Narration in English grammar || Direct - Indirect Speech || English With Rani Ma'am

Let's talk about the word "narration." What is narration? Narration is a noun. The word "narration" comes from "narrate." To narrate means to tell, to tell your story. "Narrate" means "to tell." "Narration" is the word. Its meaning is to tell. And we tell things in two ways: either we tell things in direct speech, or we tell things in indirect speech. There are two ways to tell stories: one is direct speech, and the other is indirect speech. And direct speech is always in inverted commas. These are called opening inverted commas, and these are called closing inverted commas. So, direct speech is always in inverted commas. And when the inverted commas are gone, it is called indirect speech. Now I am explaining its meaning. Indirect speech is not in inverted commas. This is the biggest identification. It is a bit difficult to figure out in active-passive whether a sentence is active or passive. But in direct-indirect, it is very easy. Either you have to make the sentence direct from indirect, or indirect from direct. If it is in inverted commas, it means it is direct, and you have to make it indirect. If the question has come without inverted commas, it means it is indirect, and you have to make it direct. So, indirect, direct speech. It is never in inverted commas. Now, this is just a small difference I have told you. But what exactly is direct and indirect? What exactly is direct and indirect? We will do that. Okay. What is the difference? See, as I said, as if I directly said something to you. For example, I wrote: He said. It is written like this: He said. He said, "I am busy." So, this is in direct speech, right? Okay. He said, "I am busy." He directly said with his own mouth, "I am busy." He said that he is busy. He is directly speaking his words. And it is also in inverted commas. This means it is in direct speech. Okay. Now, suppose I said, "I will not take class tomorrow." Because I am speaking directly. And someone else is saying my words in their own words. For example, one of you students is saying, "The teacher said that she will not take class tomorrow." So, that is indirect. So, indirect means speaking someone's words in your own words. What the speaker is directly saying is in direct speech. And if you are speaking the speaker's words in your own words, then it is indirect speech. He said that he is busy. And here, he said that he was busy. Meaning, I am speaking his words in my own words. So, this is your indirect speech. Direct speech: When we get the actual words of the speaker. In our own words. When we are speaking the speaker's words in our own words. It means that they are speaking in their own words. It is indirect. And it's a simple thing, isn't it? Direct speech is in inverted commas, and indirect speech is never in inverted commas. It is without inverted commas. Okay. Without inverted commas. So, you already know this. This is written here. Where did the word "narration" come from? The meaning of the word "narration" is to narrate, meaning to tell. We tell our stories in two ways. We speak in direct speech, and we speak in indirect speech. The words used while speaking, the actual words, that is our direct speech. And direct speech is in inverted commas. And when we are speaking someone's words in our own words, then it is indirect speech. Direct speech is never in inverted commas. It is without inverted commas. Now, you don't need to write all this. Like, what is it? A five-mark question will come, and you will start writing everything. What is the need to write all this? Just fix some things in your mind. Direct speech is in inverted commas. Indirect speech is without inverted commas. Direct speech means speaking directly. And speaking someone's words in your own words is indirect. There is no need to write this. Now, you must have seen that in all our novels, etc., especially in novels or dramas. In dramas, there is a dialogue between two people. So, generally, our dramas are in direct speech. Dramas, etc., where an event has already happened, and we are reporting something, then it is also in indirect speech. All the sentences given are in indirect speech. That event has happened. And you are reporting it in your own words. In your own words. And sometimes, sometimes, in newspapers too, like if Modi ji or some leader has given a speech, and some words are put in inverted commas. So, when the leader gave the speech, they directly used those exact words in their speech. Sometimes, they put some words in inverted commas, which are their exact words. All novels and newspapers are in reported speech. Okay. So, is everyone clear up to here? Now, what did I tell you? When making active to passive, when making active to passive, when converting active to passive, we did not change the tense. If it was in the past, the passive was also in the past. In active-passive, there is no change in tense. Tense, etc., does not change. Okay. But in direct-indirect, in narration, the tense changes. Sometimes it doesn't change, sometimes it changes. You need to keep two-three things in mind. When making active to passive, the tense does not change. And when making active to passive, there is inversion. I am telling you, there is inversion. Why does it happen? Because if there is a question mark in active, the question mark does not disappear when making passive. The question mark will remain in passive too. And where there is a question mark, there will be inversion. There will be inversion. But when we do narration, [music] when we do direct-indirect, inversion does not happen there. Now, tell me, why doesn't it happen? Why doesn't it happen? Tell me. I will talk about tense later. When making active to passive, there is inversion. But when making direct to indirect, if there is a question mark in direct, then when making its indirect, the question mark changes to a full stop. And when it changes to a full stop, there is no inversion. No inversion. So, remember this. In active-passive, there is inversion in interrogative sentences. But when making direct-indirect, if there is inversion in the direct question, do not put a question mark when making it indirect. [music] I will give an example. [music] This is a direct-indirect sentence. [music] "What are you doing?" One option will be this, and another option will be: He asked what I was doing. [music] How did it change? How did "are" change? We will do all this later. We will do all this later. Just pay attention here. Both options will come, and you will get confused in both. What difference do you see in both? Up to here, it is the same. What is happening here? The verb is coming before the subject. Verb before the subject. In the first sentence, there is inversion. And in the second sentence, the verb is coming after the subject. There is no inversion. No inversion. So, remember this. In direct, there was a question mark. And where there is a question mark, there will be inversion. But now the question mark has changed to a full stop. When making direct to indirect, all punctuation marks are removed. Like this comma has changed. The comma is gone. This question mark has changed to a full stop. And where there is a full stop, there will be no inversion. So, the first one will not be correct. This one will be correct. He asked. First, tell me. I have only focused on inversion so far. We still have to do it in detail. Whenever a question is direct, there will be a punctuation mark in direct, a question mark. But when making it indirect, the question mark will disappear, and a full stop will come. In a sentence with a full stop, there will be no inversion. So, do not choose this. Choose this one. He asked what I was doing. So, in direct-indirect, do not do inversion. But if this "was" comes. In voice, I taught you. "Who wrote the book?" And I did not teach you one option in voice. Because at all these places, they make mistakes. "By whom was the book written?" There was no inversion because the question mark changed to a full stop. And when a full stop comes, there is no inversion. So, look here. What is here? This is active-passive, isn't it? This is what I keep repeating. When making active to passive, if there is a question mark in active-passive, if there is a question mark in active, then the question mark will not be removed in passive. It will remain. And where there is a question mark, there must be inversion. Before the subject. This is wrong. "By whom was the book written?" But, but, but. In narration, you saw. In narration, what was happening? If there was a question mark in direct, then where there is a question mark, there will be inversion. But when making it indirect from direct, the question mark changes to a full stop. And if it changes to a full stop, there will be no inversion. No inversion. But here, the question mark is not remaining, is it? When making active to passive. It will remain. Okay. So, this will also happen. Yes. "By whom was the book written?" "By whom was the book written?" When reading, they are asking for the inquiry number. The inquiry number is available in your description box everywhere. Here, you are confused about which one to choose. In one, there is inversion. In the other, there is no inversion. Look, if there is a question mark, then do inversion. If there is a full stop, do not do inversion. Do not do it. So, now, when making active to passive, our tense changes. Sorry, when making active to passive, the tense does not change. But in narration, sometimes it changes, sometimes it doesn't. I am giving you easy sentences now. First, let's clear some easy concepts. "I am unwell." Second sentence. But here, it could be present continuous. It could be anything present. Third: "He will say, 'I am unwell.'" [music] In what tense are we reporting the verb? In what tense are we using the verb? What is the tense? That is called the reported speech. Now, the reported speech of all sentences is the same. The reported speech of all sentences is the same. The only difference is the reporting verb. The reporting verb of all sentences is different. The reporting verb of this is in the past tense. The reporting verb of this is in the present tense. So, can I say directly that when making direct to indirect, the tense changes? The tense changes. But when? When the reporting verb is in the past tense. When the reporting verb is in the present tense or the reporting verb is in the future tense, the tense of the sentence will not change. The rest of the things will change, but the tense of the sentence will not change. The sentence will change only on the condition when the reporting verb is in the past tense. Okay. If the reporting verb is in the present and future, the tense of the sentence does not change. So, when making direct to indirect, you have to pay a little attention. Like, when you make active-passive, you pay attention to the subject and object. When making direct-indirect, you have to pay a little attention to your reporting verb. Sometimes children change the tense in the flow. They don't see that, "Oh, this is present. This is future. The tense should not change here." Let's change the tense of this now. Meaning, let's make it direct to indirect. Now, look. "He said." We will also put "He said" here. And when making direct to indirect, all punctuation marks will be removed. See, this will be removed. Punctuation. This opening inverted comma and closing one will also be removed. And when the comma is removed, "that" comes. When making direct to indirect, when we remove the comma, we use the conjunction "that." And since this sentence is going into the past, the tense will change. Do not say "He is unwell." Say "He was." Change the tense. I will give options later. "was." "He was." "He was." Okay. So, what will you do here? We will do it in the next step. And here, in the flow, you might also put "was." So, in