green seeds, then the other has green. I kept all characters the same. I just made one tall and one dwarf. And I have pure lines. One is pure tall, one is pure dwarf. Now, since there is no other option left elsewhere, if the mother also had violet flowers and the father also had violet flowers, pure violet, then are there chances of white flowers in the child? You have made pure lines, right? So, if the father has Capital V Capital V, and the mother also has Capital V Capital V, then are there chances of small v coming from anywhere? No. So, other characters will not change in the next generation. They will go as they are. The only character that will change is the one you wanted to change, that is height. So, if there are 100 children of pea, you will be able to see how many are now tall and how many are now dwarf. So, you kept all characters the same. You changed only one character. This is called a monohybrid cross. All characters, all characters in peas are the same. Only one character, only one character is kept different. Only one character is kept different. Okay. So, which character did we keep different? Only and only height. So, one parent is pure tall, one parent is pure dwarf. For this day, we made pure lines. How will their gametes be formed, brother? If gametes are formed, then these two alleles will separate. They will. Sir. What will go into the gamete here? Just Capital T. Write it twice. It's the same thing, brother. Both gametes are Capital T. And what will be formed here, brother? Small t. Nothing else can be formed here. Right? So, what did you write here? These were your parents. Parent 1: pure tall pea. Parent 2: pure dwarf pea. They formed gametes. So, the pure tall one formed a Capital T gamete. The pure dwarf one formed a small t gamete. Now their child is formed. We call this the F1 generation or Filial 1 generation. F1 generation or Filial 1 generation. Filial 1 generation means the first children of the parents. So, this Capital T and small t fused together. How was the child formed? Capital T t. How will it be? It will be tall. Capital T t is tall. Sir, absolutely. Now, what did we do? We selfed this Capital T small t. Meaning, we self-pollinated it. So, what kind of gametes will be formed here? Tell me. What kind of gametes will be formed here? Capital T can be formed as a gamete. Small t can also be formed as a gamete. Capital T can be formed as a gamete. Small t can also be formed as a gamete. To see their fusion, we make a box. In the box, keep one type of gametes on one side and the other type of gametes on the other side. This box that is made, this square, is called a Punnett square. Because the scientist who told us about this square was named Punnett. So, in his honor, the square was named Punnett square. Brother, take the male gametes. Capital T, small t. You can put them on any axis. Male here, female there. Male here, female there. Howsoever. And here, put Capital T, small t. Tell me, what combinations were formed? Capital T can go with Capital T. Capital T can go with Capital T. Pure tall. Capital T can go with small t. It can. Capital T can go with small t. It can. Small t can go with small t. It can. What combination was formed? When the first generation was crossed, was this combination formed? Or is this the F2 generation? This one is the F2 generation. Filial 2 generation is this one. It is formed. Sir, what happened here? Look carefully. What happened in the filial 2 generation? If I ask you, what is the phenotypic ratio here? Then the ratio of tall versus dwarf is 3:1. I can say 3:1. If I talk about the genotypic ratio, meaning how many different types of organisms are found here? Tell me the genotypes. Then I see here that there is Capital T Capital T. There is Capital T small t. And there is small t small t. How many are there, brother? Capital T Capital T is one. Capital T small t is two. And small t small t is one. So, my phenotypic ratio is 3:1. Brother, we took pure tall and pure dwarf parents. But in the first generation, not a single dwarf child was born. All were Capital T small t, meaning all were tall children. But when we talk about the F2 generation, then three children were tall, and dwarf was seen again. Meaning, in the first generation, there was no dwarf child. Which returned in the second generation. What does this mean? It means that characters are not blending. If you had lost dwarfness here once, here we thought all children were tall, meaning dwarfness was completely gone. But it's not like that. When dwarfness returned in the second generation, we realized, my friend, that these traits do not blend. They can also separate later. At the time of gamete formation, if there is a small t somewhere, it will separate. And these small t's will combine again to form dwarf plants. What is this called? This is called non-blending. This is called non-blending. So, you realized that blending did not happen here. Otherwise, this dwarfness would not have returned and been seen again. So, here we realized that blending does not happen. And when gametes are formed, these alleles can separate and they can recombine also. They can separate as well as they can recombine. Correct. Did everyone understand the ratio of monohybrid cross? Is it remembered? Is everything fine up to here? So, tell me quickly. Is everything crystal clear? Very good. Okay. Very excellent. Great. So, now let's see what Mr. Mendel actually told us from this monohybrid cross. Sir was a genius. Mr. Mendel, he was a statistician. He got a small piece of land, and he started growing peas on that land as part of his experiment. And the children of those peas, he started collecting their data. And on that basis, he gave some rules, some laws, that brother, inheritance happens like this in peas. So, it must happen like this in humans too. So, Mr. Mendel proposed the Laws of Inheritance. He gave three laws. The first law and the second law were given based on this slide, based on the monohybrid cross. So, look at the monohybrid cross thoroughly, then we will do the NCERT reading. See, the Law of Dominance, or the First Law, what does it say? The Law of Dominance, or the First Law, what does it say? When two different alleles, which we have already written, but let's write again. When two different alleles are combined together, only one of them will express itself. Only one of them will express itself. This will be called dominant. So, if Capital T and small t are found together here, then this Capital T is what? This Capital T is dominant. And this small t is what? This small t is recessive. It cannot express itself in the presence of Capital T. That's why it is recessive. Simple. Now, why does this dominance and recessiveness arise? That is the main thing. Why is something dominant and why is something recessive? There must be a reason behind it. Everything happens for some reason. So, what is the reason behind this dominance and this recessiveness? Let's try to understand. Brother, imagine this is a chromosome on which there is an allele, that is Capital T. And here is a chromosome on which there is an allele, small t. So, this allele, Capital T, is normal. It is completely dominant. It will work well. So, what do we call it? We call it the wild allele. Wild means normal allele. We call it wild or normal allele. This is called wild or normal allele. This gene, when it expresses itself, will it make a normal enzyme? Yes, sir. And if it makes a normal enzyme, then it is working normally. So, we have no problem. Many times, this mutates. And this mutant can express in three ways. Either it can make a normal enzyme. Or it can make a normal enzyme. Or it can make a slightly less efficient enzyme. No problem. In which the work gets done. It becomes a bit slow, but overall it works. So, either it can make a normal enzyme or a less efficient enzyme that can be tolerated. No problem. In many cases, it goes below less efficient. It makes a defective enzyme. Brother, if it's a defective enzyme, it won't work. So, it won't work in our body. And third, if you look, it might be so defective that it doesn't make any enzyme at all. No enzyme at all. Now tell me, in your body, both alleles are present. Which one would you want to express? An allele that makes a normal enzyme, or an allele that makes a defective enzyme?

He is creating or not creating any enzyme. Tell me, if you have the option that God has given you an option to choose your favorite choice between both Capital T and small t, then what would you do? You would choose Capital T, absolutely, because it is creating a normal enzyme. Would we choose it? Absolutely, we would. And in this case too, we can choose the recessive one, but brother, these two will completely ruin everything, won't they? These two cases where a defective enzyme is being made or no enzyme is being made, here we will be in big trouble if there is such a case where you have no option, then you won't be able to choose at all. Brother, if you have Capital T Capital T, both are normal, then choose any. If you have Capital T small t, now you have one choice, between one good and one less good, then you will choose the good one. And in small t small t, you also have no choice, so you will choose whatever comes next. But where there is a choice, choose the good one, choose the better one, at least. So this is the concept of dominance, why dominance arises. Brother, one is your wild allele, which works correctly. One is your mutant allele, which does not work correctly. So brother, we would not want to choose the mutant allele, we would not want to. That's why we always select the wild one in its presence. So only one of the two is chosen. Why it is chosen, you must have understood. Correct? Correct, brother. This is your concept of dominance. This is your concept of dominance. Now, this is a very interesting topic. Listen carefully. There is a plant that is tall. If a plant is short, then we call it dwarf, and we know it is small t small t, with guarantee. But if a plant is tall, is it Capital T Capital T or Capital T small t? How to find out? For that, there is a cross called a test cross, to test whether the plant is pure tall or heterozygous tall. For this, we have a cross called test cross. So, watch carefully. What happens in a test cross? In a test cross, what we do is, we cross the suspected plant, whose test we need to do, whose genotype we need to find out, we cross the suspected plant with a pure recessive parent. Pure recessive parent, homozygous recessive parent. We cross it with that. For example, understand, there is a tall plant. Understand, there is a tall plant. Now this tall plant can be of two types. It can be small t, and it can be Capital T Capital T. It can be of two types. It can be, sir. Now, my friend, look here. If it can be of two types, then how will we know which one it is? Cross it. Cross it with the recessive parent. Cross it with the recessive parent, that is, small t small t. With small t small t. So, we have no idea about this parent, whether it is Capital T Capital T or Capital T small t. But we have an idea about this parent, it is small t small t, for sure. Correct? Now, look. Capital T T can be formed here. Can be formed. Capital small t can be formed. Can be formed. Capital T small t can be formed. Can be formed. Capital T small t can be formed. Can be formed. If you cross an unknown plant with small t small t, and all the offspring are tall, all the offspring are tall, then what will you say? You will say that brother, all the offspring are tall, so everyone is getting Capital T. This plant must have been Capital T Capital T, because to make a dwarf, two small t are needed. This small t also needs the small t from this parent. Here there is no small t. That's why all the offspring are tall. Look here, brother. Capital T small t, Capital T small t. From here also small t, from here also small t. Now a dwarf will be formed. From here also small t, from here also small t. Now a dwarf will be formed. So why did these become dwarfs? Why did these become dwarfs? Small t comes from both parents. Small t comes from both parents. And if small t is coming from both parents, it means both parents have small t. So this is not pure tall. It has small t. Therefore, it is Capital T small t. Here is the answer. Here there is no small t. No dwarf. No dwarf. Therefore, no small t in one parent. One parent is such that it has no small t at all. Therefore, it is Capital T Capital T. So, if all the offspring turn out to be tall, all are the same, then the parent is homozygous. And if you are seeing the ratio of tall and dwarf here, if you are seeing the ratio of tall and dwarf here, then there are two tall and two dwarfs. So 2:2 simplifies to 1:1. If tall and dwarf are exactly equal, then your parent will be heterozygous. This is called a test cross. With a test cross, you have found out whether this tall plant is Capital T Capital T or Capital T small t. This is called a test cross. What is a back cross, sir? It is written above. What is a back cross? Back cross means crossing with the back generation, that is, crossing with any parent from the parent generation, whether it is homozygous, heterozygous, dominant, or recessive. Crossing with any parent is a back cross. And specifically, crossing with a heterozygous parent is a test cross. Crossing with a pure recessive parent, pure recessive parent is a test cross. Correct? Correct, brother. The second law we observed is called the Law of Segregation or the Second Law. The first law is the Law of Dominance, meaning when two alleles that are different are found together, one will dominate, one will not dominate. That is the Law of Dominance. What is the Law of Segregation? Segregation means separating, separating, dividing. So, what is explained here? It is explained here that at the time of gamete formation, at the time of gamete formation, the two alleles of a gene separate so that a gamete carries only one. When you are forming gametes, only Capital T will go into one gamete, only small t will go into one gamete. So they cannot go into the same gamete, Capital T and small t. Therefore, what else can this Law of Segregation be called? The second law is also called the second law is also called the Law of Segregation. What else can the Law of Segregation be called? Law of Purity of Gametes. Here, gametes are absolutely pure. In one gamete, there is only one allele. In one gamete, there is only one allele. It is also called the Law of Segregation of Gametes, that whenever a gamete is formed, your alleles will separate. Brother, we also have 46 chromosomes, meaning 23 pairs of chromosomes. When gametes are formed, 23 chromosomes will go to one side, 23 chromosomes will go to the other side, and they will separate. So, the allele on one chromosome and the allele on the homologous chromosome will go to different sides. So, your pair of alleles has separated. This is the Law of Purity of Gametes. It is also called the Law of Segregation. Correct? Absolutely correct, sir. Now, let's move forward a bit and read the NCERT, okay? Then we will discuss some other topics, but first, let's read the NCERT up to here. Is everything clear up to here? We have talked about very general things so far. We haven't dived into very complicated topics. We have talked very generally, very basically. Is everything clear up to here? Send red hearts in the chat section, please. Is everything clear up to here? Are all things understood so far? Great, very good. So, now we will do the NCERT, and then let's try to find out some questions. So far, I don't think any question has come from this topic. So, after doing the dihybrid cross, we will do some questions. Correct? Let's look at the NCERT. The very first line of our lecture was that like begets like. Like parents, like offspring. If brother, if you are looking at an elephant baby, then you can easily say that its parents must also have been elephants. So, an elephant gives rise to only an elephant baby. If you sow a mango seed, you will get only mango. That is, like parents, like species. The mother and father of the same species will produce offspring of the same species. We are discussing the branch of genetics in this chapter, and in genetics, we study inheritance and variation. Inheritance means a process by which characters are passed from one generation to the next, like they came from our parents to us. And it is the basis of heredity. Characters will come into you, only then will you be able to express those characters. So, heredity will be possible only when characters come into you through inheritance. Variation means how different you are from your parents. That degree of difference is called variation. And this variation can also come from environmental factors besides genetics. For example, you watch movies, and in different movies, it is shown that Ramu and Shamu are there. Ramu was raised by a police inspector, Shamu was raised by a thief. So, ultimately, what happened? Brother, Ramu and Shamu became different. Their behavior changed. Correct? So, earlier, many such movies used to come, right? So, you must have seen some South Indian movies too. There is a film called Amar Akbar Anthony, where everyone's characters become different, just because of their environment, where they live, what they see, what they learn. So, ultimately, its effect also falls on you, which is true. If you look at humans, even 8000 to 1000 BC, they had an idea that what is the reason for variations? Why do variations occur in us? Because we reproduce sexually. So, they also started selectively breeding different animals and plants, and through artificial selection, by taking strong males and milk-producing females, they domesticated them and prepared the Sahiwal cow in Punjab. But at that time, 8000 to 1000 BC, they did not know the scientific basis of sexual reproduction. What actually are those things, what are those processes happening, due to which variations are occurring in us? People could not explain that at that time. So, people started researching this. If you look at the mid-19th century, Mendel sahib did experiments for seven years on peas. From when to when? From 1856 to 1863. Seven years. And you won't believe that out of these, four years were spent by Mendel just in creating pure lines. That is, the main work was to create pure lines. All other things would happen. Peas reproduce very quickly. The 19th century, how many years is that? From 1801 to 1900 is the 19th century. In between, what comes? 1850 comes. Around this time, around 1856-1863, Mendel sahib worked and gave the laws of inheritance, two of which we have already studied. For the first time in biology, he applied statistics and mathematical logic. He selected peas, which have a large sampling size, so his data was very good. And this line is very good: he gave us only general rules of inheritance rather than unsubstantiated ideas, ideas that have no proof behind them, not hollow talk like that. Mendel sahib gave laws of inheritance. He told us rules by which characters are passed from parents to the next generation. He did not guess; he proved everything experimentally with data. So, these are not unsubstantiated; they are supplemented by great data and great sampling size. Here he took seven characters that had opposite traits, which is why he succeeded. Those seven characters and traits are in front of you. If you look at height, it can be tall or short. Flower color can be violet or white. Position can be axial or terminal. Pod shape can be full or constricted. Pod color can be green or yellow. Seed shape can be round or wrinkled. And seed color, here we just saw separately that the dominant seed color is yellow. These seven characters Mendel sahib took, and these 14 traits Mendel sahib took. So, true breeding pure lines, he started creating them for every trait. That is, he created 14 true breeding pea lines. That is, if he says tall, there is no need to think, that plant is pure tall, Capital T Capital T. If he says violet flower, then it is not Capital W small w, it is Capital W Capital W. If he says dwarf, then it is small t small t. If he says white flower, then it is small w small w. He prepared pure lines for every trait. So, he prepared 14 true breeding pure lines. How did he prepare them? He took a pure tall plant. So, its female will also be pure tall, correct? He sprinkled pollen from the male, which was also pure tall, sprinkled it himself, through artificial selection. That is, he made sure that even the shadow of dwarfism did not fall on it. This plant should only have Capital T residing in it. It should long to see small t, so far away from it from small t. He tried to do such things. He did not allow any contamination. That's why he became so, so, so successful in his experiments. Correct? So, when he created the first generation, taking only one character in a monohybrid cross, in the first generation, he saw that all offspring were Capital T small t. All offspring were tall. Not a single one was dwarf. Then, when he self-pollinated F1, he saw that in the F2 generation, there was one dwarf and three tall. So, he realized that characters do not mix, they do not blend. Characters did not show any blending. It was not that Capital T and small t were together, so the height would be intermediate. No. Capital T Capital T means tall. Capital T small t also means one is dominating. And during gamete formation, these Capital T and small t were separating. So, dwarf offspring were also seen in F2. That is, no blending was happening. Contrasting traits did not show any blending. And based on this line, Mendel sahib gave us the Law of Segregation or the Law of Purity of Gametes. Tall, dwarf, pure tall, pure dwarf. Offspring formed were only tall. And after this, the phenotypic expression. He did not know about genes. He said that factors go from parents to offspring, and these factors express themselves. But he did not know about genes. The term gene was later coined by Johansen. Mendel sahib called genes "factors". Right? This gene can have opposite forms, these are called alleles. The color of two alleles, so its two alleles. If you compare homozygous dominant, small t small t, then homozygous recessive. And if you have Capital T small t, then it is called heterozygous. Capital T small t, then it is called heterozygous. Phenotype means the physical appearance of something that you can tell just by looking. To tell the genotype, you have to delve a little deeper, do research. If two alleles are found together, which are different, then one will be dominant, and one will be recessive. One will express, the other will not express. Right? So, during gamete formation, you know that both alleles separate. So, there is a 50-50 chance. If I take two different parents, small t small t, here Capital T comes into the gamete, here small t comes into the gamete, here small t comes into the gamete. Now tell me, what are the chances of this small t fusing with this small t? Sir, 50%. Because this small t has the option to fuse with this one or fuse with this one. There is a 50% chance that it will fuse with this one, and there is a 50% chance that it will fuse with this one. Right? That's all that can happen. If it fuses with this, a dwarf offspring will be formed. And if it fuses with this, a tall offspring will be formed. So, the probability is 50-50, isn't it? Two combinations can be formed. Each combination has a 50% possibility of forming. Right? That's why the square is called a Punnett square. It becomes very easy to calculate offspring and genotype. Put the gametes of one parent on one side, and the gametes of the other parent on the other side, and all the combinations will be formed in the center. The square is called a Punnett square because it was given to us by a scientist named Reginald C. Punnett. Correct? Now, we have already studied test cross: crossing an unknown plant with a recessive parent. That is a test cross. We are crossing the unknown plant with the recessive parent. For example, look here. Here there is a violet flower, but you don't know if it is pure dominant violet or Capital W small w. So, take the recessive parent, the white one, small w small w. Now, if this is pure dominant, pure violet, then Capital W small w, Capital W small w, Capital W small w, Capital W small w. It has no small w. So all offspring will be violet. That means the parent is homozygous, pure violet. And if violet and white are formed in equal ratios here, it means small w is also contributing. If one parent is contributing small w, it means it has small w. So it will be Capital W small w, meaning it is heterozygous. Correct? This is a test cross. On the basis of monohybrid cross, Mendel sahib gave us two laws: first, the Law of Dominance, and second, the Law of Segregation. In the Law of Dominance, what did Mendel sahib say? Mendel sahib said that characters are expressed due to factors, and these factors are found in pairs. Brother, if you are a diploid organism, which we are, then these factors in your body will be found in pairs. One will be from your mother's chromosomal set, and one from your father's chromosomal set. So they will be found in pairs on two chromosomes. Yes. Among these, one can be dominant, and one can be recessive, if they are different. If it is Capital T Capital T, then the game is over. Both are dominant, so there will be no discussion here. If it is small t small t, then the discussion is also over. Both are the same, so nothing else can be formed. In Capital T small t, there is a little fight. Here, one dominates, so overall, the offspring formed is tall. So, you can say that here one expresses itself, the other cannot express. Right? The other cannot express. Therefore, it is called recessive, and this Capital T is called dominant. So, why does this dominance arise? Brother, a gene has information to express a character, and we have two chromosomes, two alleles. One was Capital T, which was normal. Some change occurred in the other. So, just because of that change, maybe the enzyme is formed normally, or maybe a non-functional enzyme is formed, or maybe so much change has occurred that no enzyme is formed. So, you would not want the recessive one to express. If you have the option between Capital T and small t, you would always want Capital T to express itself. Now, you might be thinking, sir, if the recessive one causes so much trouble, then our life will be gone. Correct. If we consider only the dominant one as good and the recessive one as bad, then in the case of small t small t, in the case of small w small w, in the case of small y small y, the plant should be in big trouble. That's true. But here I want to tell you one thing: this case number two and case number three are extremely rare, and these are cases of disease. In most conditions, your recessive allele also makes an enzyme. That is, it will still carry out your reactions; it will not cause disease in you. Otherwise, we have so many characters. You will read in the next chapter, Molecular Basis of Inheritance, that you have more than 30,000 genes. So, whoever has all of them recessive will die before birth due to so many problems. So, this second and third case is extremely rare. Only the first case happens here. But why would we consider even 1% as a loss for ourselves? Suppose an enzyme works 100% and another works 99%. Why would I compromise with 99%? When I can get 100%? When 100% is kept right next to me, why would I compromise and try to go for an option which is 99%? I would want 100% only. That's why I choose Capital T in front of small t always, so that a pattern is formed: if there is even a little bit of trouble, we can make our own choice and choose the better alternative, the better option for ourselves. Correct? Right. This is the concept of dominance. So, the first case, where a normal or less efficient enzyme is formed, is considered the normal case, and this is what happens in most conditions. But the second and third cases, where a non-functional enzyme is formed or no enzyme is formed, cause problems. So, we would want to choose the normal or wild allele here. Not show any blending. It's not that if pure T and small t are found together, the height will be intermediate. No. So, the Law of Dominance went into the water with a splash. That doesn't happen. Here, if Capital T and small t are present together, it will be tall. There will be no intermediate height. That means they are not showing any blending. Capital T and small t are not mixing. Okay? And they are not mixing, not merging into each other. That's why they can separate during gamete formation. If gametes are formed, Capital T can form a separate gamete, and small t can form a separate gamete. So, during gamete formation, these factors or alleles separate, and only one goes into a gamete. Correct? That's why it is called the Law of Purity of Gametes. Is the point clear up to here, brother? Tell me quickly. Is the point clear up to here? Is everything clear up to here? Sir, why were the experiments rejected even after being proven? Sakshi, very good question. Because biologists were afraid of math. So, who would read their research papers? They opened the research paper, and found only numbers. We are used to reading language. Here, they found only numbers. So, most biologists rejected their work by saying, "No, it's not fun. Put something in it. Make some pictures, stickers, etc., so that we enjoy reading it." We will proceed by opening with the name. Now, you don't have to remember anything in life. Now, assume the game is over. Now, you don't have to remember anything. We will finish the game just by the name of the topic. Incomplete dominance. Incomplete dominance means the offspring does not look like either parent. That is incomplete dominance. That is, neither parent is completely dominant. The offspring does not look like either parent. So, what can you say? None of the parents is dominant. The offspring does not look like either parent. For example, what is the example? Snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus) - it's all the same. Or you can say Mirabilis jalapa, the plant called Four o'clock plant. What is it, brother? In them, the flower is red in the dominant case, and white in the recessive case. See, if it is Capital R Capital R, then the flower is red. And if it is small r small r, then the flower is white. But my friend, my brother, when gametes are formed here, when gametes are formed, Capital R Capital R separates, small r small r separates. When gametes are formed, which gamete will be formed here? Only R will be formed here. Which gamete will be formed here? Small R will be formed. So, these are the gametes. These are your parents, and these are your gametes. Correct? Now, if these gametes fuse, if these gametes fuse, then in Capital R small r, what should have happened? Tell me yourself. In R dominant, the flower should have been red. What happened here? Pink. Neither red nor white. So, did any parent dominate? No, sir. The scientists said, "Okay, let's cross it further and see. Let's create its F2 generation and see." Everyone said, "Make it, brother, make it, brother." So, what was formed here? Let's make a Punnett square. Let's make a Punnett square. On one side, write the gametes of one parent, and on the other side, write the gametes of the other parent. What gametes will be formed here, brother? Capital R small r. What will be formed here? Capital R small r. Write two. Here, Capital R small r is formed. Here, Capital R small r is formed. Correct? So, what is the ratio? What is the ratio? Phenotypic ratio. Correct, sir. And the genotypic ratio? What is the genotypic ratio? Capital R Capital R is how many? One. Capital R small r is how many? Two. Small r small r is how many? One. So, 1:2:1. So, is this pink offspring not looking like either parent? Not red, not white. That's why it is called incomplete dominance. It is not completely dominant like its dominant parent, nor completely like its recessive parent. That's why it is placed in incomplete dominance. Correct? That's why it is placed in incomplete dominance. It does not look like either parent. And if you look at the next case, here the offspring looks like both parents. This is called codominance. That is, what does co mean? Together, cooperative dominance. Both parents are cooperating here. So, this is cooperative dominance. That is, here the offspring looks like both parents. Both are dominant. For example, here is our blood group. For example, here is our blood group. Our blood group is decided by a gene, I. There is a gene named I, which decides your blood group. Now, this gene I also has different alleles. Just like height is a character, height can be tall or short, it has different traits. Similarly, this gene also has different types, right? Now, understand, there is an RBC. So, on the membrane of this RBC, some carbohydrates are formed. These will be formed in different types. Understand, I am drawing a box here. This is a different type of sugar. Here, I am drawing some other shape. This is a different type of sugar. And here I am not forming any sugar. So, these three types of expressions can occur. This is A antigen. I am saying there is A antigen here, so the blood group is A. So, this gene is called IA. This is B antigen. If B antigen is expressed on the RBC membrane, then it will be called IB. And here, no sugar, no antigen. So, it will be called small i. This gives us the O blood group. So, this is A blood group. This is A blood group. This is, brother, B blood group. And this is your O blood group. This is your O blood group. Correct? So, this is the very first allele. Is it the allele for A blood group or B blood group? These two alleles, IA and IB, will they not express together? Or will they not express together? If there is a condition of IA and IB, on one chromosome IA is available, on one chromosome IB is available. Will they not express together? What will be the blood group here? Will A dominate, or will only B dominate, or will both dominate? Both are dominating, brother. So, can our blood group be A? So, here you can write in a single line that IA is equal to IB if both are present together, then the blood group will be AB. And both are dominant over small i. Both are dominant over small i. That is, if IA and i are present together, the blood group is A. If IB and i are present together, the blood group is B. If IA and IB are present together, then my brother, both will dominate together. The blood group will be AB. And if small i and small i are present together, only then will the blood group be O. We are talking about this condition where IA and IB are found together. So, both dominate. This condition is called codominance. This condition is called codominance. Correct? Now, tell me one thing very calmly, very lovingly, think about it, take your time, no problem. Out of these three alleles, IA, IB, and small i, how many alleles can be found in any of your cells? Tell me calmly, no problem. Take your time. Are you diploid or triploid? You have two pairs, meaning two sets of chromosomes, or three sets of chromosomes? We are diploid. If we are diploid, as we are, we have two copies of each chromosome. If we have two copies of each chromosome, then on each chromosome, one allele will be found. Can only two alleles be found among these? If my blood group is A, then will IA and IB be found in me? If my blood group is A, then either IA IA will be found, or IA and small i will be found. If my blood group is B, then either IB IB or IB and small i will be found. If my blood group is O, then small i and small i will be found. Can all three be found in me together? They cannot be found together. But if I bring a friend with me and say that together we can have three alleles.

The three of them, what will be right? Absolutely right. Understand, my blood group is AB. So inside me, IA and IB are present. I brought that. My friend is of O blood group, inside him there is a small i. Did the two of us together become three alleles? Yes. That is, if you look at the population level, although we can do this work between two friends, but if you look at the entire human population, then we have three alleles for this gene. We had said when we started studying genetics, we said that in general cases, one allele has two different forms. In some special cases, there are more than two alleles. Absolutely. So will this be an example of multiple allelism along with codominance? Absolutely. In an individual, only two alleles. No combination. Make any combination of two alleles in an individual. Any blood group, whether it's IA, or IB, or small i. So there are three here. So is this also an example of multiple allelism? Yes. So if you look at the human blood group gene, I has more than two alleles. Having two alleles is very common. On two different chromosomes, but here there are more than two alleles. Which ones? One is IA, one is IB, and one is your small i. So there are more than two alleles here. So is this an example of multiple allelism? Yes. Make a note and write one thing here: Out of these three alleles, only two can be found in an individual, and all three alleles can be seen at the population level. Can be seen at the population level. Can be seen at the population level. You see all three, so they will be found at the population level. In your body, you will see only two out of three, which we get. Whatever your blood group is, all blood groups will be formed by the combination of any two alleles, whether it is A, or B, or AB, or O. They will be formed by the combination of just two. All three cannot be in you because we can have only two copies of a chromosome.

Now there is a very interesting concept called pleiotropy. Pleiotropy means hitting many targets with one arrow. We call this pleiotropy. Listen carefully. Pleiotropy. What are we calling it? Hitting many targets with one arrow, meaning many characters will be controlled by a single gene. This is called pleiotropy. Write it in simple language: When a single gene controls many characters. When a single gene controls many characters, then what do we call it? We call it pleiotropy. Understand, a metabolic pathway is running here. You made B from A, you made C from B, you made D from C, D later converted to E, and through another pathway, converted to F. Now, my friend, know this: you made a mutation here. I put a minus sign. This enzyme, which was converting C to D, has now become impaired. So will D be formed? No, it will not be formed. If you stop D from forming, then will both E and F be ruined? You stopped only one thing, but many things got messed up later. So in such interconnected metabolic pathways, if you stop one reaction, all subsequent reactions will stop. If your metabolic pathway is running in a sequence, and you stop it, then all subsequent products are affected. E, F, everything after D will not be able to form here. So, some expression coming from this is also ruined. Some expression coming from this is also ruined. So your one mistake has stopped many expressions. So one gene here can control many characters. It can build them up or ruin them.

For example, starch synthesis in pea seeds. Starch synthesis in pea seeds. We need to do starch synthesis in this pea seed. So see what happened here. When you have the case of BB, where B is the dominant allele. When you have the case of BB, then your seed will be round because more starch is being formed in it. So it will be a round seed, and if more starch is being formed, then it will also be a large seed. If more starch is being formed in peas, then the seed will be large and round. If it is filled with starch, the seed will swell. Correct. So here, what are your characters? Round seed. Round is what? Shape. Round is a shape. And large seed? Large and small is size. So here, starch synthesis caters to both shape and size. See bb. With bb, both things will be ruined. It is recessive. It will not be round. It will be wrinkled. More starch is not being formed, so it will be a wrinkled seed. And along with the wrinkled seed, what else will happen? It will become a small seed, right, my brother? It will become a small seed. So your size will also be small, and your shape will also be wrinkled. Both things are affected here too.

Third important thing, most interesting: Bb. What happened here? Listen carefully. What happened here? With Bb, the seed became round. The seed became round, but the size did not become very large. It became an intermediate size. So here too, both characters, shape and size, are regulated. But the most important thing that you should counter over here, the thing you should understand very beautifully, is that this intermediate sized seed is neither big nor small. It is not like both parents. If a question comes with the name incomplete dominance, you will do it. If a question comes with the name incomplete dominance, will you do it? Yes, sir. This is not like both its parents. Just like we saw in Snapdragon, Antirrhinum majus, where the dominant case was red flowers, the recessive case was white flowers, but intermediate pink flowers were also formed. They were neither red nor white. So there was a case of incomplete dominance. Here too, the intermediate size is neither big like the dominant nor small like the recessive. It's in between. It's not like both. It has incomplete dominance. This is also an example of incomplete dominance.

Another very beautiful example of pleiotropy is phenylketonuria, which we will study further in this chapter, but let's look at it in detail here so we don't have to read much later. Phenylketonuria. Phenylketonuria, my friend, is an amino acid. Phenylalanine. Amino acids are organic compounds. So any organic compound is made of carbon and hydrogen. Can you think of any organic compound without carbon and hydrogen? What is the simplest organic molecule? Tell me quickly. What is the simplest organic molecule in the world that you start organic chemistry with? What is it? Wow, wow, wow, wow, wow. You write carbon. Very good. What is the simplest thing made of one carbon? You start with methane, right? Meth, eth, prop, but, that's what you learn. So you added hydrogen to carbon, only then methane was formed. Can you even assume or think of organic chemistry without carbon and hydrogen? No. Because organic chemistry is the study of carbon and hydrogen compounds. Both must be together. Wherever there is carbon, there is hydrogen for valency satisfaction. So you will definitely add carbon and hydrogen here. Since it is an organic compound, it has the name amino acid. Amino group is added. Acid group is added. Here we added a methyl group. Phenylalanine. What is it? If you add a hydrogen to this group here, it is the simplest amino acid in the world called glycine. After glycine, if you add something made of one carbon here, it becomes alanine. And if you remove a hydrogen from alanine and replace it with a phenyl group, then it becomes phenylalanine. And if I tell you forcefully, make phenylalanine, then half the students will faint. Oh no, sir, we have never studied this. You can make it yourself. You can make it at home. The concepts should be clear. If I know alanine, then I also know phenylalanine. Correct? I made it right in front of you. It's not rocket science, my friend.