the next one, the tense will not change. "He will say." You should not tamper with this at all. With the reporting verb, do not change any tense, etc. Keep it as it is. As it is. "He will say." Instead of the comma, "that." Now, our students might also do this: "He will say that he will be unwell." You will put "will" here too. No, how can you put "will"? Because the reporting here is going into the future. And even in the future, the tense will not change. "I am unwell" is present. If you put "will," it will change to future. So, "He will say that." Here too, the tense does not change. Let's write this quickly. This is basic. A marathon for voice has been put up. Nilesh, the voice marathon was yesterday. And a preposition marathon also happened. Look carefully. Check the audio. You will find it. Write this down. So, what did we learn here? The tense of the sentence will change only when the reporting verb is in the past. When the reporting verb is in the present. When the reporting verb is in the future. Everything else is changing. "That" and all these are being used. But the tense of the sentence is not changing. Not changing. Not changing. Okay. Now, the next one. This was basic. We will gradually move forward. Sometimes, sometimes, the reporting verb is at the end. The reported speech is at the beginning. But that makes no difference. [music] I put "I am busy." But here, an object has been added. What you had to do here, I am doing it quickly. Here, the subject spoke to the object. In all the previous sentences, there was no object. There was no object. But here, the subject spoke to the object. Okay. The subject said to someone that "I am busy." So, whenever there is an object in the sentence, "said" will change to "told." It is past. And with "told," you apply "said to." But with "told," do not apply "to." If any object comes, "said" will change to "told." And if it is "says," but this is present. "He is busy." [music] It will change. And "will say" will change to "will tell." And with "said," you apply "to." With "told," do not apply "to." We take it inside the reported speech. Here, our object is outside. "Me" is outside. The object is outside here. The object is outside here. But sometimes, the object is also put inside the reported speech. There is no problem with that. It's simple. "Tells" will not come. "Tell" will come. It is in the present, so "tell" will come. In the next step, I wrote Thursday, Friday. I will request my students. What I taught you about "call" and "put," kindly keep revising it. Keep revising it. Because I will be putting questions based on that on Telegram in between. And I will be looking forward to it that not a single question of yours is wrong. It is that much. Ram is unwell. Ram is not unwell. If Ram were unwell, it would be written like this: "Ram is unwell." Yes, there is a subject. The subject spoke to whom? To the object. So, there is no problem here. Understood. Okay. But sometimes, sometimes, the object is put inside the reported speech, inside the inverted commas. It makes no difference. Ultimately, it was said addressing Ram. Here, the object is not outside. It has come inside the inverted commas. Apply "told." Do not apply "said." It might be a mistake there. [music] But your sentence could be present continuous, present perfect, past perfect, anything. Anything. Whoever is after the batch, look. I am writing it once. Yes, do not comment in the comment box again and again. Call this number. They know everything. I don't know when which batches are coming. They tell me all this. 9958358324. Okay. Now, no one will comment anything in the comment box related to admission. Because I talk about admission-related matters at the end. Okay. Whenever there is a universal truth in our sentence, a universal truth. I have taught you in tense that whenever there is a general statement, a proverb, etc. Okay. I have changed "said to" to "told." I have changed it to "told." It is applied. Simple. "Teacher said to the students, 'Honesty is the best policy.'" You will think, "Oh, this is past tense. Let's change the tense." Because until now, whatever was in the past tense, this is also past, this is also past. We have learned that whenever the sentence is in the past tense, the tense should be changed. But here, the tense will not be changed. Here, the tense will not be changed. The sun rises in the east. It is a universal truth. The teacher saying that "Honesty is the best policy" is a proverb, a general statement, which people believed before, believe now, and will believe in the future. So, it will not change. So, what will happen? [music] It will not change. It is a general proverb, a saying. The teacher said to the students. So, here it will be "told." The teacher told the students. Honesty. Keep doing it. Gradually, gradually, we will increase our level. Shall we move forward? Nothing to write now. "He said to me, 'You are unwell.'" So, I wrote it: "He told me that I was unwell." [music] Okay. [music] Listen to the words more than the comments. Change of pronouns. How do our pronouns change? Pronunciation. What is it? Do not make it "an." [music] Who is in the first person? The one who is speaking is the first person. The one who is listening is the second person. And the one being talked about is the third person. I am speaking now, I am the first person. You are listening, you are the second person. And the one we are talking about, about a third person, is the third person. Like, what comes in the first person? First person. I. You know. And who comes in the third person? In the third person, the one being talked about. You and I, talking about someone else, that is the third person. Third person. In conversation, they are not included. They, it. And all the Ram, Shyam. Ram, Shyam are not pronouns, they are names. But Ram, Shyam, all these are also someone's names. Third person. Third person. Third person. All gods are also third person. I don't understand English very well. So, what?

You have to study. If something is not understood, you have to study it. This is a subject, and why is it written like this? Why is it written like this? We will read this first. Today, on the rainbow, on Unacademy's rainbow, I have started a grammar series. For those children who don't know, I will tell you that it was a complete practice match for grammar. This is free for all my students, free for everyone. Okay, you must have written this. It is free. This is free. Which channel is it? Unacademy Indradhanush. You all know this. Unacademy Indradhanush channel. Complete practice match for grammar. A complete practice match for grammar will run. And when will it run? On Monday. Is it Monday today? It will run on Monday and on Wednesday. It will run twice a week, Monday and Wednesday. And it will run from 1 to 2. And for those children who have difficulty with spotting errors, for those children who have difficulty with sentence arrangement, sentence improvement. Okay, sentence improvement. If you have difficulty with sentence improvement. I have put the link on Telegram. Join me. I will be doing sentence improvement at 1 o'clock. Improvement. So, I had to tell you this: below this, I wrote "one" and "why" and what this rule tells. This rule tells: first person according to the subject, second person according to the object. Write this first. First person. You will think, this first person, according to whom will it go? Second person will go according to the object. [Music] Second person according to the object. [Music] Have you written it? I have to tell you one thing. Sentence improvement is arranged in a very systematic way. You all cannot find everything. Go to the playlist. The entire grammar batch is arranged for your convenience. Everything is arranged. Write this down. This will remain written and you will remember it. The students. First, I keep one student. The student said to the teacher, "I am fine." The third is busy. There are many examples now. Okay, outside the inverted commas, I am considering this as the subject. Whom did I tell? I told my wife, so his wife is the object. So, this subject and object that are being talked about are outside the inverted commas. And this first, second, third person is inside the inverted commas. This "you" is which person? Second person. Okay, let's start now. It is going into the past. The tense will change. And the subject. The object told the subject. "Said" will change to "told." Do not use "to" with "told." The man told. Do not use "to." What does the rule tell? That the second person is according to the object. Second person according to the object. And its object is his wife. So, wife. So, "was" is the second person. Object. Here we cannot use "he." I did not speak for myself. I spoke to my wife. I spoke to my wife that you are kind. You are kind. You are kind. Meaning, kind. It's his wife, so use "she." His wife. "I am kind." If it had been said "I am kind," it would mean I spoke for myself. And if I had spoken for myself, then we would have put "he" here. But here I spoke to my wife, meaning kind. His wife is kind. The student said to the teacher. Its tense will also change. The student. The student told. Because the student is the subject, the teacher is the object. The student told the teacher. The student told the teacher that I am fine. Meaning, the teacher is not fine. He spoke for himself. He spoke for himself. So, this "I" is which person? "I" is the first person. And the first person is according to the subject. And the subject is the student. And students include girls and boys. Male and female are not clear. So, we consider males. Meaning, the teacher was not fine. [Music] So, what will I write? The students. Students said that many students are speaking together. Many students are speaking together, meaning we are all busy. Meaning, it is plural. So, this "we" is which person? "We" is the first person. And the first person is according to the subject. And the subject is plural. So, to avoid repeating "students," we use "they." They were. With "they," we give priority to males. If females are not present, then give priority to males. One more thing I have to tell you. If there was even one student here, then "students." I kept "students" plural here. But if even one student speaks, like a student said, "We are all busy. We are all busy." It means this student is also included in it. This will also be the same. The student said. The student said that. And what does the rule tell? That the first person is according to the subject. First person according to the subject. You will say, "I am the first person according to the subject." So, there is only one student here. So, there were many, so you used "they." But the first person is this first person plural. So, we need something plural. Because the student said, "We are all busy." It means one student is not busy. Along with him, there are many students. So, here it is singular. But this was plural. So, use "they." They were busy. Okay. Tell me, my class time is approaching. The class is from 1 o'clock. So, about this, I have to teach in much more detail. Okay. The teacher told. I wrote it by mistake. The student one is wrong. Instead of "the student said to the teacher," it is "the student told the teacher." The first person according to the two. Now, yesterday I taught you. What did I teach? Yesterday I was teaching you. [Music] I had written 123. First person according to the subject. Second person according to the object. He said, "I am busy." It means he himself was busy. What is this? First person. And first person according to the subject. So, it will become "he." I have written it here. He said that he was busy. "I am busy." Simple present. It will change to past. Similarly, "He said to me, 'I am right, but you are wrong.'" He said to me that I am right and you are wrong. Meaning, I am right, you are wrong. So, here, this is the first person. Subject. And