Here, on this phenylalanine, I have to add an OH group. If I have to add an OH group to it, which enzyme will I use? The enzyme that adds phenylalanyl hydroxyl will be called phenylalanyl hydroxylase. The enzyme that adds a hydroxyl group will be called phenylalanyl hydroxylase. And if that enzyme works properly, then this amino acid, this amino acid, will have an OH group added to it. Here will be CH2, here will be the same phenyl group, and here will come OH. Correct? I added this OH here. This is phenylalanine. When I add an OH group to this phenylalanine, it becomes another amino acid called tyrosine. Phenylalanine converts to tyrosine with the help of this enzyme, phenylalanyl hydroxylase. Now, imagine I strike this enzyme with lightning. I have inactivated this enzyme. Will phenylalanine convert to tyrosine? No, it will not convert. If phenylalanine is not converting to tyrosine, then it was converting to tyrosine before, and now it is accumulating. Its amount is increasing. So this phenylalanine will convert into phenylpyruvate and its derivatives. These phenylpyruvate and its derivatives will start accumulating in our body, specifically in our brain. And if they go into the brain, then what will happen? They will drive you crazy. Not really crazy, but mentally retarded. If they accumulate in the brain, then mental retardation. If they accumulate in any other organ of the body, then we will remove them through urine because the kidneys cannot reabsorb them. That is why they are eliminated through our urine. They can be eliminated through urine due to their poor reabsorption. They are not reabsorbed in the body, hence they are removed. And this disease is present in children from birth, which is why it is called an inborn error of metabolism. Inborn error of metabolism means that some children have this problem in their metabolism from birth. They cannot make this enzyme, due to which they have mental retardation. Plus, what else happens? We are talking about pleiotropy, so will it only be mental retardation? Will there be something else too? Absolutely. Loss of skin and hair pigmentation. Skin and hair will start losing their color. And many other organs of the body will start getting damaged. That is, here too, there was an alteration in only one gene, and many things got affected and ruined later because this is phenylalanyl hydroxylase enzyme. Enzyme means what? Enzymes are proteins by nature. Yes, sir. How are proteins made? DNA makes RNA, RNA makes protein. That is, one gene, a piece of DNA, makes the protein. Correct, sir? So, my brother, when I mutate the gene that makes this protein called phenylalanyl hydroxylase, then this protein will also not be made correctly, and I will get this disease. That is, the whole game is about genes. If you alter the DNA, then the RNA will also change, the protein will also change, and everything will go wrong. Correct. Absolutely correct. Right. This is phenylketonuria. This is also a classic example of pleiotropy.

Is everything clear up to here? Once, star, star, star in the chat section, please. Is everything clear up to here? Is everything clear to everyone? Tell me quickly. Is everything fine and clear up to here? Very good, excellent. Now, if you look, it's time to understand the dihybrid cross. What does a dihybrid cross mean here? Here, you have kept all the characters the same. You have changed only two characters in the two parents. In a monohybrid cross, only the height character was changed, and all other six characters were the same. Now, keep five characters the same and observe the inheritance of two characters. For example, here we have taken round and yellow seeds. Round is also a dominant character, and yellow is also a dominant character. And next to it, we have taken a pure line of wrinkled instead of round, and a pure line of recessive green instead of yellow. So round yellow seeds and wrinkled green seeds. Round yellow is purely dominant, round is purely yellow. Here, instead of round, wrinkled. Instead of yellow, green. The parents will look something like this. Correct? Absolutely correct. Now, if you look, how will the gametes be formed? How will the gametes be formed? These are your parents. Yes, sir. These are parents. Now, how will their gametes be formed? Yes, yes. Can you make the gametes? Only R will come from here. There is no other R. Only Y will come from here. So how will your gametes be formed? Capital R, Capital Y. Only small r will come from here. There is no Capital R. Only small y will come from here. There is no Capital Y. Here, what will be formed? Small y, Capital. Small y, small r. Correct. Look once, how are gametes formed? I'll give you a trick. You can form any gamete in the world. If someone tells me, sir, I need to form gametes. I have taken three characters: Capital R, Capital R, Capital Y, small y, Capital T, small t. Make its gametes. What is the trick? First, write all possible combinations of the first character. Then, merge it with all possible combinations of the next character. And then merge it with the third character. Understand it carefully. It might sound complicated to hear. Here I only have Capital R, Capital R. So I only have Capital R. There is no small r. I wrote Capital R only once. This Capital R can merge with Capital Y and small y. So two combinations will be formed: Capital Y, small y. Here, it can merge with Capital T and small t. Absolutely. So here I will keep making forks. Capital T, T. Capital T, T. What will be my gametes? Capital R, Capital Y, T. Capital R, Capital Y, t. Capital R, small y, T. Capital R, small y, t. They are formed. Formed. Now let me take another example. I have Capital R, small r, Capital Y, Capital Y, and Capital T, Capital T. Now tell me, what happened? See, Capital R and small r, two conditions. So I will keep Capital R separate and small r separate. Here, it started with two. Now, Capital Y, Capital Y. So both will have to be kept. One with Capital Y from this, and one with Capital Y from this. And here, Capital T, small T. So both with Capital T. What is the answer, brother? What is the answer? Capital R, Capital Y, Capital T. Small r, Capital Y, Capital T. It is formed. Formed, sir. And look, brother, and look. Plenty of time. Capital R, small r, Capital Y, small y, small t, small t. All random combinations. And I am telling you for a trihybrid cross. A dihybrid cross will be a piece of cake after this. Brother, here I will take Capital R and r. Starting with Capital R, I took small r. Correct. Now here, Capital Y, small y. Both are there. Capital Y, small y. Capital Y, small y. Whatever combinations are possible, I will make them all. Here, small t, small t. So both with small t. Both with small t. Both with small t. Both with small t. What is the answer? I have Capital R, Capital Y, small t. Capital, small y, small t. Small r, Capital Y, small t. Small r, small y. Correct. Absolutely correct. Now, I'll give you a numerical. You will say, sir, you taught something else and asked something else. But everything is on the screen. Capital R, small r, Capital Y, small y. My question is, how many gametes will be formed? How many gametes? Your answer is one, two, four, eight. Okay. Let's go, brother. Where does it come from? Let's go, brother. Take 45 seconds. Solve it calmly. And I am saying the answer is on the screen. Then you will say, sir, genetics numericals cannot be solved. It's all about observation. I have given you three questions above. You had to extract some observations from them, and you can answer it without solving. How? I will tell you in a little while. It's all about observing the patterns. Genetics is entirely observation-based. See what will happen here. It will be eight. And there is no need for calculation. I framed this question standing in front of you. We are solving it in front of you. Correct. The answer will be eight. I am expecting 70-80% people to have answered correctly. 92%. Why? You are all studious, great people. What happened here? Now see, try to notice a pattern here. How many heterozygotes do you have? How many heterozygous conditions are there? Two. So 2 to the power of 2 is 4 gametes formed. Here, how many heterozygotes? Only one. So 2 to the power of 1 is only 2 gametes formed. Only two are formed here. How many heterozygous conditions here? One and two. This is homozygous recessive. So 2 to the power of 2 is 4 gametes should have been formed. Four gametes were formed. How many heterozygotes here? One, two. So here, 2 to the power of 3, meaning your eight gametes will be formed. So eight gametes will be formed. I am certain about this. There is no need to think too much about this question. Correct. This is some normal trick that we have seen here. We have learned to form gametes. Give me any number, even a tetrahybrid cross, and you will be able to form it. Just keep adding forks one after another. All combinations will be formed. No matter how many you make. See here, we have a dihybrid cross at most. All examples are for trihybrid cross, and gametes were formed very beautifully. Now, in dihybrid cross, see here, RY, RY gamete was formed. We crossed it. We crossed it. What kind of offspring was formed? Capital R, small r, Capital Y, small y. What will be formed, brother? Capital R is dominant, so it will be round. Capital Y will be yellow. Round and yellow. Just like in monohybrid cross, all offspring in F1 generation were tall, like the dominant parent. Similarly, here round yellow is like one parent. We will cross them. Selfing. Capital R, small r, Capital Y, small y. Tell me, what gametes will be formed? What can be formed? Gametes. Here, apply the fork method. What will be formed? Gametes. Capital R, small r. What will we do with Capital Y and small y? With Capital Y and small y. With Capital Y and small y. That's what will be formed. Gametes. What will be formed? Capital R, Capital Y. Capital R, small y. Small r, Capital Y. Small r, small y. Will these gametes be formed? Absolutely. Will the same gametes be formed here? Absolutely. Make the Punnett square. Make a Punnett square. Write down all the combinations. Make the Punnett square. Write down all the combinations. Here, write all the gametes, brother. Write all the gametes. Here, what are the gametes? Capital R, Capital Y. Capital R, Capital Y. Capital R, small y. Small r, Capital Y. Small r, small y. Same here. Capital R, Capital Y. Capital R, small y. Small r, Capital Y. Small r, small y. Cross them, brother. First, write RR. Capital R, Capital R. Capital R, Capital R. Capital R, small r. Capital R, small r. Capital R, Capital R. Capital R, Capital R. Capital R, Capital R. Capital R, small r. Capital R, small r. Capital R, small r. Capital R, small r. Small r, small r. Small r, small r. Small r, small r. Small r, small r. Capital R, small r. Capital R, small r. Small r, small r. Small r, small r. And write Capital Y, Capital Y. Capital Y, Capital Y. Capital Y, small y. Capital Y, Capital Y. Capital Y, small y. Capital Y, small y. Small y, small y. Capital Y, small y. Small y, small y. Capital Y, Capital Y. Capital Y, small y. Capital Y, Capital Y. Capital Y, small y. Capital Y, small y. Small y, small y. It's done. It's done. Family members will think, the child has gone mad. What is happening inside? What is the game going on in the room? They don't know. From outside, the family is saying the child has gone mad. Children are saying, let's go. Now, look what happened. So, either you remember such a big table, or listen to me. Dihybrid cross means blending is not happening. Characters are not mixing. When characters are separate, can I say that a dihybrid cross is technically two monohybrid crosses? Listen carefully. One character is separate, the other character is separate. They are not blending. Both characters are showing their inheritance. So, can I say that it is actually not one dihybrid cross but two monohybrid crosses? I can say that. And listen to the benefits of saying this. We had made the phenotypic ratio for monohybrid cross. If the ratio is 3:1, then what is the dihybrid ratio? It's just two monohybrid crosses. So 3:1 multiplied by 3:1. What will we do, brother? 3 * 3 = 9. 3 * 1 = 3. 3 * 1 = 3. 1 * 1 = 1. Has our dihybrid cross ratio come out? Absolutely correct. Now, sit and count it. Work hard, brother. Count it all night. The answer will be this. What was the genotypic ratio, brother? What was the genotypic ratio of our monohybrid cross? 1:2:1. Now here we are saying, this is not a dihybrid cross. This is two monohybrid crosses. 1:2:1 multiplied by 1:2:1. What will be the answer, brother? 1, 2, 1, 2, 4, 2, 1, 2, 1. Count it calmly. Those who want to work hard, do it, brother. We won't stop you. Count it all calmly. But when you understand the pattern, you don't face problems in life. Now, if someone asks me for the ratio of a trihybrid cross, which is not even in our syllabus. 9:3:3:1 came out for dihybrid. What was the monohybrid? 3:1. What will be my answer? 9 * 3 = 27. It will be 9. It will be 9. It will be 3. It will be 9. It will be 3. It will be 3. It will be 1. Here is the trihybrid cross ratio. We can also tell you the tetrahybrid cross ratio. We will tell you that too. And tell me, brother. This is 1:2:1:2:4:2:1:2:1 for dihybrid. Cross it with 1:2:1. What will be the genotypic ratio of trihybrid? What will it be? 1:2:1, 2:4:2, 1:2:1. This will be the genotypic ratio of trihybrid cross. Meaning, once you are done with the concept, you can apply the concept anywhere. Then what do you need to remember? Nothing. Not even a little. These are two monohybrid crosses. We considered two characters instead of one. But what did we find in this particular examination? We found that Capital R can fuse with any Y. Did Capital R fuse with Capital Y here? Did Capital Y fuse with small y? Did small r fuse with Capital Y? Did small r fuse with small y? Did Capital Y fuse with Capital R? Did small y fuse with Capital R? Did small y fuse with Capital R? Did small y fuse with small r? Did Capital Y fuse with Capital R? Did small y fuse with Capital R? Did small y fuse with Capital R? Did small y fuse with small r? All combinations are being formed. All combinations are being formed. That means these are independent alleles. They segregate independently and can combine in any combination. This is Mendel's third law, which he gave based on dihybrid cross. That is called the Law of Independent Assortment. If you are dealing with multiple characters, then each character can independently segregate its alleles and can recombine in any format. Here you see, round also formed yellow seeds, round also formed green seeds. Similarly, wrinkled also formed green seeds, and wrinkled also formed yellow seeds. They can merge in every way. This is independent assortment. This is independent assortment. The Law of Independent Assortment states that characters assort independently. If there are multiple characters, they can independently go their own way without affecting each other and form independent hybrids. They can combine anywhere. They can combine with any probability. When two characters are combined in a hybrid, when we took two characters here, seed color and seed shape. When two characters are combined in a hybrid, their traits can segregate and recombine in any combination possible. Different alleles can bind. For example, Capital R, small r, Capital Y, small y. Capital R, small r, Capital Y, small y. This selfing we did. Did we do it? Yes, sir. Can this Capital R not form a gamete with this Capital R, or not form offspring? Absolutely. Capital R, Capital R also came in our offspring. Capital Y, Capital Y also came. So we can make different combinations. And that's why our gametes were also different. Let's form the gametes here again, let's check again. Right. Here, your gametes, what will they be? Capital R, Capital Y. Capital R, Capital Y. Capital R, small y. Small r, Capital Y. Small r, small y. Same here. Capital R, Capital Y. Capital R, small y. Small r, Capital Y. Small r, small y. Now start making combinations. Here, this one can join with this one. So Capital R, Capital R joined. Capital Y, Capital Y joined. Here, Capital R also joined with small r. In this combination. And Capital Y also joined with small y. Here you will see that small r has joined with small r. And Capital Y with small y. That is, every possible combination you can think of can be formed here. Every possible combination can be made. Because all the alleles are segregating independently, they can make every possible combination. They can make every possible combination. And this can only happen when they are independent. That's why this rule is called the Law of Independent Assortment. Law of Independent Assortment. Correct. Is everything clear up to here? Once, tell me quickly. Is everything clear up to here? Tell me. There is one last article after this, and then we will solve some PYQs. The name of this article is Polygenic Inheritance. From the name itself, it is clear what we mean. Polygenic means poly means many, meaning many. Genic means genes. So, we usually say that one gene expresses one character. But when many genes are involved to express one character, then we call it polygenic inheritance. Listen carefully. When three or more genes control the expression of the same character, then it is called polygenic inheritance. For example, our skin color and our height. Skin color and our height. Brother, you must have seen the Fair & Lovely ad. Earlier, there used to be a strip like this. Brother, here they used to show dark tone and then tick, tick, tick, tick, tick, tick, towards white tone or light tone, we used to move. Now, because we are all curious since childhood, perhaps you have also done it. When we used to put that strip on our face to check our fairness meter, how many marks out of 10 are we getting? Will we be successful in life or not? When we want to check this, sometimes it happens that no skin tone matches our skin. We say it seems to be between seven and eight. But it's not seven, it's not eight. And similarly, if you look around the world, this gradient of skin is very diversified. Similarly, look at height. Someone's height is 4 feet, 4 feet 1 inch, 4 feet. And 4 feet 1 inch. We say it by rounding off. There are heights in between too. That is, there are many heights. Many skin colors. It's not like Mendel's peas, where you are either tall, or you are only 6 to 7 feet tall, or you are only half to 1 foot tall. It's not like that. There are many genes that decide our height and skin color. Because of this, a gradient develops in your skin color and height. A range develops. So, in the human population, many ranges are seen. For example, if you look at skin color, let's say three genes control skin color. Let's say skin color is controlled by three genes: A, B, and C. Now, if A, B, and C are all dominant. If A, B, and C are all expressed and dominant, then your skin color will be. If it is completely intermediate, then your skin color will be intermediate. And if it is completely recessive, then your skin color will be completely lightest. That is, if you look, if you look, then the effect of these genes is additive. These genes have an additive effect. That is, if one gene is dominant and two are recessive, then there is less darkness. If two are dominant, then more darkness. If all three are dominant, then even more darkness. So, an additive effect is seen here. An additive effect is seen. Correct. The more genes you have that are dominant, the darker your color will become. The more recessive you have, the lighter your color will become. So this shows an additive effect. Correct. This is your polygenic inheritance. In genetics, you have to walk carefully, friend.