this is the object. He told whom? He told me. So, "told" will change. "He told me." This much is correct. Instead of a comma, "that" has come. Now, this "I" is which person? "I" is the first person. First person according to the subject. So, I have put the subject here. "He was right." But this "you" is which person? And second person according to the object. So, it will become "me." "I was wrong." After studying from you, I passed the stenographer exam. That's great. But the stenographer's shorthand and typing are still left, right? There is still a lot left. Many children have cleared the stenographer exam. Someone has cleared Group C, someone has cleared Group D, someone has cleared both. So, "He told me that he was right." I was right. He was right. And you were wrong. Now, look. "He said to me." "He" is the subject of our sentence. And this is the verb. Subject, verb. Object. The subject told the object. So, "He told me" is correct. "That." Now, this "he" is the third person. And what did you teach? That there will be no change in the third person. No change. So, "he" will remain "he." "He was." "He is handsome." It will become "he was handsome." We did this yesterday. Now, what do we have to do? She said to me, "You are guilty." Meaning, she told me that you are guilty. It means she called me guilty. So, here is the object. But there is no object here. Pay attention. Second person according to the object. It is needed. "I was." This much is correct. But here there is no object. Here there is no object. No object. "She said, 'You are guilty.'" So, what will happen here? Look. When there is no object, we assume "I." We assume "I." Sometimes we also assume "he." But we give priority to "I." It is understood. She told the person in front. Here there was an object, so there was no problem. But when there is no object in the sentence, assume "I." Assume "I." We will do many more things related to this. Yes, write this down. Now, look here. "She said, 'You all are.'" Here "you" was singular. Here also "you" was singular. But here "you" is plural. Here "you" is plural. She said that you all are guilty. Meaning, the guilty ones are not one person. Many people are guilty. She said. "She said." Use "that." Now, "you" is the second person. Second person according to the object. But there is nothing in the object. So, we will assume "I." Like here, we assumed "I." But here "I" was singular. So, we assumed "I." But here "you" is plural. So, we will not use "I." We will use "we." Okay. I did not correct the "said" here. Okay. But we give priority to "I." We give priority to "I." Okay. This is done. Maybe the setting was not correct. Remove it. Look here. "You all are guilty." So, this is plural, right? And second person according to the object. What do we assume? Either we assume "he," but this is plural. So, the plural of "I" is "we." Okay. In which I have taught nouns, conjunctions, prepositions, verbs, tenses, and voice. So many chapters of grammar have been taught. Now I am teaching you narration. Those classes that were missed, watch them. Watch the recordings. We give priority to "I" and "we." I have to tell a couple more things. I have to do it in a little more detail. You must have written this much. Now, look at the sentence here. This example. "She said that." "You" is the second person. According to the object. If there is really no object, then what will we use? We will use "I." Or we can also use "he." This is our question. And this is also. "She said that he was guilty." Listen carefully. Whenever there is no object in the sentence, then either we assume "I" as the object, or we assume "he." Both are correct. Both are correct. Here, "she" is telling someone else that now she is guilty. Or both are correct. But we generally give priority to "I." But, but here both are correct. But if a question like this comes, and here I put "he," and here also I put "he," and "he" was correct here. But if it comes like this here. Now, if it comes like this here, and you will say, "I, both are correct." In this case, in this case, we have to choose this. We will not think of "he" because this sentence has two meanings. "He said that he was guilty." One meaning is that maybe he is speaking to himself. If the sentence was like this: Look at this. "He said, 'I am guilty.'" What would this become? It would become like this, right? "He said that he was guilty." Because "I" is the first person. First person according to the subject. So, it is clear here that he is speaking to himself. So, this sentence also has two meanings. Maybe he is speaking to himself. And maybe he is telling a third person that he said that he is guilty. He can tell a third person too. So, both meanings are coming. Maybe he is speaking to himself. But here it is understood that he is not speaking to himself, but to someone else. But if we give this, it will seem that he is speaking to himself. Therefore, we will choose this. So, remember this. If he had spoken to himself, the answer would also be this. Meaning, it would come out like this. And here we have said that there is no object. This will also come out as if he is speaking to himself. Or maybe he is speaking to someone else. So, we will use "I." We will use "I." So, it is clear that he is speaking to someone else. But here it will seem that he is speaking to himself. So, this will be the correct one. Okay. A to Z. I am making the 60 rules even better. When you all, A to Z, A to 16, 14 rules. I gave them. It was the GD paper, I think. Yes. For vocabulary, A to Z vocabulary has been taught in great detail. Okay. So, remember. Remember. [Music] Changes. Now, one more thing to remember. When making direct to indirect, some words also change. But these words will change only if our reporting verb is in the past. Remember, it will be in the past. It will be in the past. What will change? [Music] But when will all this change? Remember, all this will change only when the reporting verb is in the past. If it is in the present, then all this will not change. "This" will remain "this." "Now" will change to "then." "Here" will change to "there." "Ago" will change to "before." So, remember. "Thus" to "so." "Then" to "so." "Today" will change to "that day." "Tonight" will change to "that night." Write it down. Enough. Enough. Okay. Yes, written. "Today" to "that day." "Tonight" to "that night." Okay. Sometimes, look at the options. Sometimes in the options, "yesterday" becomes "the day before." But generally, "yesterday" changes to "the previous day." Generally, our "yesterday" will change to "the previous day." But sometimes, you will see "last night" to "before." In the options, you will mostly see "previous night" and "previous day." "Next day" does it change? Look, look. "Tomorrow" changes to "next day." And "next day" changes to "following day." "Following day." "Following day." But sometimes, you will see that they have also put "tomorrow" in "following day." It's the same. "Tomorrow" changes to "next day." "Tomorrow" changes to "next day." And "next day" changes to "following day." I am telling you this so that you don't get confused. Sometimes, they do this: they don't give "next day" for "tomorrow," but they also give "following day." That is also correct. "Previous night" to "yesterday." "Previous day." "Tomorrow" to "next day." "Next day" to "previous day." And "next day" to "following day." But sometimes, they also put "tomorrow" in "following day." So, this will change only under the condition. These words will change only on the condition when the reporting verb is in the past tense. When the reporting verb is in the present tense, the words will not change. "Adverb" class will be there. Adverb. One by one. "Be here this evening." So, okay. And first person according to the subject. For the boy, I used "he." To avoid repeating "boy," I used a pronoun. "He was glad." And "glad" changed from present to past. "To be" is also correct. "Here" changed to "there." And "this" changed to "that." "This" changed to "too." "Glad to be there that evening." "Will" changes to "would." [Music] "She said, 'I will go to Delhi next week.'" "She said that." This is the first person. First person according to the subject. It becomes "she." And the past tense of "will" is "would." With modal verbs. "She will go to Delhi next week." Will it change? "Next week" changed to "following." What will you do? "The man tells him." Here you will change "will" to "would." But there is no need to do this. Why? Because the reporting verb here is in the present. If our reporting verb is in the present, then do not change. If the reporting verb is in the past, then change. "This" to "that." "Following day" to "following day." But here the reporting verb is in the present. According to the subject, I used "he." Here, do not use "would" at all. And here, do not change "this" to "that." You will not change "this" to "that" because the reporting verb is in the present. Nothing will change. "Do this work." Okay, this is also done. Now I will tell a little more, then there are many questions behind. Now, look. Until now, we were learning very basic things. We were learning basic things. I kept the tense inside the reported speech simple present. And I kept changing the simple present to past. But it is not necessary that it is always present. Many changes can happen. If the tense of our reporting, reported speech, inside the inverted commas is in the simple present, then what will it change to? In the simple past. When will this happen? When the reporting verb is in the past. When the reporting verb is in the past. I taught this on the first day. When the reporting verb is in the present or future, then there will be no change. Okay. But if our reporting verb is in the past tense, then the tense of the sentence inside the reported speech will change. Simple present to simple past. Present continuous to past continuous. Present perfect to past perfect. Simple present "is," "am," "are." What will they change to? And present continuous "is," "am," "are" + verb ing. What is present perfect continuous? It will change to past perfect continuous. What is present perfect continuous? When studying, the dinner is ready. So, this is done. If our sentence is in the simple past, then what will it change to? Past perfect. Past perfect means "had" + verb 3. If our sentence is in the past continuous. What will past continuous change to? Past perfect continuous. And if it is in the past perfect, then there will be no change. It will remain past perfect. If it is in the past perfect continuous, then it will also remain past perfect continuous. Same, same. Just remember. Now, simple present to simple past. Present continuous to past continuous. Present perfect to past perfect. Present perfect continuous to past perfect continuous. And simple past to past perfect. And past continuous to past perfect continuous. And for these two, there is nothing left to change. Past perfect. Past perfect. No change. Okay. Now, I will give questions based on whatever I have taught so far. Phrasal verb class will be on Thursday and Friday. No change. We will do questions based on whatever we have taught so far. Look. I told you that for the teacher, it is not possible to write options. Therefore, teachers clarify your concepts by giving small sentences. But ultimately, practice is done with this. Tell me the answer. The skipper. One thing I have to tell you. When I taught you. What did I teach? Where to make space. Now tell me, what is the past of "shall"? What is the past of "shall"? When I have not discriminated in content, I am teaching you. So, you should not discriminate in selection either. Maintain decorum and seriousness in class. Remember, the past of "shall" can be "should," and the past of "shall" can also be "would." Both are possible. "Should" is generally used in advice. Both are possible. The past of "shall" is not always "should."