Sir, is skin color also an example of codominance? Right, brother. Codominance actually means different alleles dominate together. Here, these are different genes, and their different... That is codominance. Here, only Capital A is dominating. Capital B is dominating. Capital C is dominating. Where are small a, small b, small c dominating? So it is not codominance. Correct. Understand it a little bit. If the question is changed slightly, there will be some confusion, friend. So, practice makes you perfect. Men and women both. Now let's see what is written in the book. Incomplete dominance. See, in incomplete dominance, we saw that your offspring was not like both parents. It did not resemble any of the two parents. For example, in the flowers of dog flower, also called Snapdragon, or Antirrhinum, or in the flowers of Mirabilis jalapa, also called four o'clock plant. Here, if it is Capital R, Capital R, then it is red flowers. And if it is small r, small r, then it is white flowers. But if Capital R and small r are together, then your pink flower is formed, which is not like both parents. If you have IA, which will produce different sugars on the RBC membrane, IB, which will produce slightly different sugars, and small i, which will produce no sugar. So, only small i is basically recessive. IA and IB are both completely dominant over small i. So if small i is with anyone...

Here is the English translation of the provided Hindi text:

Presented with A, then the blood group will be A. Presented with IB, then the blood group will be B. Correct. If IA and IB are present together, then the blood group will be AB, which is a codominant state. We have reached here to study this. It is codominance. Correct. And only when small i and small i are together, then the O blood group will appear. This is codominance. Now, if you look at codominance, what multiple alleles are observed here? The gene you had, capital I, has three different forms. There should have been two, but there are three: IA, IB, and small i. So, three alleles are seen within a population. In an individual organism, only two can be found. So, this is an example of multiple allelism also.

Then comes pleiotropy, where a single gene can control several characters. For example, starch synthesis in pea plants. If it is capital B capital B, then the starch grains, or pea grains, will be large and round. If it is small b small b, then they will be small and wrinkled. And if it is capital B small b, then they will be of intermediate size but round. If the size is intermediate, then it also becomes an example of incomplete dominance. Another example of pleiotropy is phenylketonuria, where the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase, which was supposed to be produced, is not being produced. There has been a mutation in the gene responsible for producing it. So, phenylalanine is not being converted into tyrosine. Because of this, hair and skin pigmentation have been lost. And this phenylalanine and its related components can also accumulate in the brain, leading to [mention of potential issues]. So, if there is a metabolic pathway, and an important gene in it is affected, then several products of the metabolic pathway will stop being produced. That is, a blockage at one point will prevent many subsequent products from being formed correctly, leading to multiple problems. Right. This is phenylketonuria.

Now, we talk about the inheritance of two genes. That is, we have taken two characters here. We have taken color, yellow and green, and we have taken shape, round and wrinkled. We tried to cross these two. Right. So, we had created pure lines: one of round and yellow, and one of wrinkled and green. In their F1 generation, these combinations were formed. And then we made their gametes. So, it can form with capital R capital Y, capital R small y, small r capital Y, small r small y. So, different gametes are formed here, which we observed segregating. So, here, capital R with capital Y, capital R with small y, small r with capital Y, and small r with small y. These gametes were formed, both male and female. We have seen the possible combinations here. Always remember the phenotype. So, here, 9:3:3:1 phenotype traits. That is, you have taken four traits. There are two characters, so there are four traits. Which are the two characters? Seed color. So, the color is yellow and green. So, two traits. And seed shape, round and wrinkled. So, two traits here. Total traits are four. This can be called two pairs. So, two pairs of traits. Correct. So, when two pairs of traits are combined in a hybrid, segregation of one pair of characters is independent of the other pair of characters. That is, if one character is seed shape, then it can combine with any seed color. Whether you get round seeds here, yellow, or green. Whether wrinkled ones, yellow, or green. That is, we have seen all possible combinations being formed. Let's go back and show the color, it will be clear. Did we get round here with yellow? Yes. Did we get round here with green? Yes. Did we get wrinkled here with yellow? Yes. Did we get wrinkled here with green? Yes. That is, the trait of one character is merging with any trait of another character. That is independent assortment. That everything is independent of everything else. No one needs permission from anyone. If I am considering two characters here, seed shape and seed color, then my dear, any shape will combine with any color. I have shown all four formats to you here. Here, round seeds are with yellow. Here, round is with green. Here, wrinkled is with green. Here, wrinkled is with yellow. And there are further combinations. All the combinations you can think of can be formed because everything is happening independently. These characters have not blended, have not mixed. During gamete formation. These alleles. Correct. So, we made four gametes: capital R capital Y, capital R small y, small r capital Y, small r small y. And we crossed them.

In polygenic inheritance, we have seen that there is a gradient in people's height and skin tone, skin color. There isn't a single particular skin color; there can be many variable skin colors. And it's not that we only have tall or short people; there can be different types of heights as well. Right. When three or more genes express a character, it is called polygenic inheritance. And the environment also has an effect on it. The environment also has an effect on it sometimes, my friend. Now, if you have lived in an area like Africa, where there is scorching sun, then ultimately, people being dark there is a very normal thing. And that is a better adaptation. Many times, we see dark-skinned people being made fun of around us, but they are better than us in everything. If tomorrow any harmful radiation falls on their body and on our body, then the chances of damage to our body are far more than to their body. They have already become quite resistant. They have adapted their skin in such a way that the effect of harmful radiation on them is minimized. And it will have a significant effect on white people's bodies. That is why you see people using sunscreens and other things for skin protection. But people living in the jungle, Africans, roam around freely because they know they are chill. We already have a natural adaptation that is making us better. If you look at skin color, there are three such genes that affect skin color. If all of them are dominant, then it's dark. If they are recessive, then the lightest color will appear. So, here, we see an additive effect. As each gene becomes dominant, it will add to the effect. Correct. Is everything clear up to here? Then tell me quickly. Is everything fine? Half the chapter is done. Half the chapter is done, brother. Let's see how big it is and how much more is left. Let's check once. Brother, 132. It's less than half, friend. Right? But there is more to understand ahead, less to write, more to understand. So, we will understand a bit. You will also get a glimpse of Made Easy today. We will give a very good glimpse of that too. Is it okay up to here? Let's solve some questions, then we will know better how okay it is, how not. The question is on your computer screen. I am setting a 30-second timer. Solve the question quickly.

Given below are two statements. Statement 1: Mendel studied seven pairs of contrasting traits in pea plants and proposed the laws of inheritance. Statement 2: Seven characters examined by Mendel in his experiments on pea plants were seed shape, color, seed shape, and seed color, flower color, pod shape, pod color, flower position, and stem height. So, both statements are correct. Statements 1 and 2 are correct. The answer will be B. Are you all dead here? Right, brother? I know there is a lot of enthusiasm, but read the question, what is asked? Both statements are absolutely correct, brother. 100% correct. Don't give random answers in haste. The answer will be the second one. Both statements are correct. Statement 1 is incorrect. Correct. Okay, let's do it properly from now on.

Mark this. The production of gametes by parents, formation of zygotes, the F1, F2 plants can be understood in a diagram called a diagram in which gametes can be placed, parents can be indicated, all possible combinations can be shown. What is this called? Punnett square, right? And this is a NEET question. And look at the options, Punnett square, Bullet square, Punch square, and very cute options. Right? Well, if they hadn't said Punnett square, Bullet square, Punch square, what would we have done? Right? I mean, it's not in our hands. Whatever is given is fine, but anything is given, brother. I mean, a child could frame a better question for themselves than this. That my respect is so much that I will not even attempt this question. I would have made the question better at home. Otherwise, this brother, it will be Punnett square. 94%. Wow, amazing.

Look at the next question. Identify the wrong statement with reference to gene capital I that controls ABO blood group. A person will have only two of the three alleles. Correct. A person can have only two alleles out of three. In the population, there will be all three. One IA and IB are present together, they express the same type of sugar. The sugar is not of the same type; both are dominant, but the sugars are different. Allele i does not produce any sugar. Correct. In O blood group, there is no sugar. The gene I has three alleles: IA, IB, and small i. Absolutely correct. So, this second statement is wrong. So, the answer will be the second statement. Oh ho! Need to work hard, friend, because the question was very easy. Now, it's possible that the poll reached late, or whatever XYZ problem there was, I am not very sure what you will say, but the question was very basic. So, you should have answered it correctly.

Okay, let's move on. It's a one-second question. Don't take too much time and think carefully. Although there are no confusing options, so there's nothing to worry about. How many true-breeding pea plant varieties did Mendel create? How many? Now, even here, the options are not good. If seven and fourteen were given as options, it could have become a very good question. But no, they will give two, they will give eight, they will give four, which has nothing to do with this chapter. So, where will the child get confused? It's a straightforward number-giving question. What will be the answer, friend? Fourteen true-breeding plant varieties were created. 98%. Wow.

Okay, now look at the same question. I don't think a poll is even needed for this. True-breeding plant varieties. 2020, 2020, COVID. Number of contrasting characters studied by Mendel. How many characters were there? Seven. That's why there were fourteen true-breeding varieties. Correct. So, there is no benefit in putting a separate poll for this. Best example of pleiotropy. What is a good example of pleiotropy? We just studied it. We studied two examples: one was starch synthesis in peas, and the other was phenylketonuria. Color blindness, you haven't studied yet; it's a sex-linked recessive disease. AB blood grouping, we have studied it; we also studied it in multiple alleles and codominance. And skin color, we studied in polygenic inheritance. So, all other things are short. Phenylketonuria, we will study further; it is an autosomal recessive disease. But along with that, it also makes a good classic example of pleiotropy. Oh brother, it's pleiotropy, not pleiotropy. Where did AB blood grouping come from in pleiotropy? Don't do that, brother. It hurts the heart. Is everything set up to here, quickly tell me, friend? Is everything set? All good? Shall we proceed? Is everything fine up to here? Sir, tell us the leaderboard. Leaderboard, we will show in the next question because now one question has to be done, then maybe I can go to the leaderboard. I am not sure. Okay, view leaderboard. Let's see, brother. First rank is achieved by A. You guys are visible because of this. Is the leaderboard for reading names? Are children from China also coming? Right? Children from China are coming to prepare for NEET. From Wuhan, they will study at AIIMS Delhi. If a child accidentally tops NEET, a newspaper headline: Child from Wuhan will come to AIIMS Delhi. So, Ao Yang has arrived, brother, first. Affection at Greyhound has arrived, brother. What is happening in class? Is there any local child from Meerut, Muzaffarnagar, Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan? Are there any children here, or has this Greyhound brother done what? Scotland, USA, Yash Bharti, Bharti, very good, well done. Saniya Khanam, Tina Jain, someone. Okay, at least there is someone. Ranked Up. Someone has also arrived. In this, fill in your own name, brother. Say, I joined with this name. Sayyan Bhai, Shivani Maurya, Medico Girl, Kratos, very good, dangerous. And our Guruji is at number 12. Guruji, rise a bit, brother. Children are going ahead. 11 children have gone ahead of Guruji. Guruji will have to do something. Guruji will have to do something. Right? Let's move on. And now it's all about understanding, brother. The pen fell right at the beginning. Okay, now it's all about understanding the concept. Whoever understands the concept most beautifully will move ahead. Many questions come from here, and all questions will be solved, and with minimal effort, they will be solved. This I say with confidence. Minimal effort means minimal effort. Now, you will see ahead that things will become clear in one or two slides, and Made Easy's notes are more than sufficient. I will show you something. Some tables have been made, some material from here and there, like drawings, right? So, this is my hand-drawn drawing. The entire Made Easy is written by hand. So, when I explain it, you will get an idea of which thing went where. Correct. Similarly, linkage and recombination will be cracked in this one slide. You will break the entire NCERT with just this one slide. If you talk about sex determination, sex determination will be finished in this one slide. And nothing will be missed, not even a single point. I say this with confidence. So, now you will see how much fun it is going to be. The topics that you find hard, we will finish all of them. We will make them like halwa, slowly, just keep listening and understanding. Why did Mendel fail? The first reason for Mendel's failure was the use of mathematics and statistics in biology, due to which most biologists refused to even read his paper. Second, at that time, it was very difficult to get one's paper published and reach people. Today, we share even a small achievement. I came second in school, in a race, we share that too. Feeling proud, Indian Army, brother, we came second, look, we have the medal in our hands, took a photo like this. Mendel's third reason, which we believe, the way we see Mendel, from God's perspective, that Mendel was ahead of his time. So, that's why Mendel failed. But after Mendel's death, his given rules started to be ridiculed. So, three scientists came. Three scientists, that is, Hugo de Vries, Karl Correns, and one Shermak, rediscovered Mendel's laws in 1900. They thought of rediscovering Mendel's work and giving it a new direction. After this, Mendel's work started to be seen. So, here, the first three scientists who started to rediscover Mendel's work were Hugo de Vries, Karl Correns, and von Shermak. They said, "We will study his laws in more depth," and by then, much more research had been done. For example, if you look in 1902, by 1902, the chromosomal movement during meiosis was tracked. That is, we started to understand that brother, when meiosis happens, when gametes are being formed, chromosomes are moving to opposite poles. In which phase do chromosomes move to opposite poles? Tell me quickly, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase. In which phase do chromosomes move to opposite poles? They move in Anaphase. During Anaphase, chromosomes move to opposite poles, and in Telophase, they have reached the opposite poles. So, when we started observing this movement, that brother, chromosomes are moving to opposite poles, and a click happened in the scientists' minds that perhaps all the information is being carried to the next generation in a vehicle called chromosomes. If you were a scientist, what would you infer from this? Do you watch CID? You must have watched it in childhood. Sir, someone came here. Who came? The maid came. What did the maid bring? A packet of chips. In what did she bring it from downstairs? In a bag. Do you understand, Daya? The maid brought it in a bag. Sir, he is telling the truth. She brought chips. She brought them in a bag. It means everyone is saying the same thing. What is the main point? Chips came, they came in a bag. Everyone noticed this. Here too, it's the same thing, brother. Chromosomes are separating. Chromosomes are meeting while forming zygotes. That is, the information is in the chromosomes, right? These separated, taking half the information, and met during zygote formation. So, who is the main vehicle in which the information is traveling? It's the chromosome. What's inside, we don't know. But we saw chromosomes separating and meeting in the zygote. We understood this much, right, brother? All other scientists in the world also understood this much: brother, during meiosis, chromosomal segregation is happening. That is, there is information in this chromosome. Now, in what format is this information? Is it protein, DNA, RNA? We don't know. But this information is going to the next generation through chromosomes. So, from this chromosomal movement, we understood that inheritance happens through chromosomes. So, what did Sun and Boveri say? Sun and Boveri said that information passes from one generation to the next generation via chromosomes. That is, chromosomes are the vehicles through which information goes from one generation to another. So, you can say chromosomes are the vehicles of inheritance. Chromosomes are the vehicles of inheritance. Correct. Chromosomes are the vehicles, the cars in which your information travels to the next generation. So, the concept of the chromosomal theory of inheritance. Who proved it? Who proved the chromosomal theory of inheritance? The fly man of genetics. Who is called the fly man of genetics? The one who worked a lot on flies. The fly man of genetics is called Morgan. Thomas Hunt Morgan proved the chromosomal theory of inheritance. And he worked on a fly called the fruit fly. And what else can we call this fruit fly? We can call it by its scientific name: Drosophila melanogaster. Drosophila melanogaster is its name. So, why was this fruit fly chosen for this experiment? First reason for choosing peas? Short lifespan. Same reason here too. Short lifespan. Brother, a Drosophila completes its life in 14 to 15 days, that is, in two weeks. That is, in two weeks, you will see its childhood, youth, old age, everything. So, obviously, it will give you offspring very quickly. Second, they produce many offspring. So, a large number of progeny. The more children, the stronger your data. Same point as peas here. Third, if you see, it can be easily grown in the lab. Easily grown on any culture medium. Give it anything to eat or drink; it will grow without any fuss. It will produce many offspring. So, there is no tension about growing them. Fourth, if you see, there is sexual dimorphism. That is, both sexes can be easily identified. You can differentiate between male and female. So, sexual dimorphism is easily differentiable. The male is easily differentiable. The male's abdomen is small, and it has thin strips on it. Whereas the female's abdomen is large, and it has thick, black strips on it, so you can easily differentiate between male and female. Correct. And if you see, the last and most important one, which is not directly given in NCERT, but we will write it directly: There are many characters, many contrasting characters, just like peas. Many contrasting characters that can be easily seen with a low-power microscope. Right? For example, eye color. The eye color in Drosophila can be red and white. Look at the body color. The body color in Drosophila can be brown and yellow. Besides this, if you look at wing size, the wing size in Drosophila can be large and miniature. So, there are many such characters, right, that you can identify just by looking. So, you will be able to easily catch the pattern of inheritance in offspring. If you have seen that I mated a male with red eyes with a female with white eyes, how many children have red eyes, how many have white eyes, you can easily see that. This is a character that you can see under a low-power microscope. So, the data will be good. That's why Drosophila was used in these experiments.

Now, linkage and recombination. Right. Let's come to linkage and recombination. Tell me something, thinking calmly. Are you linked to someone? Linkage means bonding, linking, connection, affection. You have a best friend. You are connected to them. You love them very much. They have been with you since first grade. So, will you recombine with someone else in 12th grade? Will you want to recombine with someone else? Won't the other friend's heart break if you make another friendship? And won't your heart break if they make another best friend? Your friendship is so deep, so strong, that you went to every class together. You were in first grade, went together in second grade, third grade, fourth grade. The friendship deepened. So, the chances of recombining with someone else are very low, very low. And your friendship is just for name's sake. That yes, you are my best friend. Yes, you are my best friend too. Oh, you are my best friend. If you say this to 10 people, then technically, you are not anyone's best friend. So, you can recombine with anyone. On someone's birthday, you are going, on someone else's birthday, someone is coming. All the remaining ones are left behind. You are going to someone's sister's wedding. Someone is coming to your mother's anniversary. All friends are different. Technically, they are not linked. So, you can recombine anywhere because you don't have a strong bond with anyone. So, when you are better linked to someone, you don't want to recombine with anyone else. And if you are able to recombine, it means you were not linked to anyone before; you are very far away. Now, tell me calmly, this is gene A, this is gene B, and this is gene C. I am saying A is linked to someone. Tell me, is it linked to B or C? Tell me. The question and answer are both on the screen, brother. Homologous chromosomes. Respectfully acknowledging your statement, if A and B are linked genes, then will they want to go together in the next generation, or will they recombine? Will they make friends with someone else, or will they go together in the next generation, maintaining their friendship? Tell me yourself. They will go together. They are linked. We will not break this friendship. So, obviously, they did not break their friendship. They went together as is in the next generation. They went as is in the next generation. They did not break their friendship. Now, you yourself said that A and C are not that linked; they are very far apart. Brother, A and C are not that linked; they are very far apart. So, is it necessary for A and C to go together in the next generation? No, sir. Look here. When this is one chromatid of a chromosome, this chromatid, this chromatid, this chromatid. Crossing over will happen between these two. Non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes. What was here went here, and this gene that was here came here. Yes, brother, this was A, this was C. They recombined. This was A, this was C. They recombined. They separated, right? Here, this was capital A, it was present with this capital C. Here, this capital A is present with small c. Here, this small a is present with this capital C. They recombined because they had no friendship. They had no friendship. Look once more, calmly. No hurry, no problem. We will read slowly. This is a chromosome, it has two chromatids. This is a chromosome, it has two chromatids. Some genes are present on them. We have taken three genes: A and B are linked. So, linkage is high. B and C are also very far apart. A and C are also very far apart. So, linkage is low. So, who will recombine, brother? The chances of A and C separating are high. The chances of B and C separating are also high. A and B want to go together. They went together everywhere. Capital A, Capital B. Small a, small b. Capital A, Capital B. Capital A, Capital B. Small a, small b. Small a, small b. No separation happened. Look here, brother. Capital A, Capital B, and Capital C were together. Recombination happened between them. Small a, small b, and small c were together. Recombination happened between them. Small c reached near Capital A, Capital B. Capital C reached near small a, small b. Because this C had no good friendship with them. So, it moved away. And this C had no friendship with them. So, it moved away. Because it had no linkage with anyone, it recombined. It is no one's friend, so let it go anywhere. Recombine with whomever it wants. This one is my friend. If it goes anywhere, I will smash its head with a brick because it is my best friend. It made so many promises with us. We won't let it go. You brother, go anywhere, we have nothing to do with you. Because you made no promise to me, so how can I expect something from you? Right? You didn't make any promise to me, so I will expect nothing. But it made many promises. If this B goes away from A, there will be an uproar, brother. So, they keep going together in the next generation as well. They go together in the next generation as well. So, whoever has more linkage is not recombining with anyone else; they are going together. Whoever has less linkage is recombining with someone else. That is, if I write one thing in very simple language, in pure English: Linkage is inversely proportional to recombination. Is this statement wrong? Is this statement wrong, brother? Absolutely correct. If linkage is high, then it will not recombine with anyone else. And if linkage is low, then it will recombine with someone else. That's all. The concept of linkage and recombination is just this. That's the total concept.

Now, look at an example. The article in NCERT is very complicated. The entire two-page article of NCERT has been consolidated into just a three-line table. I have taken one character. Cross one. I made it for brown body. That is, I took a Drosophila whose body was brown and eyes were red. And these characters, right, are present on the X chromosome. Present on the X chromosome. I took some characters: brown body, red eyes. This is the wild-type character. That is, the normal character. We studied it at the beginning of this lecture today. Wild means normal. Something else can also form from mutation. I took a female. Mutant. That is, instead of brown, the body became yellow, and instead of red eyes, the eyes became white. Now, this gene for brown body, that is, body color, and the gene for red eyes, that is, eye color. This gene for body color and eye color are linked genes. If they are linked genes, then will these characters go as is in the next generation? Yes. So, brown body, red eyes. Yellow body, white eyes. You will see that these are closely linked genes for body color and eye color. So, you will see that recombination is less than 1.3. That is, out of 100, in how many percent of cases? In 98.7% of cases, they remained together. The friendship meter has been broken, brother. A friendship rating of 99% has come. Truly, they turned out to be real to each other, brother. In 1.3% of cases, recombination occurred. Otherwise, in almost 99% of cases, they went together to the next generation. Truly, the genes for body color and eye color are present close to each other. Truly, they have a friendship. But the next one I took, Cross two. Here I took red eyes, that is, eye color. I took red eyes, that is, eye color. And I took large wings, big wings. Male. And in the female, I took the opposite. Brother, instead of red eyes, I took white eyes. And instead of big wings, I took small wings, miniature wings. So, if you see, this gene for eye color and wing size are not that linked. They are not that linked. So, a lot of recombination can happen in them. So, we got recombination of 37.2%. That is, in them, only about 62% or 62.8% of parental combinations were found. That is, they went together to the offspring as they were in the parents. About 40% of friends got separated, recombined with someone. That is, what is NCERT trying to explain to us with this table? If a question is asked, then the gene for body color and eye color is linked. And the gene for eye color and wing size is not linked. Now, there is a very tough diagram in NCERT. You will think, what on earth has happened? Nothing. It's a 10-second diagram. If it's not understood by everyone in 10 seconds, then brother, understand that you haven't understood. Then, brother, 10 seconds is too short. In one minute, I can bet. In one minute, everyone will understand everything in this entire diagram. I am writing it down. We have taken different characters on the X chromosome. This is Y, and this is W. That is, the genes for body color and eye color are close together. They are close together, so they remained close together in the next generation. They went together. So, parental combination was about 99%. Only 1% recombination occurred. Here, the wing size and your eye color. Look, they are present at the opposite ends of the chromosome. So, they are far apart.