If there is, then why is the option "wood" here? Check the class first. We need to check. What do we need to check? That our reporting verb, our reporting, our reporting verb is in the past tense. This means the tense will change. The tense will change, and here it is "have selected". "Selected" is present perfect, and present perfect should change to past perfect. But here they have left it as "have selected". This is wrong. This is wrong. They have left it as "have selected" here too. This is wrong. Here they have made it "selected". This has become simple past. The answer is four. The pilot said, "Please don't panic, but tighten your seatbelts." Don't be afraid. Fasten your seatbelts. Look at your options. The passenger told me, "I see 'told' here. The passenger, look, it's understood. You'll say that there's no object here, so where did the object come from? It's understood. Even if there's no object, it's understood that it was said to the passenger. It was said to the passenger. They've added it themselves, no problem. First, let's eliminate the options. With 'told', 'to' doesn't happen. This is gone. Second, second, 'not', and I see it here. And what else do I see? I see 'your seatbelt' here. Here it's 'their seatbelt'. And it won't be 'their' either, right? It will be 'but tighten your seatbelt'. Seatbelt means whose seatbelt? The passenger's. So 'your' will change to 'their', right? 'Your seatbelt' will change to 'their seatbelt'. So this is also gone. This is also gone. Now tell me, what difference do you see now? Yes, 'to not panic' won't happen. 'Not to panic'. You shouldn't split 'not to infinitive'. For it to be an infinitive, you need V1 immediately after 'to'. But here 'not' is placed in between. The answer is fourth, fourth, fourth, fourth. The pilot told the passengers not to panic but to tighten their seatbelts. And here they've even added 'instead' themselves. Okay. Next, "I shall remain here and the tailor won't be able to find me," said she. "We will remain here and the tailor won't be able to find me." Look at this. Whenever MCQs come, look at the options. Here it's 'should', here it's 'should', here it's 'would', here it's 'could'. By mistake, the past tense of 'shall' is never 'could'. So this is gone anyway. The past tense of 'shall' is either 'should' or 'would'. The sense of 'would' isn't coming, right? So don't use 'should'. It should be 'should'. They've messed it up here anyway. Yes, it won't be 'should'. Waiting lazily day by day. He said to me, "You are getting lazy. You are getting lazy." What is this? Present continuous. This is present continuous, and present continuous will change to past continuous. Look, they've left it as present continuous here. They've made it present perfect continuous. And here, second person, second person according to the object, which is 'me', will become 'I'. For working president for the party now. Good question. Tell me the answer. As the question, so the answer. If you feel like it, like it too. You come for interest, A to Z. And as soon as A to Z starts, everyone gets tired. The Prime Minister told a meeting. The Prime Minister told a meeting. The Prime Minister told a meeting. And the Prime Minister addressed. Yes, we can address a meeting. The Prime Minister addressed the meeting. And here the Prime Minister addressed the meeting. With 'addressed', you don't need to say 'address meeting'. You can address a meeting. So this is also correct. But here you see, here it's 'for the party', 'for the party', then. But here, they've removed 'for the party' and kept it here. If 'for the party' was also in this, then this would also be correct. This would also be correct. Okay. Sometimes we change the sentence to 'address' keeping the sense of the sentence in mind, because the Prime Minister can address a meeting. If 'for the party' is missed, quickly say the answer. We'll finish the class. We'll have to give some time. I told her. I told her. What do I see? I see that 'will' is there. 'Will' will change to 'would', right? Because it's past. 'Will' will change to 'would'. They've left 'will' as 'will'. Eliminate two of your options. If I told her that all her parts would have to be part in. Where did 'would have to be' come from? They've added 'have to' themselves. This kind of thing doesn't come at the school level. For school, it comes written by yourself in exams with options. The queen said to her son, "You must go to the forest. Stay there until your father calls you." We will eliminate our options. How will we eliminate our options? This is our past tense. So eliminate this option. Eliminate this option. Second, second, what else do I see? I see 'he' here and 'you' here. Which person is this 'you'? Second person. Second person according to the object. So it should be 'he' here, right? This is also gone. The more you reduce your options, the more easily you will reach the answer. Here, "The queen told her son to go to the forest and remain there." Now look here, here it's 'remain', and here it's 'remained'. And it's joined by 'and'. And conjunction is the most loyal topic. If this is V2, this V2. Now look, to what is this 'remain' joining? It's joining 'go'. But that's V1. Go there and stay there. That's V1. So if it's 'and', then it should be V1 here too. But here they've made it V2. So this is correct, right? Where did it go? Okay. And it's joined by 'and'. This is a proverb, right? So you won't understand anything until you practice. Practice is very important. Read something and do many related questions. And you people are rushing so much. This batch is not going to come again and again. This will be a prominent batch on YouTube, A to Z, like A to Z vocabulary, A to Z grammar. So you want me to finish it quickly? No, it will be detailed. What will be? That virtual reward. Don't change the tense. Don't change the tense. It's said not to change the tense. And they've kept it present. Here, this used to be a very beautiful, quiet road. This used to be a very beautiful, quiet road. Tell the answer. And there will be no change in the third person. Come on, tell me. Oh no, where did 'there used to be' come from? [Music] No, this is wrong. This is wrong. Wrong, wrong. The first one will be the answer. Why? Because 'used' indicates past tense. So it will come to your mind, if this is past tense, then simple past, simple past is past perfect. So let's make it past perfect. Let's put 'had + v3'. This 'used to' is not working as v3, is it? 'Used to' won't work as v3 here. Okay. 'Used to' either works as a modal in the sentence, or as an adjective, or as v3 in passive. So here, the second one is wrong because 'used to' was a modal verb here. You haven't made it a modal here. Now you've put 'had', so it's wrong. And this is a fact. That it used to be a very quiet road. A general statement is being made. A fact is being told about that road. So don't change its tense. Don't change the tense. No change. Deserve the price. Because whatever I have taught you so far, you won't understand unless you make sentences. 'Earned' is simple past. So will it change to past perfect? Simple past to past perfect. Now look, what were we doing until now? We were doing direct to indirect. But what they've done is, they've given the sentence in indirect. It can also come the other way around. Now I won't make it direct. It can also be made the other way around. I see 'he' here. Okay. I see 'I' here. You. I see 'my coming' here. Look at this 'I' here. It's 'I'. This means, this means, let's try from here. This 'you' is second person. And second person according to the object. So it would be 'she' here. If this was an option, then 'she' would be here. And first person according to the subject. Now we see. It will be 'I', right? 'I' is first person. First person according to the subject. Here also it's 'I'. First person according to the subject. What is the difference here? When I taught you gerunds, this is a gerund. When I taught you gerunds in the verb chapter, you must remember that any pronoun before a noun should be in the objective case. But 'she' is subjective. We need objective. And 'my coming'. This 'her coming', 'your coming', your coming. Take you to Bangalore this week. How many times have you covered the syllabus? Okay. Preparing for any exam. Okay. No matter how many times you have completed the syllabus, it doesn't matter. Even if you have taken coaching from three to four teachers, but if you haven't done any practice, you are in the position from where you started. Okay. Look at the next one. I said to my mother, "I will certainly." 