Far, far, far, so linkage is less, linkage is less, so recombination is more, about 37 percent, and parental combination is quite less. Here, these genes are found only on your X chromosome. So, in males, there is one X and one Y chromosome. So, on one, it is not formed, on one X, it is formed. Only in females, there are two Xs. So, on both, it is formed. This is your diagram. Tell me if anything else remains. Besides this, there is no other information in this entire diagram. Show me if you can extract it. Besides this, I will accept the information. There was only this much information, and this entire information is consolidated in this diagram. Very lovingly, the characters that are present close together on the same chromosome, which are linked, will also go together in the next generation. So, the chances of recombination are very less, only 1.3 percent, whereas those whose friendship is not good, they will recombine. This is your linkage and recombination. Tell me, this is your linkage and recombination. Now, a nice concept comes here: linkage maps. What are linkage maps? Listen carefully. What are linkage maps? If I am given the information here that A is 90 percent linked to B, B is 70 percent, or B is 40 percent linked to C, and A is 10 percent linked to C, then tell me the sequence of A, B, C on the chromosome. Tell me the sequence of A, B, C on the chromosome. How to solve the question? First, draw a chromosome roughly and write A in the center, so that we will see it with reference to A. It is said that A is 90 percent linked to B. Linkage is very high, so A and B will be close. A and B will be close. Draw it on this side, draw it on this side, whichever you prefer, the answer will be the same. B is 40 percent linked to C. B is 40 percent linked to C. So, let's draw C here. It is 40 percent linked to C, meaning it is a bit far, less linked. And A is 10 percent linked to C, and even less linked. Meaning, here A and C are close, and B and C are far. The data says something else. B says it is 40 percent linked to C, and A says it is only 10 percent linked to C. So, it should be closer to B. Here C has become far. This means we have made a mistake. This means we have made a mistake. We should not draw C here. We should draw C in another area. We should draw it here. Now, see, A and B are most linked. Most linked. B and C are 40 percent linked. 40 percent linked. And A and C are farthest, least linked. Least linked. The answer is A, B, C. The answer is A, B, C. These are called linkage maps. That on a chromosome, depending upon the linkage or depending upon the recombination frequency, I can tell which gene is first, which is later. I can arrange them. That is called a linkage map. And this concept was given to us by Alfred Sturtevant. This is also asked as a question. It is also given in your NCERT. Right? So, linkage maps were given by Alfred Sturtevant. Linkage maps were given by Alfred Sturtevant. Correct. Now, look, my brother, this linkage and the distance on the chromosome, to measure this, a unit is given, that is called centimorgan. Because Morgan sir did the experiment, so centimeter would be too big, brother. The size of your chromosome is quite small. So, Morgan sir made his own unit called centimorgan. He said, what is one centimorgan? When genes are present at such a distance, when genes are present so close that their recombination is 1 percent. When genes are present so close that their recombination frequency is 1 percent, then we will say that the distance is one centimorgan. They are present at a distance of one centimorgan. Correct. For example, now, assume this gene is for body color and this is for eye color. So, if you look at body color and eye color, how much recombination did you get? 1.3 percent. Let's say approximately 1 percent. This means the distance between these two is approximately around one centimorgan. If it were 1 percent recombination instead of 1.3 percent, then we would say that yes, brother, the distance between them is one centimorgan. Correct up to here? Everything set? Tell me quickly. Everything set up to here? Let's check what is given in NCERT. In the chromosomal theory of inheritance, Mendel sir published his work. Two years after his work was published, he published it after working for 7 years from 1856 to 1863. But for 35 years after his work was published, until 1900, he received no credit because his communication was not that fast at that time. The concept of genes, another important thing comes here, that Mendel sir said that there is some factor that carries information from parents to the next generation. It is stable. So, people said, if a stable factor is carrying information from one generation to the next, then where are the changes coming in the next generation? The factor is stable, so the child should be like the parents. Where are the changes coming from? If the factors are stable according to you, then how are these changes occurring in nature? So, he said that brother, factors are very stable. But scientists said, then where are these continuous variations occurring in nature coming from? Tell us that. Then Mendel sir could not explain this. Then Mendel sir used mathematics, which made half the biologists withdraw their hands from his research, saying we will not review his paper. And Mendel sir mentioned factor, factor, factor, factor, but he gave no proof that something called a factor actually exists. At that time, technology was not that advanced, so Mendel sir faced failure. So, Mendel sir faced failure. Right? In 1900, three scientists came: Hugo de Vries, Carl Correns, and Erich von Tschermak. They said, we will rediscover Mendel sir's laws. By this time, microscopes had also become a bit more advanced, and from the study of cell division, we also came to know that there is something called a chromosome that moves towards opposite poles during meiosis. That is, the information must be inside this. So, Sutton and Boveri sir said that brother, this behavior of chromosomes is parallel to genes. These are chromosomes. Their behavior is like genes. Try to understand calmly. That's why I brought a magnet today, just for this topic. Understand. These are your chromosomes. Both are your chromosomes. Okay? These are both your chromosomes. And these small pieces on them are what? Genes. A piece of DNA, two pieces of DNA, three pieces of DNA, four pieces of DNA, five pieces of DNA, six pieces of DNA. So, assume there are six genes here and six genes here. Now, if I have two copies of chromosome number one, then am I saying I have two copies of every gene? Two copies of the first gene, two alleles. Two copies of the second gene, two alleles. Two copies of the third gene, yes, two copies of the chromosome. So, chromosomes are also found in pairs. And these genes above and below, they are also found in pairs. There is one in each chromosome. When these chromosomes separate during gamete formation, then these respective alleles will also separate. When these chromosomes meet during zygote formation, then their alleles will also meet. When you tamper with this gene, when you cause a mutation in this gene, then overall changes will also occur in the chromosome. That is, the behavior of genes and chromosomes is more or less parallel. It was said that the properties that a gene shows at a broad level, similarly, a chromosome also shows properties at a broad level. So, there are, they can basically be compared. Right? Just as chromosomes and genes are both found in pairs, as I showed you just now. Here is the G1 phase, the DNA content will double in the S phase. So, it has doubled here. Double than what was here. Double than what was here. Then in anaphase, they will start moving towards opposite poles. Correct. In anaphase II of meiosis, then they will further start moving towards opposite poles. Because in meiosis, four cells are formed. If you started with one diploid cell, then four haploid cells are formed at the end of the day. Right? Four haploid cells are formed. So, there are two divisions in meiosis: meiosis I and meiosis II. Meiosis I is reductional. Here the number of chromosomes is halved. And meiosis II is equational. Here the number of chromosomes remains the same. It is similar to mitosis. The number of chromosomes is the same here. It is equivalent to mitosis. So, look at genes and chromosomes. Genes are also found in pairs. Genes on different chromosomes will separate if the chromosomes separate. And chromosomes will also separate independently. In anaphase, we know that chromosomes start moving towards opposite poles. So, we have 23 pairs of chromosomes. So, each pair of chromosomes will start moving towards different opposite poles. Right? Look here. Here, first, in meiosis I, these two will separate, and then in meiosis II, these will separate. So, automatically four cells will be formed. Similarly, look, in meiosis I, these will separate, in meiosis II, these will separate. Four haploid cells will be formed at the end of meiosis II. Sutton sir told about the chromosomal theory of inheritance. But the verification of this was experimentally proven by Morgan sir, who was also called the flyman of genetics, because he used to research on these flies, called fruit flies. They could be grown on a simple synthetic medium very easily. They used to complete their life cycle in just 14-15 days and produce many offspring, so that the data would be credible. And male and female drosophila could be easily distinguished. Some of their characters were different. So, up to here, we have understood things. Now, look, Morgan sir performed dihybrid crosses, just like Mendel. Dihybrid cross. He also took two characters: body color and eye color, and then eye color and wing size. So, he observed that when a yellow-bodied, white-eyed female was bred with a brown-bodied, red-eyed male, the ratio was not 9:3:3:1. Why? Because Mendel sir could derive this ratio because of independent assortment. Mendel sir said, brother, all your alleles assort independently. But did they assort independently in the case of linkage? The two best friends went together. What do we say? There are 10 boys and 10 girls in a class. Say, brother, whatever possible combinations are formed, they will make random combinations. Now, you have made a pact with your friend. Brother, what is written on your slip? Number two. Or Rinki's number is also two. Give me this slip. We already have a deal. You go with someone else. Brother, so here there was tampering. So, the result was not correct because you manipulated the result beforehand. You already had a deal with someone else. So, all your alleles could not assort independently because some friends had already made a pact, and we will go together. So, did this happen independently? You call it independent assortment when friends are also ready to separate, saying, brother, I have to go separately from you, I will go. That is independent assortment. Here, this did not happen. Here, friends said beforehand, brother, we will go together for the next seven generations. Then, so that people don't notice, we will recombine by 1 percent, and then in the next generation, we will come together again. The other person said, yes, brother, great plan, it will be a lot of fun, right? So, they already made a pact, my friend. That's why the 9:3:3:1 ratio deviated because of linkage. That's why it is said, if a question is asked in the assertion-reason format, does a dihybrid cross always give a 9:3:3:1 ratio? No. Linkage is an exception. It doesn't happen like this in linkage, friend. They leave early in different lanes, right? So, here they took both these genes on the X chromosome, and they found that these are linked genes. So, parental genes were much higher. Parental combination was more, and recombination was only 1.3 percent. Meaning, they showed more linkage and less recombination. Then they did another cross where they took eye color and wing size, and they observed that here there was 37.2 percent recombination. Recombination was more, meaning linkage in these genes is less. So, the more the distance between the genes, the less the linkage, the more they will recombine elsewhere. And the deeper the friendship, the more they will go together. So, in the Human Genome Project, which you will read in the next chapter, Molecular Basis, you will also find applications of linkage and recombination. As we said, you will be able to determine which gene is present first on the chromosome, which is later, and which is after that. So, it helps a lot in data collection. If you have once figured out that on human chromosome number one, this gene is first, then this, this, this, then that is constant for all human beings. So, this data was also used during human genome sequencing. Correct. This is what we have studied so far. Now, it's time to understand the sex determination part. In an organism, how to determine the sex of the organism? When will the male be formed, when will the female be formed? That is called sex determination. Is everything clear up to here? Then tell me quickly. Sir, I have bought Madhuji. Is it necessary to write notes? My brother, if you read Madhuji five times, full marks are confirmed. Even reading it once or twice is very nicely written. Sir, you are looking very handsome today. Oh, thank you. Such comments are unbearable, brother, don't do that. But okay, I made a half-sleeved jacket from a full-sleeved one at home. I have become a local artist. So, I think because of this, because it is different from everyone else, we are coming in a different t-shirt. We are alone, brother. We are doing our own thing. I launched my own merchandise. That's it. So, what can be said? It's a factor. Okay, brother, when will you come to Kota again? I have no idea, friend. Maybe after the session starts. Because the main purpose is to meet children. So, I guess, I guess, you know, you will see more children in the next session. It's not right to disturb them during exams. So, I guess only after the NEET examination. Okay. And those who haven't bought Madhuji, brother, you are truly missing something. It's a very fun book. Meaning, it's a 240-page book, and you can revise it within three hours before the examination. You can finish the whole book in two or three hours. And the whole paper will come from there. Meaning, I am going to make a video just after the NEET examination, stating my point. Okay. Come on, brother, let's talk about something unique, something different. Let's turn off the AC. Sex determination. First of all, whose mind did this mischievous thought come to? The name of those scientists was Henking, who in 1891 noticed something. Like, if you talk about humans, then in humans, how is sex determination? In humans, if you look, then in humans, sex determination is of the XX-XY type. Sex determination is of the XX-XY type. Brother, what chromosomes do males have? X and Y. And what chromosomes do females have? X and X. Right? Other than autosomes, if you look, then in our diploid cells, there are 46 chromosomes. In our diploid cells, there are 46 chromosomes. Out of these 46 chromosomes, 44 chromosomes are common in males and females. 44 chromosomes are common in males and females and are called, what are these 44 chromosomes called? They are called autosomes. Autosomes. And if you look, then the remaining two, X and Y, are called X and Y are called allosomes or sex chromosomes. Their very name is sex chromosomes, so they determine your sex. That's why they determine sex. So, if you look at the overall condition of a male, then in males, 44 chromosomes are the same. So, you write 44 normally, plus you write XY. And if you talk about females, then what do you write? 44 + XX. Similarly, if you look in many insects, if you look in many insects, then what will you see? In many insects, if you look, then what will you see? That in males, what is the condition? It is X condition. What is this, sir? XX for females, meaning both X chromosomes. X for males. What does O mean, brother? O is your null chromosome, meaning there is one chromosome less here. Null is not attached. Null means zero, meaning none, meaning no. So, it turned out that we were going to make it easy and complicated the matter. Meaning, there is one chromosome less here. Females have two X chromosomes. Males have only one X. So, zero is written in front of it, meaning yes, there is nothing else. So, Henking sir in 1891-92. It is making female. When it is making gametes, then both gametes will be seen to have XX going into them. Yes, sir, it will be seen to go. Here, if you look, X and O. Here, if you look, X and O. So, my brother, when it makes male gametes, then one gamete will be seen to have an X chromosome, and the other will have nothing. So, Henking sir said that when I see spermatogenesis in insects, meaning male gametes being formed, then I notice that some sperm have an X chromosome and some have nothing. Then it occurred to him, what is this that is going into some sperm and not into others? He called it the X body. He said that something is going into some sperm and not into others. I call it the X body. Later, as research advanced, we modified this X body and started calling it the X chromosome. Later, it was found that it is a chromosome that goes into some and not into others. It is being called the X chromosome. If you look in females, then in both, in both gametes that will be formed, the X chromosome will go. In males, it will go into half and not into half. Here, Henking's mind started working on this topic. What is it that goes into half the gametes and not into half? He said it is the X body. Later, we called this the X chromosome. Usually, the partner that determines sex is the heterogametic one. Always remember, brother, if you look at a human female, if gametes are being formed from a human female, then how will they be formed? 22 autosomes and one X chromosome are sent into one gamete. 22 autosomes and one X chromosome are sent into another gamete. Are both gametes the same? Can the female decide here what the child will be like? No, because there is only one type of chromosome on it. She has nothing in her hands. Here, if you look, it can make a male, 22+X, and it can make 22+Y. The difference is here. The difference is here, brother. If X and X fuse, it will be a daughter. And if 44+XY fuse, it will be a son. Right? So, what will be your sex? Who decides the sex of the upcoming organism? The heterogametic parent. It is not making identical gametes, so it is heterogametic. It is making identical gametes, both, so it is homogametic. Who will determine sex? Always the heterogametic parent. So, in humans, the male decides what the child will be like, what its sex will be. Usually, in our society, the woman is blamed, and I am not happy saying this. There has been some improvement in my area, but still, people are very conscious about sons. So, when a daughter is born, after some time, unnecessary pressure comes on the female that if two or three daughters are born consecutively, why is there no son? And for that, quite often, you know, you can understand what I am trying to say, that quite often, she has to face some repercussions for which she is not responsible. Because this part of sex determination solely depends on the male. The female has no contribution in this. Right? Now, slowly, the system is evolving a bit. People are becoming more aware, but I think it will take more time for us to see this not happening. But still, these things are going on. In villages, in fact, these things are a bit more common, which the government is also working to improve. Awareness is also going on. We ourselves see it. And there is an advertisement that I am personally not very happy with because I do not find it appropriate because that is a real target for me. Meaning, it's a joke, but it's not a joke, brother. I felt bad because when we go to the village, there are ads painted on the walls of your house. So, I am the third child in the house. I have an elder brother. In between, a sister, then me. So, I am the third child. So, the ad was about population control. And on the wall of my house, without asking me, because we live outside, so it said, "Two children are sweet kheer, the third child is hemorrhoids." So, someone called me a hemorrhoid on the wall of my house, brother. I felt like whether I should go in or not, brother. This is a real-life meme. I don't know who got it done by paying money. What's the matter? So, if you don't save the daughter, where will you get the daughter-in-law from? On other people's houses, brother, there are different slogans. Brother, someone called me a hemorrhoid on the wall of my house with Asian Paints. I was devastated, brother. My feelings were quenched that day. I felt like, brother, this is a conspiracy. Brother, it will be difficult to live in the village. Brother, so I will have to go to the village from time to time, otherwise, they will say anything. Next time, next time they come, they will say anything. So, I feel I should go to the village, right? Let's not have too much awareness, lest they don't even let this hemorrhoid enter the village next time. So, let's not advance the village that much yet. Let's go step by step. So, I will show you. This time I will go to the village. I have taken photos too. I do not want to post it. Sex determination. We already know it is XX-XY type, depending on the male. Everything. Now, look, brother, in a small table, it's a Madhuji table, a nice table. First is sex determination. XX-XO. Where was this seen? XX-XO. In insects, I told you just now that Henking sir named this X body after seeing this X. So, males here are XO. So, the pressure to determine sex will be on the male. Females will make both gametes the same. Males are making both gametes different. So, females are XX, males have the pressure to determine sex here. This is seen in many insects and grasshoppers. If you look at males, then in males, it is XX-XY. XY will be male. XX will be female. In humans, right? So, here the male will determine sex. In humans and drosophila, this case is seen. Sir, how do you know it is seen in drosophila? In linkage and recombination, the diagram is shown, brother. In linkage and recombination, there are two X chromosomes drawn here, and in males, one X and one Y are drawn. As I told you with arrows, here there are two Xs, and here there is one X and one Y. So, drosophila also has XX-XY type of sex determination. In birds, it is the most different, and the question will come from this one line, a four-mark question. In birds, it is ZZ-ZW type of sex determination. So, males here are ZZ, and females are ZW. So, who will determine sex here? The female. It is the most different type of sex determination. And honeybees are the most different. Haplodiploid type of sex determination. Males, that is, drones, have a single set of chromosomes. They are haploid. And females, whether queen or worker, they are diploid. So, here the entire set of chromosomes is different. Females are diploid, males are haploid. If you want to read this properly, you can read it. Look here. What is here? Your female is diploid. If this female is diploid, then how will she make gametes? She will make gametes through meiosis, brother. Through meiosis, she will make haploid male gametes, haploid female gametes. Right? She has made haploid gametes. They are formed through meiosis, so they are haploid gametes. Now, here is a haploid male, which has 16 chromosomes. Females have double, meaning 32 chromosomes. Now, this is a male, so the male wants to make gametes. It wants to make haploid gametes from haploid. So, how will they be formed? They will be formed through mitosis. They will be formed through mitosis. Here, haploid gametes will be formed. Haploid will be formed. Now, look, friend, when this female gamete and the haploid male gamete fuse, what will be formed? A diploid organism. What will be formed? A diploid female. A diploid female will be formed. And how will a male be formed? Brother, this female gamete will undergo parthenogenesis without fertilization. It is haploid, right? So, it will not be formed by fertilization. It will directly undergo parthenogenesis. So, what will it form? It will form a haploid male. This is how a male is formed directly from the parthenogenesis of a female gamete. And this is how a female is formed. So, now, if you look, does this male have a father? Does this male have a father? No. Only a mother. And will this male have any offspring? Will this male have any children? No. This male is making gametes to prepare a female. So, it directly has no son. And it directly has no father. It has a maternal grandfather and a grandson. Correct. Like this male, brother. It has no son. It is producing a female daughter later. But this daughter will have a son later, right? Meaning, it directly has no son. Its daughter's son is its grandson. And it has no direct father. But its mother's father is its grandfather. Meaning, it has no son. It has a grandson. It has no father. It has a grandfather. This strange wonder we see in honeybees, where the male is haploid and the female is diploid. So, the entire set of chromosomes is different here. That's why it is called haplodiploid type of sex determination. Correct. This is your sex determination in honeybees. Let's look at it in the book once, and then we will move towards mutation. Look, look, what happened? If you talk about sex determination, then its study first happened in insects. Henking sir observed that during spermatogenesis in male insects, 50 percent sperm received something, and 50 percent did not. Later, it was found that that was the X chromosome. Because in insects, males are of the XO type. So, half the chromosomes, half the gametes received X, and half the gametes did not receive X. So, 50 percent of gametes are carrying the X body, and 50 percent of gametes are not carrying the X body. Correct. Henking sir told us this. So, he said that brother, sex determination in insects is of the XX-XO type. Right? So, this X is the sex chromosome, whereas all the remaining ones, excluding the sex chromosomes, are called autosomes. Right? So, many insects show XO type sex determination. In humans, you have XY type of sex determination. And if you look at some birds, then you have ZW-ZZ type of sex determination, which is the most different, where the female determines sex. Here, the male has Z and Z chromosomes, whereas the female has Z and W chromosomes. If you look at humans, then the male is responsible for the determination of sex. It makes two different types of gametes. 50 percent will have X, and 50 percent will have Y. And they have equal possibilities of combining with female gametes. Meaning, every time sexual intercourse occurs, the possibility of having a boy or a girl is 50 percent. The child can be male, the child can be female. If you look at honeybees, then here the female, whether queen or worker, will be diploid, whereas the male, your drone, will be haploid. So, females have 32 chromosomes, and males have only 16 chromosomes. So, males are haploid, females are diploid. That's why it is called haplodiploid type of sex determination. Correct. This is all your work so far. Now we will read about mutation. It's just this much, and then we will solve some pedigree questions. After understanding pedigree, it's a very nice topic. And after that, it won't take much time because our diseases will be left, which you can understand only by linking them with pedigree. So, our main focus now is mutation. One thing I am telling you beforehand, listen carefully. Mutation is a topic which is about to get repeated in the next chapter also, that is, Molecular Basis of Inheritance. I am covering the mutation part of the next chapter here, mixed together. So, no one will say in the next session that sir did not cover mutation. I am teaching mutation in a bit of detail so that you understand the mutation of this chapter and the mutation of the next chapter together. That's the fun, right? Otherwise, if we keep reading each topic separately, then it will create unnecessary chaos. The next chapter already has a lot of data that you have to read. The first chapter is the most epic chapter. You cannot complete it in less than eight or nine hours. And if you start giving importance to small topics in that too, then there will be a problem. So, let's finish mutation completely here. What is mutation? A change in the genetic material is mutation. For example, you know, brother, this is your DNA. This is your DNA. This DNA can further form RNA, and this RNA can further form protein. This RNA can further form your protein. Now, imagine you have caused a mutation, a change in the DNA.

Here is the translation of the provided Hindi text into English, following your rules:

If a small mistake is made here, will this DNA mistake not go into RNA? RNA is made from DNA. If you read the DNA sequence incorrectly, then the RNA will also be formed incorrectly. And if you form the RNA incorrectly, then the protein will also be formed incorrectly. That is, when you make a change in DNA, you are technically changing the genotype, you are changing the genetic material, right? You are changing the genotype. But when this DNA mistake goes into RNA, and the RNA mistake goes into protein, then overall, the protein being formed in your body, which is giving you expression, this phenotype will also change, won't it? When protein is formed, it does some work in your body that is visible, so the phenotype will also change, won't it? Absolutely, sir, that's correct. So your phenotype will also change here. This mistake, it travels from DNA to RNA, from RNA to protein, it keeps going. What do we call this mistake? It's not a mistake, it's also important for evolution purposes, but sometimes it can be fatal. What do you call this? Mutation, right? So if you look, it is an alteration or change in the DNA sequence. So if you change DNA, you have changed the genotype, and after this, the protein will change by itself, and the phenotype will also change. So in meiosis, recombination and crossing over happen, and mutations also occur in nature. Both these things together bring variations into the next generation, correct? Here, a part of your DNA can also be deleted, a part can be gained, can be added, a segment of yours can also be reversed. So when you change DNA, change genes, where are genes found? In chromosomes, right? So overall, there is also a change in the chromosome, and due to these mutations, cancer can also occur, right? Due to these changes, cancer can also occur. So let's look at all these changes first, understanding them calmly, how mutations can happen. Let's try to understand this. Look calmly. What is mutation? Alteration or change in DNA, that is genotype, that can even change, that can even change protein or phenotype, correct? Now, your chromosome has genes in it. This is your chromosome. What is in this chromosome? DNA is packed. What is in this chromosome? DNA is packed. So if you are making a change in this DNA, won't there be an overall change in the chromosome? There will be. So if DNA is altered, the chromosome is also mutated. What do we call this? Chromosomal aberrations, about which we will read more today. The last topic of our lecture is chromosomal diseases, chromosomal aberrations, correct? Aberrations mean disturbances. So the chromosome will also be disturbed overall if you tamper with the DNA, right? And these aberrations can cause what? These aberrations can cause cancer, different types of cancer they can cause. For example, look here. Here is a DNA. The sequence of this DNA is something like this: ATGCATACAC. This is your DNA sequence. Now, in this DNA sequence, a part of yours has been deleted. A part of yours has been deleted. Your sequence is ATGC. I have deleted A. Then what remains is AT. What is this, brother? This is deletion. What kind of mutation is this? This mutation is deletion. This mutation is deletion, correct? If you look, what else can happen? The second thing that can happen is insertion. Let's add another point in between. Like ATGC. I am adding GC here. I have added GC again. So what is it? It is repetition. It is repetition. I have repeated it one more time. What else can I do? Insertion. Let me add a new part that was not there before. Like AGCG. G was not there. I put G. Then after that, your ATAC. So what have I added here? I have added G, which was not there before. So what have I done? Insertion. I have inserted something. Then I have removed a part and added another part in its place. That will be called as substitution, that I have substituted a part with another part, right? That is substitution. So ultimately, there can be different types of mutations. These are very small things. The main things we need to study are point mutation and frameshift mutation. Sir, what are these? I will show you point mutation. Look here. This is a DNA sequence: ATGCATGCA GGT. Here, T is T, A is A, A is A, C is C, T is C. Brother, here it is T, how can it be C here? G is G, C is C, A is A, G is G, G is G, T is T. Meaning, in place of this T, A has come. Sorry, C has come. Meaning, at one point, if the DNA is changing, it is called what? It is called as point mutation. Only at one point, the change is happening. Its most classic example is sickle cell anemia. Its most classic example is a dangerous example. At one point, in your entire cell, there is so much DNA, and a change at one point causes what, I will tell you. In sickle cell anemia, these round, biconcave disc-shaped RBCs, these round, biconcave disc-shaped RBCs, they become sickle-shaped, scythe-shaped, due to one point mutation. Due to one point mutation. Due to point mutation, what happened? Hemoglobin has two types of chains: alpha chains and beta chains. Okay? So in its beta chain, beta globin chain, beta globin chain, at the sixth position, in place of glutamic acid, in place of glutamic acid, valine comes. Meaning, an amino acid, glutamic acid, is replaced by valine. So this is called sickle cell anemia. What changed in DNA? What changed in DNA? It was GAG, it was GGT. In its place, what happened? It became GTG. What happened in place of GGT? It became GAG. So the RNA formed, what happened in this? What happened in the RNA formed? In place of GAG, what happened? In place of GAG, what happened? It became GUG. And the protein formed then will also change. What happened in the protein? As I told you, in place of glutamic acid, what came? Valine came. And due to this valine coming, your entire biconcave disc-shaped RBC became sickle-shaped RBC. What happens is that hemoglobin starts to polymerize. Think about it. Something is open and spread out, it needs a lot of space. It is sitting in a large RBC, comfortable. Something has shrunk, polymerized, all molecules have come close together, so it has shrunk. So overall, the entire RBC also shrinks. So hemoglobin polymerizes at low oxygen levels. Hemoglobin polymerizes at low oxygen tension. Therefore, your RBC becomes sickle-shaped, just because of this point mutation. GGT became GGT, and the game is over. The entire body's RBCs, so many RBCs in our bodies, all of them will change their shape, just because of this point mutation, due to a change at one point. That is the प्रकोप (impact/force) of point mutation. What is frameshift mutation? Whenever you read RNA, whenever you read the RNA sequence, three nitrogenous bases together form one amino acid. This is called a codon. Like these three are one codon, these three are one codon, these three are one codon, these three are one codon. Now, these three, three, three, three together are forming one codon. Now, what have you done in between? You have done an insertion. You have added this extra thing, brother. The frame ahead is ruined. Here there were three codons. Here, three together were forming one codon. Now this has come in between. Now this is a codon. This is a codon. This is completely different. So read the frame. ATG ATG ATG ATG. Now look here, there is a problem. CCAGCC. There is a problem. AAG. There is a problem. And this is lying separately. So will these CC and this GGC form the same amino acid? No. Will these AT and this AG form the same amino acid? No. Look, brother. What was forming before? Tyrosine. Tyrosine formed. Serine. Serine formed. Glycine. Arginine formed. Serine. Phenylalanine formed. The entire protein is ruined. The entire protein's band is broken. Why? Because the change made in DNA reached RNA, the change in RNA reached protein, and destruction occurred because you shifted the frame. If I add one more thing after this, the frame will shift. If I add one more thing. If I add three, then the frame will remain the same. How? Understand here. Suppose I add AA. Then AG is the same. AT is the same. CCA is the same. AT was added in between, and AT is the same. Meaning, a new amino acid will come in between the amino acid that will be formed here. But the frame of all others will remain exactly the same. This will also cause a problem. This new amino acid will come. It will disturb the structure of the protein, but the frame is not very disturbed. So when you remove three nucleotides or add three nucleotides, there is not much of a difference in the frame. Brother, think about it. They are like train compartments. Everyone's size is the same. Everyone's size is the same. Now, let's say this is a magnet, brother. Here, let's say this is your small magnet. I have put another magnet on top of it. I have put another magnet on top of it. On top of it, I have put another magnet. Now, in between, I have forcibly added a magnet of my choice. Then I put one, then I put one. Now, this red colored magnet that I added in between, does it make any difference to their frame? This green codon is the same, the same, the same, the same, the same, the same. An extra amino acid has been added in between. This red one. But the frame of all others is the same because I have added three nitrogenous bases exactly. If I put something small in its place, there will be a problem. If in its place, let's say I have some marbles. Brother, I need to check. I keep marbles of magnets too, brother. I am a very dangerous person. Now, in its place, I put this, brother. I put this marble, a magnet marble, and stuck it here. The frame is ruined, brother. It's ruined, right? When I added three, and in between, something of exactly the same size, no difference. Now I added this in between. It looks completely different, brother. It has ruined the entire frame, brother. It has eaten up the entire frame because its size is different. All codons were made of three nitrogenous bases, and this brother came in between, with a strange size. So obviously, it won't be able to cope with the others. Simple, correct. This is sickle cell anemia, which we saw at the end. And this is your frameshift mutation. What are mutagens? Try to break it from the name itself. Mutate means mutation. Gen means generating. So chemicals or agents that cause mutations are called mutagens. Agents that cause mutations. These agents cause mutations. For example, X-rays, UV rays, gamma rays, mustard gas, formaldehyde. All these things cause mutations. So one should stay away from them. These UV rays make thymine dimers. Thymine dimers mean, if you look at DNA, adenine bonds with thymine. Here, thymine will bond with thymine, which is an incorrect sequencing. Due to this, cancer can also occur. That is why we say that UV radiation causes cancer. So it forms thymine dimers. It will make two thymines bond with each other, which is normally not feasible, but it can do it. Their impact is so big, correct? These are your mutagens. These are your mutagens. Let's read in NCERT what is written about mutagens. The call of the people is to read about mutagens this time. What has been written about mutagens? Point mutation: If there is a change in a single base pair, it is point mutation, the example of sickle cell anemia we saw here. And in frameshift mutation, if you add or insert three nitrogenous bases, there will be no frameshift. If you insert or remove one or two, then there will be a frameshift. In mutagens, UV radiation comes, and nothing else is given. But we have added quite a few things. We have added chemicals and many other things here, correct? Let's solve the questions quickly. Tell me, friend, there is not as much lag as you are experiencing. I don't think there is so much lag, right? And we still have to read a lot, a lot, child. Can someone tell me how many are left? I usually don't look at my phone during class time. I can look, but it doesn't seem preferable. How many children are in the class right now? And when we started, how many were there? If anyone can tell, around a thousand children are present. Great. And when we started, around how many children would have been in the class? If you have any reference, a little bit, because you people must be watching. So frameshift mutation will not cause any disease. If an uneven amino acid comes in between, will there be a disease? Absolutely, why not? Around 1000. Okay, no problem. So let's solve some questions now. First, we will see if a poll is needed for that question or not. Until then, start in the chat. If you read the question before me, then the frequency of recombination between a gene pair on the same chromosome as a measure of distance between genes to map their position. Who told about chromosome map, linkage map? Alfred Sturtevant. The names of others are irrelevant. Alfred Sturtevant told us about the genetic map. What type of sex determination was in birds? ZZ, ZW. Monkeys are related to us, XX, XY. In Drosophila, we saw XX, XY, same as ours. In grasshoppers and most insects, it is XX, XO type. So D will be the answer. D will be the answer. Given below are two statements. Let's put a poll here, because in 30 seconds, you will only be able to read the question. Mendel's law of independent assortment does not hold good for genes that are located close on the same chromosome. If there is linkage, then Mendel's law of independent assortment will fail. That's correct. Closely located genes assort independently. Brother, closely located genes are linked, so how will they assort independently? They will want to stay together. So the first statement is correct, the second statement is wrong. So A is correct, R is not correct. D will be the answer. Absolutely, brother. The second statement itself is wrong. Oh my god, what a thing! Very brilliant. The students who are studying are sticking around till the end, which is a good thing. This has to be solved. Take 1 minute, calmly, calmly solve it. Recombination frequency is given, linkage is not given, I am telling you first. Recombination frequency between A and C is 5%. Let's draw with a different color. Between A and C, 5% recombination. This means they are present together. So first I will write A, then C. Then, between B and C is 15%, and between B and D is 9%. Between B and C is 15%, and between B and D is 9%. Between A and B is 20%. Meaning, A and B are recombining the most, meaning they are least linked. So there will be a good distance between A and B, and there should be less distance between C and B. Between C and B is 15%, and between B and D is 9%. Between B and D is 9%. And between C and D is 24%. They are far apart. And between A and D is 29%. They are the farthest. Tell me, brother, what will be the combination? ACBD will be correct. Isn't it? Brother, write it down. A and C are 5% apart, so it will be ACBD. The one with the lowest recombination frequency means it is the closest. So A and C should be the closest. They are the closest. Between B and C is 15%, and between B and D is 9%. So B and C are recombining by 15%, so they should be a little far apart. And B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning, the first one we put was the most correct. Everything is aligned perfectly. So there is no problem, no issue. If you want to solve it more easily, write down who is close. A and C are closest. Or write it like this: A and C have the most linkage. Put five arrows. Linkage is the most. Five arrows. 5% recombination here. So recombination is the least. So linkage is the most. Then, between B and D, linkage is a bit less. Put three arrows. Then what will happen? Then between B and C is 15%. Between B and C is 15%. Then it will be. And between B and D is 9%. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and C are 15% apart. And B and D are 9% apart. So B and D are close. We have drawn that too. So ACBD will be yours. Correct. This was a good question about the linkage map. Very good question. Okay, brother, people have made a lot of mess. ABCD. Yes, if nothing else, this had to be done. Let me teach you how to solve it. You have made a lot of mess. When nothing else works, draw a line and write A at one place, and look at everything else in reference to A. A and C are showing 5% recombination frequency, meaning A and C are the closest. So write C here or write C there. Between B and C is 15%. Between A and D is 29%. Meaning, A and D are the farthest. Between A and D, recombination is the least, so A and D are the farthest. 29% correct. A and D are the farthest. Then you see, between B and C is 15%. Between B and D is 9%. So if I write B and C here, and B and C here, then it is 15%, meaning they are a little close. And if you look at B and D, it is around 9%. And where is A and D? If you look between A and B, there is 20% recombination frequency. They are a little farther. Correct. And between C and D is 24%. They are also quite far. Yes, so ACBD is correct. Nothing else is forming. Meaning

For autosomal recessive, I will solve this and see. I feel this is autosomal recessive. If it is autosomal recessive, then in the disease, it can be small a small a, here capital A capital A, or capital A small a. Now all the children are safe, right? All the children are safe, meaning a dominant case is coming here, so capital A small a is the only possibility. Small a small a is not forming even one. So capital A small a, capital A small a, capital A small a, capital A small a. Now their children that were formed, capital A capital A, capital A small a. This one got married, then normally your capital A capital A can be, capital A small a can be. What are the children forming below? Your small a small a recessive are also forming. So this one cannot be. Capital A capital A is safe, capital A small a is safe, small a small a is unsafe, small a small a is unsafe. Our autosomal recessive disease was found, quickly identified, it's correct, it's correct sir. This means there is no trick for pedigree, friend, but there is definitely a trick to save time.

What is the name of this disease, which is autosomal dominant? Myotonic dystrophy. In your entire syllabus, the only disease mentioned as dominant is your myotonic dystrophy. Besides this, there is no other dominant disease. This disease of yours, this disease of yours, autosomal recessive, what is this? Sickle cell anemia. Sickle cell anemia. This is your sickle cell anemia, and these are both random examples. You can fill anything in this. You can fill anything in this.

Let's do some questions, right? Let's do some questions, friend, let's do some questions, let's learn some things. Come on brother, quickly see: Which of the following occurs due to the presence of autosomal linked dominant trait? It will be autosomal dominant. I told you there is only one disease, which is not even in your syllabus, its name is given only in pedigree, and that's what they asked, only and only myotonic dystrophy. Besides this, there is no dominant disease in your syllabus, and in fact, all are recessive diseases. Out of them, only two are X-linked recessive: color blindness and hemophilia. Apart from that, all are autosomal recessive, so there's no need to even memorize them. I will give you a panacea trick now, and all questions will be solved quickly. You won't be able to do the color blindness question right now. You won't be able to do sickle cell anemia right now. You won't be able to do this one right now. You won't be able to do this one right now. Okay, there was only one question for which we came this far, covering the distance. Now let's play a little disorder-disorder game.

First, I will teach you NCERT, then I will make you write notes. Look carefully: Mendelian disorders mean disorders where there is a problem in a single gene. If a gene responsible for making a protein has a problem, it will cause a Mendelian disorder, and you can track this with pedigree, you can track it with pedigree analysis. So, genetic diseases are of two types: one is Mendelian disorder, which is caused by a difference in a single gene, and the second is chromosomal disorder, where either a chromosome increases, or a chromosome decreases, or there is an abnormal arrangement of a chromosome, all these things are happening.

Look carefully, I will explain with a reference. Today, brother, we will get our money's worth from Magnet, right? Today, we will get our money's worth. Look, these are all your chromosomes. Here I have placed six chromosomes each. Correct, six chromosomes each are placed. Now they were in pairs, understand that if an organism is diploid, there are six pairs of chromosomes, meaning 12 chromosomes, that is, six pairs of chromosomes. Now, during gamete formation, they will separate, they will separate. This is an ideal situation. Many times what happens is that this one chromosome sticks with its friend, and here one chromosome becomes less. That is, when these chromosomes were separating, when these homologous chromosomes were separating, they did not separate properly. So, in the gamete that formed, instead of six, how many chromosomes reached? Five. And in the gamete that formed here, instead of six, how many chromosomes became? Seven. Now, this chromosome of yours, look carefully, let's bring more, brother, no shortage. Now, this gamete with seven chromosomes collided with a normal gamete with six chromosomes. So, it should have had 13, it became 13. And this normal gamete of yours, with six chromosomes, collided with this one with five, so how many did it become? 11. In one, there should have been 12, but these are 13. In one, how many should have been there? 12, but only 11. So, does this organism have a deficiency, an abnormality? Yes. And in the chromosome that formed, is there an excess chromosome? This, sorry, in the organism that formed, is there an excess chromosome? Yes, there is an abnormality in this too, there is an abnormality in this too. In this due to excess, in this due to deficiency. Similarly, if two chromosomes stick together, then two extra will come here, and two less will come here. So, abnormality will occur. Look once again. Look, brother, what happened? This is the chromosome structure inside an organism. We have 46 chromosomes, okay? Now, suppose nuclear division happened here, double chromosomes formed, 92 instead of 46, but cell division did not happen. So, won't abnormality occur in us? There should have been two sets of chromosomes, four sets of chromosomes will come. It's a mess, it's a mess. So, in plants, if the sets of chromosomes increase, if sets of sets increase, plants don't have any problem. Humans cannot survive in such a case. This is called polyploidy. I will write it down now, right?