'Will' will change to 'would'. Let's change it. It's in 'would'. [Music] 'I' is first person. And first person according to the subject. So it should be 'I', right? They've put 'he' here. It should be 'I'. They've put 'she' here too. So it will be either second or fourth. I told to my mother. It won't be 'told to'. I told my mother. I would. With 'will', 'to' doesn't go. Go and check. Doing the same thing again and again is a waste of time. Okay. Now go to this channel. I have done some option-based answer type questions. Some Assam questions. Which are a bit different from the rules. Which decide the answer according to the options. Look at both. You should also look at the voice chapter. You should also look at the narration chapter. If you type 'Assam questions' on my channel, you will find many Assam questions of voice there. I did them a long time ago. You should also do that. It's a bit different. Repeating it is a waste of time. The Prime Minister said, "No one would be allowed to disturb the peace." No one will be allowed to disturb the peace. Everyone practice. Narration is not finished yet. Narration will continue for two-three more days. Indirect. This is also gone. Only two are left. The Prime Minister said, "No one would be allowed to disturb the peace." "No one will disturb the peace." Yes, here what they've done is, 'would be allowed' is in our option. Anything like 'allowed'. No one will be allowed to disturb the peace. No one will disturb. This means no one will do it. Are you going to say that no one will be allowed? If you add the word 'allow', then it will go here. I told you in the last class, we also did some practice. Okay. What did we practice in the last class? Simple present changes to simple past. Present continuous changes to past continuous. Present perfect continuous changes to past perfect continuous. We did all that. Today we will do different things. Today we will do direct indirect of interrogative sentences. Okay. When making direct to indirect, what conjunction were we using? 'That'. "What are you doing?" "Where are you going?" "Why haven't you completed the work?" The 'wh' family. It can also start with 'how'. Have you completed the syllabus? Okay. The 'wh' family is a very big family. What is the 'yes/no' family? It's the family that starts with 'what', 'when', 'how'. You don't need to put 'that'. Okay. Like I said, "What are you doing?" You will give me some answer. I am studying. I am teaching. I am sleeping. Anything can happen. Like I said, "Will you help me?" Your answer can be 'no'. Your answer can be 'yes'. You can say anything. That's why it's called the 'yes/no' family. "Shall I help you?" "Will you help me?" "Had you completed the work?" "Can I help you?" So these are all 'yes/no' types. In 'yes/no', the answer can be yes, and it can be no. This means the answer can be yes, and it can be no. This means there is doubt in your answer. And wherever there is doubt, what conjunction do we use? 'If' or 'whether'. 'If' or 'whether'. So in the 'wh' family, 'that' is not used. But since there is doubt here, we can use 'if' and 'whether'. Okay. Until you do examples, you won't be able to eliminate options. In the 'wh' family, 'that' is not used. No conjunction is used. Why is no conjunction used in the 'wh' family? Because that 'wh' word will act as a conjunction. So here, we won't use it. In fact, 'that' won't be used in anything. But here, 'if' and 'whether' will be used. Okay. I told you this. Now go. Let's do some questions. Come on, the first question. And pay attention to inversion. If there is a question mark in the sentence, then this question mark will change to a full stop. There will be no inversion. Come on, tell me the sentence. I told you, right? On the first day, when making direct to indirect, if there is a question mark, it goes away, and a full stop comes. So there will be no inversion. Don't write. Don't write. If you keep writing everything, how will you understand? "What are you doing?" "What are you doing?" Just like 'said' was changing to 'told' in normal sentences, but in interrogative sentences. [Music] It won't work as a conjunction because this 'wh' word itself will act as a conjunction. And in one option, it will be given as "He asked me what I was doing." What difference do you see between these two sentences? That here, after the subject, it's 'was'. This means there is no inversion here. And here, before the subject, it's 'was'. So there is inversion here. There is inversion here. Now, because the question that was asked has a question mark, and if there is a question mark in the sentence, then there should be inversion. But now it has changed to a full stop, and there should be no inversion in a full stop sentence. So this is wrong. This is correct. This is the 'wh' family, right? Now let's do some of the 'wh' family too. When is 'that' used? Ashutosh, I told you, right? 'That' is used in normal assertive sentences. 'That' is used in affirmative sentences, assertive statements. Here it's asking. You also have to look at the sense of the interrogative sentence. I wrote, "The policeman said, 'Where do you live?'" [Music] [Music] So what will happen? Apply V1 with 'would'. And 'me' is first person. First person according to the subject. "Whether he would help him." Look at the next one. Sometimes it happens, here 'said' is used, but sometimes if 'inquired' is also given in the option, it's not wrong. "The policeman inquired." In interrogative sentences, you use 'said'. But here the sense of inquiry is coming, right? The policeman inquired where you live. So here, 'said' is in the option, but if 'inquired' was also there, it wouldn't be wrong. In the sense of asking, 'inquired' can also be used. Come on, tell me. The policeman asked, "Where do you live?" 'Was' is coming before the subject, meaning there is inversion. But this is a full stop sentence, right? There should be no inversion. 'He did live' is also past. And it's past tense, simple past. And 'he lived' is also past. Now you'll say, both are past, and we can do this. You've eliminated the first one based on inversion. But in the second one, there is no inversion. After the subject, the verb is coming. So we could have taken this. But still, the answer is third. Why is the third one the answer? When I taught you the verb chapter, I taught you when we use 'used' as an auxiliary verb. Either the sentence is positive, or the sentence is negative, or interrogative. You must remember. Either interrogative. "Where he did live" won't happen. "Where" Listen to what he's saying. He said, "Ravi, why are you sounding so depressed today?" First day, Friday. It's a phrasal verb. Ravi, here Ravi is. Didn't I tell you on the first day that sometimes the object is placed inside the inverted commas? Okay. He asked Ravi. "And told" won't happen. He told Ravi. No, he asked Ravi. So this is wrong anyway. Come on, tell me. And 'that' conjunction never comes before any 'wh' word. Because that itself acts as a conjunction. Why would you put 'that' again? And this is which family? This doesn't come in the 'wh' family. Okay. Now tell me. Two are gone. And there is inversion here, right? Before the subject. The answer is this. And 'today' has changed to 'that day'. Next, "He asked me, 'What time will the sun set tomorrow?'" Whatever you've learned, do sentences on it. "He asked me, 'What time will the sun set tomorrow?'" Will 'tomorrow' change? 'Tomorrow' will change to 'the next day'. The sentence is going into the past. So 'tomorrow' will change to 'the next day'. They've left 'tomorrow' as 'tomorrow'. This 'asked me what time'. And 'will', right? 'Will' will change to 'would'. They've left this as present. "He asked me what time the sun would set." It's all about inversion. Whenever you make an interrogative sentence, check the options based on inversion. If the verb is coming before the subject, there is inversion. But it's not needed. In the option, 'asked' is already there. Inversion is not needed. It's a full stop sentence. The verb is coming before the subject. Inversion is not needed. It's a full stop sentence. And what is this? Present perfect. Present perfect. Again, it won't be present perfect, right? Present perfect changes to past perfect. "Have you finished your assignment?" Meenu's brother asked Meenu. Meenu's brother asked her. And asked her if she had finished the assignment. And what kind of question is 'have'? It's a 'yes/no' family. 'Yes/no' family. And in the 'yes/no' family, what will come? 'If'. 'If'. And put 'if'. Now look at the options. "Asked Meenu". This is 'you'. Second person. Okay. 'You' is second person. Second person according to the object, which is Meenu. So 'if you have' won't happen. And second, it's past tense. So 'have' should change to 'had', right? This is already...