So, Mendelian disorders are caused by alteration or mutation in a single gene. If there is a problem in a single gene, then this is your Mendelian disorder, and these can be tracked by pedigree. I will teach you about their examples, okay? Let's write in the notes: Genetic diseases are of two types. First, Mendelian diseases. What causes Mendelian diseases? We just studied this: alteration or mutation in a single gene, okay? Now, these diseases, which are caused by mutation in one gene, can be autosomal, or they can be sex-linked, especially linked to the X chromosome. Y-linked would be a different disease altogether, which would only be in males. In autosomal, it can also be dominant. We just read the name of an autosomal dominant disease. Quickly write it in the chat section. By the time I turn around, the chat section should be full, brother. And this disease can also be recessive. And the X-linked ones can also be dominant, and they can also be recessive. Myotonic dystrophy, correct. So, what came under autosomal dominant? Myotonic dystrophy, correct. What came under recessive? I will tell you about autosomal recessive a bit later. In X-linked recessive or sex-linked recessive, there are only two diseases in your syllabus, remember C and H. Memorize it however you want, right? We, brother, memorized it from Chandigarh, we are people from Haryana, it's our capital. So, what does CH become here, brother? Color blindness. Color blindness is an X-linked recessive disease, and hemophilia is an X-linked recessive disease. Besides these, all the diseases in your syllabus are autosomal recessive. All are recessive, only two are X-linked recessive. Besides these, whatever you can think of are all autosomal recessive. What is left besides color blindness and hemophilia? Sickle cell anemia, cystic fibrosis, phenylketonuria, right? All these things will come, thalassemia. All these are your autosomal recessive. There is no X-linked dominant disease in your syllabus, not even remotely. If you want to write, you can write vitamin D resistant rickets, but yes, just write it, don't memorize it. Vitamin D resistant rickets, just write this much. It didn't look good empty, that's why I made you write it. Otherwise, there is nothing, if you see.

What are the other disorders? These are your chromosomal disorders. What causes chromosomal disorders, brother? Due to lack or excess of chromosomes, due to lack or excess of chromosomes, or abnormal arrangement of chromosomes, abnormal arrangement of chromosomes. Look here, what happened? Look here, brother, what happened? Here, either one or half a chromosome can be more or less. What is this case called? Aneuploidy. Aneuploidy. How many copies of each chromosome should there be in your body, in your cell? How many copies of each chromosome should there be? How many chromosome number one do I have in a diploid cell? Two. How many chromosome number two? Two. Chromosome number three? Two. That's why I am diploid, right? If, brother, I only have one copy of a chromosome here, then I will call it monosomy. Monosomy means I have one chromosome less than the diploid number of chromosomes. There is one chromosome in my body, in my cell, that is one less than usual. Disomy should have been there, but it's monosomy. If, say, two chromosomes are less inside my cell, it will be called nullisomy. There should have been two, but there are zero, so 2n - 2. A pair of chromosomes is missing. Trisomy, one extra chromosome came. There should have been two, but you got one more extra. Tetrasomy, there should have been two, disomy should have been there, but you got two extra. This is tetrasomy. What is this? Aneuploidy. Due to a change in one or half a chromosome, what we are seeing is aneuploidy. This is aneuploidy, correct. This is aneuploidy.

Here, if you look, the second thing is polyploidy, meaning the entire set increases. Polyploidy, the entire set increases, the whole set of chromosomes increases. For example, understand that this is a cell. In this cell, your diploid structures were found, diploid quantity was there. Now, nuclear division happened here, so your amount increased, your overall nuclear content increased, but cell division did not happen. Ultimately, what happened? Instead of 2n, your cell became 4n, correct? The entire set has increased. This is called polyploidy, which is commonly seen in plants, which is commonly seen in plants. It is not seen much in animals. Can anyone among you tell what is the ploidy of the wheat we eat, the wheat flour that comes to our homes? Half an hour is left, brother, and even less is left, meaning it might finish in 15-20 minutes. All the main content is done, don't worry, but do watch it, right? Because you won't be able to gather the courage to come back later, that's human nature, brother, right? You can't escape it. Is wheat diploid? No, it's hexaploid, 6n. It's polyploid, which is a very common thing in plants, but in humans, it causes problems, brother. With this much, there would be chaos, life would be lost, correct?

Now, what did I tell you? Color blindness and hemophilia are only X-linked recessive diseases. Apart from these, all the diseases in our syllabus are autosomal recessive. All are autosomal recessive. Sickle cell anemia is written as autosomal recessive. Phenylketonuria is written as autosomal recessive. Thalassemia is written as autosomal recessive. All are autosomal recessive, except these. It's absolutely correct. So, we have memorized the first type of disease. The very first thing, look carefully about color blindness: what have you heard about it since childhood? Color blindness means a problem in seeing colors. So, there are two different types of color blindness, there are others too, but if you study two, it will work. One is red color blindness, one is green color blindness. Now, what is green colored? Mountain Dew. So, what do we call this green color blindness? Look, green is also tagged and written: Mountain Dew. We call it Deuteranopia. Mountain Dew is green. This is the complete chart of our Med Easy. Such colorful information has been given to you, so you will understand everything there with tricks. Promotion is very important, friends, okay, friends. Here, green is Deuteranopia, and red is Protanopia. Protanopia, I have coded it separately with 'R' for red color, so things catch your attention in books during revision. That's why I am making such a big claim that you will be able to cover the entire Med Easy in just five to six hours, my friend, because it has been written with great care. Every single thing has been precisely focused on how to make you remember things. So, Protanopia or Protanopia is called red color blindness, and since Mountain Dew is green, it is called green color blindness. Here, it is an X-linked recessive disease, so mutation occurs in the X chromosome. A gene responsible for color is present on the X chromosome, so mutation occurs there. Now, the chances of this disease occurring in males are 8%, but only 0.4% in females. That is, a man's chances of getting this disease are 20 times higher. Why? Because, look, it is an X-linked recessive disease. So, when will it occur in a female? When both X chromosomes are recessive. When can this happen? When the mother of this diseased female has at least one small X, and the male is definitely color blind. Only then can the combination of small X small X be formed. Only then can a female be color blind, which is very rare, which is very rare, right? That's why females get sick less often. As for men, brother, as soon as a small 'c' comes, they are caught.

What is the name of hemophilia? Hemo, meaning related to blood. So, in blood clotting, there is a complete cascade, a chain runs, right? Your prothrombin is also involved here, calcium is also involved, fibrinogen is also involved, only then does a blood clot form. Many proteins are involved. So, in this entire chain of blood clotting, one protein in the middle, what happens to it? It mutates. The gene that makes that protein mutates, the cascade is not completed, so blood cannot clot. If even a small cut occurs on your body, it can prove fatal for you. There will be continuous bleeding, a clot will not form. That's why this disease was called the bleeder's disease. Blood keeps flowing continuously, right? So, blood clotting is affected here. Capital H and small h genes regulate this blood clotting, hemophilia, okay? So, in the dominant case, HH is normal, big H small h is also normal. Small h small h, which is your recessive disease, so in the recessive case, they will become sick. Queen Victoria gave many of her children a disease instead of property as a gift, named hemophilia, because she herself was a carrier. That is, she herself was carrying capital H small h, so the dominant state came in her. So, she herself was not sick, but if this small h was sent to a male, his life would be ruined, right? He would become hemophiliac. So, the children said, "Mommy, Mommy, give us property," so Mommy said, "Wait, child, I only have one thing to give you, and that is a deadly disease. Now you can't even play cricket, because if you accidentally scrape your knee, you'll find out that it was the last accident of your life. That scraped knee could never form a clot, and if someone asks, what will I say? The child died playing cricket, right? And while cutting nails, a little too much skin was cut, blood flowed from there, and the child went to Lord Rama's abode, right?" So, a very dangerous disease was being distributed as a gift by Queen Victoria to many of her descendants because she herself was a carrier. So, what did she give? A small h, but the other person's life was ruined, right? It is quite rare for a female to get the disease again. Here, the female again got an advantage. Why? Because when will a female get sick? When both X small h and X small h come. When can this happen? When the female gives at least one small h and the male contributes a small h, meaning he himself is hemophiliac. If, brother, a man is hemophiliac, his chances of surviving till youth are low. So, it is very difficult for this disease to occur in a female. That's why Queen Victoria herself was a carrier, she was at this stage where she herself was not a victim of hemophilia, only a carrier and could pass it on to others.

We have already studied sickle cell anemia. It is an autosomal recessive disease. Here, what do you have? There are HbA and HbS genes. Now, it's a recessive disease, so sickle cell anemia will occur only when HbS HbS come together, otherwise not. You know that GAG is replaced by GUG here, due to which all the RBCs in your body become sickle-shaped. We have studied phenylketonuria. It is an inborn error of metabolism, it is congenital. The enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase, which converts phenylalanine to tyrosine, cannot be formed here. That's why phenylalanine causes mental retardation and is not absorbed by the kidneys, so it is excreted through urine. We already know this. Today, we studied this in pleiotropy.

If you look at thalassemia, it can be alpha thalassemia or beta thalassemia. Alpha thalassemia involves two closely located genes, Hb alpha 1 and Hb alpha 2, found on chromosome number 16. In beta thalassemia, the HBB gene is found on chromosome number 11. So, this is a quantitative problem, where the quantity of hemoglobin decreases, whereas sickle cell anemia was a qualitative problem where the quality of hemoglobin was affected. If one or two of your chromosomes are increasing or decreasing, this is a sign of aneuploidy, and if the entire set is increasing, this is a sign of polyploidy, which is seen in plants. For example, in Down syndrome, instead of two, there are three copies of chromosome number 21. Langdon Down described this disease. Here, the child's head will be round, face flat, mouth partially open, and saliva will keep dripping. There will be a characteristic palm crease on the hand, and a furrow on the tongue. Congenital heart diseases will occur, and the child will not be able to achieve mental retardation and physical sync. So, many problems arise.

This is Klinefelter syndrome, where breast development occurs in men, gynecomastia occurs. A male is usually 44 + XY, here it will be XXY, there is one extra X, so the male will become sterile due to this, and ultimately, he can also become retarded later on. The normal case for a female is 44 + XX, here one X chromosome will be reduced, due to which the female will lose her sexual characters, and ultimately she will also become sterile. Let's do some questions, friend, then we will head towards home.

If a colorblind female marries a man whose mother was also colorblind, what are the chances of so-and-so? Solve it, you. I will also solve it standing up. If a colorblind female. What kind of disease is color blindness? It's an X-linked recessive disease, so it has to be recessive. A female marries a man whose mother was colorblind. Mother was colorblind means the father was fine, the mother was colorblind, meaning Xc Xc will happen, meaning in him also, one X small c and Y must come, meaning the male is also colorblind. What are the chances of her progeny having color blindness? X small c X small c, this one, brother, is gone, colorblind. X small c and Y, this one is also gone, brother, colorblind. X small c X small c, this one is also gone, brother, colorblind. And X small c XY, this one is also, brother, recessive, this one is also gone, colorblind. Four out of four children are colorblind, meaning there are 100% cases of color blindness. What will be the answer? What will be the answer? 100%. I hope everyone is getting the same. 65% is still a good number. Whose is C, brother? 50%. Look, marries a man whose mother was colorblind. This is a recessive disease, so colorblindness will occur only in this case. So, even if the man is safe, it doesn't matter. This Y will get small c. So, if the man is colorblind, the woman is colorblind, and all X's are small, then color blindness is bound to happen. Where will you escape, sir? A will be the answer, okay? And look, brother, right? This will be 100%. And look, let's also solve this one. I'll put up a 45-second poll. In a cross between a male and female, both heterozygous for sickle cell anemia. Heterozygous for sickle cell anemia means HbA HbS. The male is also like this, right? It's an autosomal recessive disease, so in which case will it occur? HbA HbS, both heterozygous for sickle cell anemia gene. What percentage of progeny would be diseased? How many diseased cases will there be in the progeny? HbA HbA, this one is saved. HbA HbS, this one will also be a carrier, saved. HbS HbA, saved. It's recessive, right? It will cause the disease only when HbS HbS occurs. HbS HbS, this one will have problems, brother. What's left? HbA HbA, A A is left. Write it like this. Then here you have HbA HbS, A S is done, it's dominant. Then your HbA HbS. Then your S S. So, this one will be, right? Only one out of four. How much will it be, brother? It will be 25%. 70%, excellent. So, one out of four will be sick, meaning it will be 25%. It will be 25%, brother, excellent. Select the correct match. Phenylketonuria is autosomal recessive. Sickle cell anemia is autosomal recessive, chromosome number 11. We don't have an idea about this, but okay, let's put it on hold for now. Thalassemia is not X-linked, it's autosomal. Hemophilia is not Y-linked. That means this was correct. So, we learned one thing, that it can have a connection with chromosome number 11. So, B is correct. Okay, what is the genetic disorder in which an individual has overall masculine development, gynecomastia? This is your chapter, brother. So, today, I guess you are too late for doing this. Tomorrow, read NCERT. You can order Med Easy, and tomorrow, solve the DPP. After reading NCERT, you will tell me how much time it took you to read NCERT, whether it took one hour or one and a half hours, tell me so I can get an idea of how your studies are going. And solve the DPP tomorrow, no problem. It's been too long, it's been more than six hours. And a small request, friend, right? Forgive me, a small request is that my body is aching a bit, right? If I don't recover very properly by next week, because I wanted to give Molecular Basis of Inheritance my best. I alone know how I am standing on my feet today. I have taken many pills, brother, only then was I able to take today's class. Otherwise, because if I cancel even one class, the entire guilt comes upon me, brother. I never cancel my classes, no matter how bad my health is, but I was not able to stand. If I don't feel very good next week, if I don't feel well, I will not cancel the class. I will teach a small chapter, Microbes in Human Welfare. So, please bear with that, right? Don't start saying, "Sir, teach molecular, teach molecular," because I want to do justice to it. Molecular is, you know, a blockbuster film, it's a whole movie, brother, right? It's not an ad shoot. We will study it with full justice, only then will it be fun, because eight or nine questions are bound to come from it in NEET this time. I don't want my energy to be 99 instead of 100. I absolutely don't want that. Then I myself, brother, will die of guilt, right? So, if it doesn't happen, if health is a little bit up and down, then it's just a small request from you that we will first do Microbes in Human Welfare, it's a small chapter, in four and a half hours. Then we will do Molecular Basis of Inheritance, full-fledged, diving deep and tearing apart the whole chapter, right? Just like we did today. And what will we do there? We will bring illustrations and so on. There, the core focus should be on understanding. If Med Easy is in your hands by then, well and good. Otherwise, I will give you my handwritten notes, print them out. You won't need anything else in your life. There, focus more on understanding. Don't do this in Molecular Basis of Inheritance, "Sir, write down every single thing," right? We will study everything calmly. There is a lot to understand, but we will understand it in such a way that not a single question will be missed, no matter what anyone creates in life, no matter how hard a question they make, we will be able to solve that up very, very easily, with great love and care, okay? Is it done, brother? Come on, want to see the leaderboard? Look, man, look, look, look. Okay, brother, they are still at the top, brother, Ao Yang. Okay, Sania has also improved her rank. Swamik Sarkar was not in the rank before, I guess. Kratos was probably also not there, was a bit lower. Shivani Maurya, Yash Bharti came from third to, I guess, sixth. Shinchan, Neharani ke Chirag, Shinchan brother, Madhu Kumari, Guruji brother, constantly maintaining his decorum at ninth position. Affectionate Greyhound probably came from second to third, but okay, what difference does it make, brother, right? None of these things make any difference. You ask, so I show it. Otherwise, I have never shown a leaderboard in a paid batch till today. Unnecessary competition arises among students, brother, "We won, we will win." Now we will eat, take medicine, and go to sleep around 12 o'clock. You all also sleep well. Wake up tomorrow morning, no pressure to revise tonight, no pressure to solve DPP tonight. Do it tomorrow calmly. From my side, there is no pressure, on an honest note, right? This much study is enough for today. It's been six and a half hours. Brother, I am standing holding my pee. First, I will cure the kidney stones. Found out I got stones too, infinity stones. I will take so many marathons holding my pee that when I make my own hand, I will put infinity stones of different colors in it myself to end the world, snap my fingers. But yes, look, brother, it's fun, friend, right? A good, good feeling, a feel-good factor comes that yes, we didn't take a break for even 10 seconds, didn't talk nonsense at all. Study means study. And that's what makes you guys different, right? Whatever else is happening wherever, it's another thing, but our fun and studies will continue at the next level, right? Everyone has their own way, I'm telling you the truth. You can play a lot with this chapter, I can play a lot because being a research student, I can play so much with it. I can go into the lab and show Drosophila experiments, even breeding them properly. There's no point in doing something that way. You have to give as much time as something needs, उतना ही time देना पड़ता है, right? So, everyone has their own style of teaching, so there's no tension in that. You study where you understand, right? But we haven't left anything out, we have studied everything thoroughly. If the paper is made from this, then there will be no problem. Okay, lots of love, thank you very much. Jai Hind. I will meet you in the next session. Until then, take care of yourselves and keep studying. Bye bye, good night, take care.