This is how it happened. Now look, here also "have had" will change to "had happened" and he did not say "set to me", he asked "me", "Meenu", "What are you doing? What are you doing?" she asked. Which family is it? V H family. Okay, 99583583240. This will not happen. "I am doing" should change to "I was doing". "Here" should change to "there". "What I was doing there". "Here" is kept as "there". But sometimes decide the answer according to the options. "What can I do for you?" Remove this. Manager [Music] wanted to know what he could do for him. The manager wanted to know, "What can I do for you?" For me? Where are you doing it? For him. So it is applied everywhere. The manager wanted to know. The manager was surprised. The manager was surprised. Look at the options carefully and tell me the answer. "What can I do for you?" Tell me, what can I do for you? Remember in imperative sentences. [Music] We have done interrogative sentences. Okay, let's do imperative sentences. Imperative sentences mean those sentences that have an order, a request, a suggestion. All those are imperative sentences. I'll give a small example, then we'll do it together. Narration has come in Mains, we will do it. And the "awesome" ones. We have also taught "questions of voice". What does "awesome" mean? It means those that are a bit out of the rules, those that are a bit option-based, where you might get confused, look at those too. Okay, next I will tell you. Like I wrote, "He said, he said to me, go there." "He said to me, go there." What is this? I will put "that" here. I cannot put "that" here. Why can't I put "that"? This is the subject, and this is the verb, and this is the conjunction. And a conjunction joins clause to clause, right? So I need a subject and a verb here too. "Ordered me to go." It is being told, and I don't see any subject or anything here. Okay, we will not put an object. In the previous one, I put an object. We will write it here. We will put it in the option. And in the other option, in the previous sentence, I had put an object, so there was no confusion. You put your object. But here, an object is not put. "He ordered me." Tell me which one is correct. Sometimes, an object is not put in a sentence. Now tell me which one is correct. So, like the sessions too. We have to finish the A to Z grammar batch and then start the practice series. Like it too. Yes, you will think. You will think that in one question, there is no object. If it was "He said to them", then we would put this. But still, even then, "them" is not put. Still, we will tick this one. Why? Because no, no, you will go. You will think that there is no object, so you will tick the first one. I taught you this in the infinitive chapter. Okay, when I taught verbs, I taught you that the word "order" does not directly take an infinitive. The word "order" takes an object and then an infinitive. Because it is understood that you are ordering someone else to do something. You are ordering someone else. First, it will take an object, and then it will take an infinitive. This rule we have already done. We have already done this rule when we were doing infinitives, and at that time, I told you that I will be repeating this when I do narration. We will do it then. Okay, so don't say bye. "Order" does not directly take an infinitive. "Order" is a transitive verb. If you are doing it to someone else, then "order" is a transitive verb. It will take an object, and then an infinitive. So, irrespective of the fact whether you have an object in the sentence or not, whenever we decide the option which has an object, what will directly not take an infinitive? First, take an object, and then an infinitive. Whether there is an object in the question or not, anything can come instead of "them". "He ordered her." "He ordered Ram, Shyam." "He orders." Anything will be an object, in the form of a noun or pronoun, then an infinitive. Anything can come instead of "them". Where will "they" come from? We need the objective case. So, you have understood that he is requesting, begging. From "please", it is understood that he is requesting. "Not to go away." "Please not to go." Which one will it be? D. Yes, he begged me not to go. It is joined by an infinitive. The one with the infinitive. Okay. This happened. Meaning story. And in one option, it is written "He said to go there." "He ordered her." "Order." The first one, the first one. What is the difference? In the first one, "to not go" will not be correct. I told you not to split the infinitive. So, you put "not" here, put "V1", and brought "not" in between. So, in the first one, this is correct. It should be "not to go". Okay. This is wrong. This is wrong. Now look, "He ordered her to go away." This is correct. But "forbid" also means to order. This word "forbid" or "forbade" is negative in itself. So, do not use negative again with it. So, this is wrong. And the one below is correct. The one below is correct. Both have the same meaning. Here, we can use "not" with the word "order", but in the option, they will put "not" with "forbid". But "forbid" is negative in itself. Do not put "not" with it. Therefore, this is correct. You can use "not" with the word "ordered", but not with "forbid". Both are correct. It can also come like this. [Music] "He told them that." Why will we not put "that"? He told politely, "Don't make noise." So you will say, "I could have done this too. This could have also been done. 'Asked' also means 'told'. This could have also been done. And there would have been 'an'." I will finish imperative sentences and then tomorrow we will be doing exclamatory and optative. After that, we will be done with narration. Only two will be left tomorrow. "My mother said, 'Please go to the shop.'" "My mother told me to please." When "please" is in the sentence, do not use "please" again. Because "to please" means to make someone happy, to satisfy someone. So here, "to" and then "please". To satisfy, it is understood from "please", right? The mood of the sentence is just being told that she requested. She requested. And here, "to be going" is used. Request does not take this. Where did it go now? Now, with the word "requested", "V1" is used, and here, with "request", an infinitive is used. Activity is happening. Okay, the activity is happening. But here, mother requested to go. She has not gone yet. She has not gone yet. She requested to go. So, the action is incomplete. For an incomplete action, we use an infinitive. For request, for suggestion, for advice, infinitive. "Let me go home now." Now tell me, this is a good question. Mohan said, "Let me go home." Let me go home. I taught you this in passive voice too. Request. Request. Tell me, this could also have been done. This answer could also have been done. "Mohan requested his friend to let." Then this would not happen. It should be joined by an infinitive. So "to" should be there. "Mohan requested his friend to let him." "To" should be there. But "to" is not here. "To" is not here. Ultimately, this is the answer. And then you will tell me, "Ma'am, you just said in imperative sentences that we don't use 'that'." But this is an imperative sentence where we have found the subject. So, [Music] Great, we used "that". When I taught you voice, I told you that "might be allowed" is also used for permission. You will think, "Where did this 'allowed' word come from?" It's not in the question anywhere. "Might be allowed to go home." "Let him go home." So, it is going in the same sense, right? He should be allowed to go home. So, we can use "might". Because it will come to your mind. It will come to your mind. It is not there. You will eliminate the second one. The second one is the answer. Wait a minute. How much is left? Oh, so much is left. Let's do some. A little is left. Tomorrow we will do exclamatory and optative. Please like the questions. It is important to do questions. "Let us go." This word "let". I taught you before when I was teaching direct and indirect, that this word "let". "Let me come in." It is used for permission. "Let us play." It can also be used for suggestion. In a different sense. In a different sense. "Let" is also used for order. "Let the door be closed." In different senses. So, "Let us go to the river for swimming." So, here the sense is suggestion. "We should go to the river for swimming." It will not be. I did not suggest that person. I suggested something to that person. Like, we say, "He suggested him." It is not like that. So, with "propose", use "to". Here, "to" will not be. Sometimes, if you don't keep it, you have made it passive voice. So, "don't" will not be. This also needs to be past. "Distance" etc. And here also, look, here also "shall" is there. So, "shall" is future. It needs to be past. This is also wrong. All options are wrong. "You said to me, 'Let us play now.'" Now, sometimes it happens like this. What did I tell you? That "now" changes to "then". But it is our compulsion. They have done it. Sometimes, all options. So, "here" should change to "there". But sometimes, in all options, "here" is left as "here". In all options, "now" is left as "now". What will you do? Assume it like this. With "propose", "to" is not used. Here, "to" is removed. This is already gone. Let's go play. And for suggestion, "should" is used. "To" will not be used. So, tell me. "You proposed to me that we should have played." It will not be. To request someone, to urge someone. Do not use "to" with this. Use "to". With advice, do not use "to". All this comes in narration to confuse you. There is "pleaded". The meaning of "pleaded" is also to beg. You will say that the meaning of "request" is also to beg. So, you did not use "to" with "request". But with "pleaded", "to" will not be. [Music] Similarly, "explain him" will not be. "I explained to him about something." Do not say "explain him". But "I suggested to him." "I proposed to him." "Advised to him" will not be. Simply "advised". "I pleaded with the judge for mercy." Very good. Rohit Kumar, I have qualified the CO exam just because of you. Just because of you. You show me that I can also clear Mains. Rohit, Mains too. So, do not use "to" with "request". How is indirect formed? And yesterday I told you in interrogative sentences, which ones. In WH family, we use "if" or "whether". Because your answer can be "yes" or "no". And when the answer can be "yes" or "no", it means there is doubt. And for doubt, we use "whether". And when "or not" is in the sentence, do not use "if". Then use "whether". And I also told you that in WH family, "that" will not be needed as a conjunction. It is also used in exclamatory, which we are going to do today. What are exclamatory sentences? I am writing from here. Exclamatory sentences. Exclamatory sentences. Exclamatory sentences are those where you express sudden feelings, sudden feelings of surprise, where you suddenly express any feeling of surprise, sorrow, happiness. All those feelings. We call them exclamatory sentences. And what is the identification of an exclamatory sentence? The identification of an exclamatory sentence is this. Interrogative sentences. Interrogative sentences. Why am I writing both together? I am telling you. Where did I get confused? Interrogative sentences. In interrogative sentences, we put interrogative. But there we ask questions. In interrogative sentences. Okay. There we ask questions. But in exclamatory also, we do not ask questions using WH. There we exclaim surprise. Like I wrote, "What a cold day!" "What a cold day!" "What a..." So, is a question asked? No, here "what" is used. Here, with "what", I am doing. Here, "what" is used in an interrogative sentence. Here, a question is being asked with "what". But here, a question is not being asked with "what". Here, an exclamation is given with "what". "What a cold day!" "Oh my god, it's so cold today!" Here, you are showing your surprise. "Oh my god, the temperature today is 1.4 degrees." So, "what" is used here. Here, "what" is used in exclamatory. And here, "what" is used in interrogative. But the first sentence is wrong. Because in an exclamatory sentence, there is no inversion. Look, the verb is placed before the subject. Inversion is in interrogative sentences, right? But this is exclamatory. So, "What a cold day it is!" will not be. It should be "It is." It is. It can start with "it is". Now I have written a sentence. Because exclamatory sentences. And then I wrote, "How are you?" "How are you?" "How are you?" Here, I made the sentence interrogative. And here, I made the sentence exclamatory with "how". And in an exclamatory sentence, there is no inversion. The verb will come after the subject. But in interrogative, there will be inversion, right? The verb will come before the subject. So, here, here, I just wanted to tell you in the first step that sentences can be exclamatory or interrogative using "what", "how", "when", "how". Look, if an exclamation mark is put, it is exclamatory. If a question mark is put, it is interrogative. And in a question mark sentence, there will be inversion. And in exclamatory, there will not be. Okay. It will not be. Now, look at eliminating options. Like I wrote, "He said, 'How are you?'" This is an interrogative sentence. And then I wrote, "Bravo." It is not necessary that sentences are exclamatory only by putting these words. Sometimes sentences can be exclamatory without these words. Look, "How foolish he is!" "Oh my god, how foolish he is!" All these things make it. But wherever an exclamation mark is put, this exclamation mark is put, then it is exclamatory. Yes, I will tell you something very well now. It has been launched. Okay. Students also need to be informed that the UC Live app has been launched. Okay. All PDFs, all e-books, etc., can be bought from there. Plus, grammar videos etc. will be available on this app. I am also planning a lot of things in the coming time. [Music] These are interrogative sentences. Okay. How to make this? He asked, "How are you?" So, asked. What will you put? He asked. First, I will write wrong. None of them. Assume yourself that it is "today". Like "I" will not be. "I was" will be. And here I wrote. It is not asking a question here. Here, he is saying with surprise, "Oh my god, how foolish he is!" I will do this in exclamatory sentences. In exclamatory sentences, "asked" will become "exclaimed". Look, if you are doing it in surprise, then "He exclaimed with surprise." Put it according to the sense of the sentence. If he is saying sadly, "exclaimed with sorrow." "He exclaimed with joy." "Exclaimed with surprise." It is a great surprise. If I write "exclaimed", it is still correct. But if the sense of the sentence is of surprise, then putting "with surprise" is also fine. No problem. No problem. Okay. Do not write wrong. I will write wrong first, then cut it. Both sentences are wrong. The difference I want to tell you, focus on that. The sentence is wrong because you know that in interrogative sentences, and especially in interrogative sentences, interrogative sentences that have WH family, do not put "that". In WH family, do not put "that". Only put "how". So, do not put "that". Do not put "that" in interrogative. Put "how". But exclamatory. In exclamatory sentences, you have to put "that". Do not put "how". In exclamatory sentences, it is said with "how". Using "how", it is said here, "Oh my god, how cold it is!" "How foolish" means how very foolish he is. Here, "how" is not asking a question. Here, "how" is expressing emotion. A feeling of surprise. So, do not put "how" here. Only "that" will work. Here, surprise was put. Because it is third person, and in third person, no change. No change. Now I have written wrong. I will correct it. Put it. But in exclamatory sentences, do not put "how". Put "that". Yes, this is what I wanted to tell. That in exclamatory sentences, put "that". Do not put "how". Do not put "how". Okay. That is what will work as a conjunction. "That" will not be. You will know from the sentence whether "how" is being used in exclamatory or in interrogative. Write this. Now I will give sentences. [Music] This is what I wanted to tell. Indirect narration of exclamatory sentences. What are exclamatory sentences? A sentence where you are expressing certain feelings of joy, surprise, etc. Let's do some questions. It will be clearer with questions. "Everybody said, 'How well she sings!'" Now look at the sentence. Everyone said, "Oh my god, how well she sings!" So, here "how" is exclamatory. Here, we are not asking a question with "how". This is in the sense of surprise. So, tell me, which one will it be? "Everybody told" will not be. Because it is being exclaimed. So, "told" will not be. It should be "sang". This is also wrong. It should have been "sang" here too. This is also wrong. "Told" will not be. "Narrated" will not be. "Told" will not be. "Exclaimed with sorrow" could also be. But look at the option. And put your option accordingly. So, "told with pain." First of all, this is an exclamatory sentence, right? In exclamatory sentences, it will be "exclaimed", not "told". "Narrated" is also not correct. "Narrated" means to describe something, stories etc. are narrated. This is also wrong. "Expressed" will not be. "Express" means to show feelings etc. "Expressed" is not used here. "Express" means to show something. It is not just showing something. But with "exclaimed", it is used. "Puzzles so quickly," said the mother. The mother said, "Oh my god, you solved the puzzle so quickly!" Look at the sentence. Then tell me the options. "The mother exclaimed with joy that he was clever enough to solve the puzzle so quickly." Now look at the options. "To have solved." This is the perfect infinitive. Perfect means the work is already done. And here it is written "to solve".

This is the infinitives' indefiniteness. Indefinite means it has not reduced yet, okay? It is indefiniteness. And here, clever in solving, here a gerund has been used, a gerund has been used. And you are so clever to have solved here, it is correct. [Music] Because the child has solved the puzzle, that's why the mother praised him, right? This means the puzzle has been solved. And here it has not been solved. And here it is telling the child's activity. Told he was very clever. You are very good at puzzle solving. This is just a general activity being described. Mother told. With "told," a sense of objects. Mother praised him, saying "Huway." Do not change its tense. He already perfect. No, no, B will not be the answer. D. Mother expressed that he was so clever. It was very clever of him to have solved the puzzle. Second will not be correct. Okay. How I wish they would come. Tell the answer to this sentence. You have to understand the meaning of the sentence. "How I wish" does not mean "How do I wish?" The meaning of the sentence is, "How I wish it were so that they would come." "How I wish it were so that they would come to meet us." So, "would" will not change to "could." "They could come." This will not happen. In an exclamatory sentence, "how" is not used. The "how" of an interrogative sentence is used. So this is also gone. It is not for coming. Next, we are rather late. Explain. And here what have they done? So, your energy level when the talk started and see your energy level now. You ask for free bass, free bass, and all this is not in paid batches. In paid batches, children come with absolute regularity because they have paid money. On YouTube, you either need serious study or entertainment. When you get something for free, you don't understand its importance. Yes, these are queens. No, wondered what he wanted. Here, "wants" has been left as "want." It's the third person. First person according to the subject, but it's plural. What he wanted of us. "Been" will not be correct. Them. Them. For he said that he wondered, wanted what he wanted of them. Them. The traveler, the traveler exclaimed that it was a beautiful. Where did it come from? And a vowel sound? Beautiful. Not a beautiful sight. The sight has been removed. Beautiful sight. Directly, you are telling. Tell the direct from the indirect as well. So, this sentence is in indirect speech. Now you have to make its direct speech. Look, it's a good question. Here you will get stuck. See, present perfect. Present perfect also changes to past perfect, right? Present perfect also changes to past perfect. And past perfect remains past perfect. And simple past remains simple. Here there can be confusion. There can be confusion that present perfect also changes to past perfect, and past perfect also changes to past perfect. If our question is in indirect speech, if it is in past perfect, then in direct speech, will we choose the simple past option, the past perfect option, or the present perfect option? Because everything changes into that. Then it changes into that. See the question here. The girl. Present perfect also changes to past perfect. So this also changes to past perfect. This is gone. Oh, the girl said, "Oh, where are the sparrows?" This is not perfect. We will not say this. This is gone. The girl said, "Oh, where the sparrows have gone?" There is a question mark in the sentence, right? But it is not happening here. The verb should come before the subject, but here it is coming after the subject. This is also gone. The first two are gone. Now you are left with these: "The girl said, 'Oh, where had the sparrows gone?'" and "The girl said." In such cases, she must have said, "My God, where had they gone?" No, option D is there. When two events are connected. But there is nothing like that here. The girl asked. The girl asked. This option. This present perfect. And present perfect changes to past perfect. Past perfect will remain the same. But here there will be a change. Because our sentence will change to "The boy said that." Why would we add "yesterday"? It doesn't go with "flood." Let's do it. This is done. Next one. How foolish I have been in money. Mothers, oh, how foolish I am in money, in terms of money, how foolish I am. That he was very foolish and in money. Mother expressed to with three great. Here, explained. Express. Verification. Money, money. And "I have been." "I have been" is present perfect. Will present perfect change? But this "I have been" is present. I have talked again. Robin explained, "How rare, how rare." Meaning he said, "I have talked." Robin explained, "Would have talked." He would have. It will not be. [Music] Robin explained. And he said, "Bravo, very good, very good." Bravo means well done. You have done well. Come on, tell the answer. It's the same. Tell the answer. Where, where, clever. [Music] Going. [Music] This has left present perfect. Come on, tell. [Music] That you say you did well. No, she praised him, telling him that you did very well. Finally, our chapter will end. Okay, let's do this quickly. Okay. Optative sentences are those sentences where you are giving wishes to someone. You can wish to a child or an elder. Blessings are often given by elders. Where there are blessings, where there are prayers, such sentences are optative. He said, "May you live long." "May you live long." So he said, "May you live." You can use "may." [Music] Anything wasted. Here you will put "that." Second person. Second person according to the object. You will understand all this more from sentence practice than from theory. Like I wrote, "He said, he said, 'Long live dear friendship.'" Here, "may" is not there, but still, he is praying, he is wishing. If "may" is not there, you will add it yourself. If "may" is not there, you will add it yourself. You had put "might" when there was "may." But here, even if "may" is not there, it is still a wish and blessing. So you will add it yourself. Dear friendship, may live long. If the sessions are good, please like them. As the energy level decreases, this batch will go slowly. I have no control. I have no control. How can I turn on subscriptions myself? It's not my app. It's not mine. What happens is that when the energy level decreases, the teacher also starts teaching slowly. When the children's energy decreases, please like it too. Now, you can trust me on YouTube. You have been studying with me for so long. So, I am not that kind of teacher who teaches only for views. Today, one topic, and this is the first day of phrasal verbs. Many views came. The first day, many views came. The first day, children come with enthusiasm. So, I taught phrasal verbs for one day. The next day, children decrease. So, stop phrasal verbs. Result. [Music] What happens is that it becomes a mess. For children, it's not a proper way of teaching. If you have to teach, teach thoroughly. Otherwise, don't teach. Otherwise, somewhere, children get lost, and their time is also wasted. They don't improve at all. Therefore, whatever you start, you must finish it. You yourself have seen how lengthy the A to Z batch is. In A to Z, it's not that. I am just a teacher, and my main intention, sole intention, is your selection. I will get my reward from your selection. And to give selection, what has been started on YouTube must be taught. Otherwise, children will not be selected. What has been started must be taught. Okay. So, we will finish it, even if it takes a little time. Even if it takes a little time, but it will end. When this batch ends, I will have a sense of complacency. Self-start. [Music] Our channel, our channel became one million just because students got selected and because of the content. It will start. So, don't say, "Ma'am, start U C Live." I left Unacademy. U C Live will become active. Now you will say, "Ma'am, leave it." Unacademy. I haven't given the PDF. I will tell my team. Wait, wait. I have told you in front of you. I have told you in front of you. My mother will finish it. They say, "Ma'am, you keep saying this." You have to come on time, then it will finish. I said, "Very good question." I said, "Goodbye, my beloved friends." He said goodbye to his beloved friends. Not a good question. No, no. The PDF for "make" is also seen by children outside India who watch this channel. They will also like it. You must remember when I... I had a small... When a teacher doesn't feel like teaching a student, the teacher has to teach forcefully. So I told my team, "There are many errors from V1 and V2. V1, V2, V3 cause many errors." So sometimes, children don't want to study lengthy topics. So, make a short video on V1, V2, V3. I put a separate video of 45 or 50 V1, V2 that comes in exams. Okay? You watch it. You watch it. Sometimes, you have to teach with forced interest. I taught there. "Bid." "Bid" means to bid. And all three forms are the same. To order or in the sense of buying. I told you one meaning of "bid" was in the sense of buying or ordering. So its past tense is "bid." Yes, it will be "bid." [Applause] What's on your Insta? There's nothing interesting on your Instagram. Just nouns, pronouns, vocabulary. But some children come, and they don't waste time on Insta. Some come and study. Okay, the PDF has been uploaded. It must have been uploaded. Keep it well. Decorate the video nicely. Take it out and study whenever you feel like it. Come on, "May you live long and prosper." You live long. And here, what they have done is, "live" is a verb. So, try not to change the part of speech. Sometimes they do change it. And "prosper" is also a verb. But here, what they have done is, they have changed "live" to "life," a noun. And "prosperity," also a noun. It's gone. Sometimes they do change it. There is no need to change it. When the verb is there, "live long, prosper." Just study immediately and practice. Revision. There is no revision. Revise the same thing 10 times. Quickly take admission. Tomorrow is the last day. Tomorrow is January 28th, right? So tomorrow is the last day of the offer. This Republic Day offer was running, 20% discount. 20% discount was running on Unacademy. So, what you have to do is install the Unacademy app and use this code. Use code 10, and you will get a 20% discount until tomorrow. And right now, I have three batches running. The Mains batch is running. Samudra Manthan is running. The free batch is also running. Foundation batch. You don't need to take separate admission in all three batches. Okay. You don't need to take separate admission. In one fee, you will get everything. And not just English, you will get Math, Reasoning, GS in this fee. It's not just the fee for English. If you have any problem, call this number. And thanks to all my students who said, "Ma'am, we really liked the one-word content you gave." Keep appreciating so that I can give you more and more good content. Also, students are saying that you have given us so much at a very nominal fee. 99 rupees. Everyone can afford it. If you don't eat burgers for a day or two, you will save 99 rupees. You can buy it. So, 4 ebooks have been launched now, and especially they have been liked a lot. Four ebooks have been published for you. One is on topic-wise errors. Okay. Topic-wise errors ebook. If you want to buy only one word, it's 31. Only one word is 31. Only idioms are 31. And only one word, only fixed prepositions are 21. If you want to buy them individually. But I would suggest you buy the combo so that you have a lot of content. Topic-wise errors, idioms, one word, and fixed prepositions, all for only 99 rupees. Okay. Not even 3 digits. A burger at a local place costs 250 rupees. If you skip a local burger, for 99 rupees. Okay. So, what is this 99 rupees? But when you start studying this, because children themselves are telling us, "Ma'am, you have given exactly those idioms that generally come in exams. And now when we are taking mocks, all our idioms are correct." One word, well, it was given recently. So I won't say all one words are matching. Meaning, all of them are now being solved. Generally, these are wrong for us. So, at a very nominal fee. Okay. At a very nominal fee. You can buy this ebook from our U C Live app. What you have to do is, that's why I am repeatedly saying, download the U C Live app. Go to Google Play Store. This is my app, U C Live app. You can easily purchase the ebook from here. Okay. You can easily purchase from here. If there is any problem, I will provide you with the number. And on the U C Live app, I will also put the PDFs of whatever I teach on YouTube on Telegram. I will also put them on U C Live. Many times, children are unable to connect to Telegram. The Telegram link has been provided. If there is any difficulty in buying the ebook, read it once. And then take mocks. Wherever you take mocks, you will see that all your idioms will match. I have included idioms that have come in exams, and some that haven't, those that are unique to NDA, CDS, all of them. Okay. So you will not have any problem. If you have any difficulty buying the book, talk to this number. Double 9583583. It's a bit busy. Call it once or twice. Drop a message. They will help you. Okay. This is all. Why would you pay in the wrong place? They will help you. Call it once or twice. Don't pick up, drop a message. It won't be wrong. Now, the 20% offer is running. Take it by tomorrow. To take admission, definitely call this number once. That is the correct number. Call only there. Because some batches have children admitted where I am not. Here, absolutely not. Here also, I am absolutely not. Selection. [Music] You will get many batches. You don't need to buy any book. Just pick up batches and practice. And here, solutions for your preparation. Notes, where, how, where you will find them, they will tell you all that. They will give you a competitor. Compete with them. Play quizzes. There is also a doubt feature today. Send your doubts. Okay. You will get it. Tomorrow, tomorrow I will not be able to take it because I have a class from 11 AM tomorrow. Unacademy's special class is from 11 AM. That's why I don't keep YouTube on Saturdays. This will come tomorrow. I will share the link. Tomorrow's class is going to be very good. All of you who have difficulty with passages, cloze tests, PQR S. Come and see on Saturday and Sunday. Everyone says, "Ma'am, bring a practice batch." You don't need to tell me. What you need, when you need it, I will do it without you telling me. You don't need to worry. Okay. No need for everyone to say anything.