2. गुहिल वंश पार्ट -1 Guhil Dynasty part –1 #rajasthan #rajasthanhistory

Good evening. Until where did we study yesterday? What did we study? Let's hear a little. Let's see. We were studying Mewar, the Guhil dynasty. So, when was the Guhil dynasty established? In 566. By whom was it established? Which inscription provides this information? From which king's time was it? Which descendant of Shiladitya Guhil was it? Which mother's temple does it mention? And information about which industry does it provide? How many branches did this Guhil dynasty have? Which Hindus were they? Where did these people rule? Mewar, Banswara, Dungarpur, Pratapgarh, and what were the old names of Mewar? Who was the first great king? Whose follower was he? With whose blessings did he win? Chittor. Whom did he defeat to win? When did he win? In 734. And where did he establish the capital? Whose temple did he build in Nagda? What did they consider themselves to be? The Diwan of Eklingji. And in Mewar, coins of which metal did he issue? And how many grains was that gold coin? We studied these things. We also studied. Whose temple did he build in Chittor? The Sun Temple, which is now what? Kalika Mata. We studied these things. Okay, yesterday I was telling you that Bapa Rawal was brought from Nagda because there was a threat of Arab invasion. So, he said, "I will stop the Arab invasion." So, he said, "I will see to it according to my will." He formed alliances with the kings around him. He invited many kings from the Gujarat side. He invited kings from Rajasthan. He prepared a whole army. Then, defeating the Muslim army from here, he went all the way to Ghazni. How far did he go? At that time, the main base of the Arabs was Ghazni. Which one was it? So, he said, "I will leave Ghazni for you." So, defeating the Muslim army, how far did he go? Ghazni. Ghazni is a place in Afghanistan. Where is Ghazni located? Afghanistan. And there was a king in Ghazni. His name was Salim. What was his name? He removed Salim and, after removing Salim, he made his nephew the king. Whom did he make? The nephew's name is not known, but it is said that he made his nephew the king. So, to whom did he make the king of Ghazni? After removing whom? Where is Ghazni located? Who did this? Bapa. Write. He went all the way to Ghazni, defeating the Muslim army. He moved up to Ghazni after defeating the Muslim army. He moved up to Ghazni after defeating the Muslim army. He removed the king of Ghazni, Salim. He deposed Ghazni's king Salim. And made his nephew the king. And coronated his nephew. And made his nephew the king. Now, when he went towards Ghazni, his army stayed there for a few days in a place in Pakistan. Later, a village was formed there. In Punjabi, a village is called 'Pind'. What is it called? Whose army stayed there? Bapa Rawal. Someone asked, "What village is this?" "It is the village where Rawal's army stayed." So, Rawalda Pind, Rawalda Pind, Rawalda Pind, what did its name become? So, there is a city in Pakistan called Rawalpindi. Its name is because of Bapa Rawal. Someone asked, "Why is Rawalpindi named Rawalpindi?" Because whose military camp was there? It was Bapa Rawal's military camp. Bapa Rawal's army stayed there. Rawalda Pind. What does 'Pind' mean? Village. Yes, so Rawalda Pind, Rawalda Pind, what did it become? Rawalpindi. Write. Because of him, the city of Rawalpindi in Pakistan was named. The city Rawalpindi of Pakistan was named after him. The city Rawalpindi of Pakistan was named after him. The city of Rawalpindi in Pakistan was named. Which city in Pakistan was named? The city of Rawalpindi was named. One of our historians in India. His name is Chintamani Vinayak Vaidya. C.V. Vaidya. What is his name? His full name is Chintamani Vinayak Vaidya, or C.V. Vaidya. He says that at the time when Bapa Rawal was defeating the Muslim army in India, at the same time in Europe, a person was defeating the Muslim army, his name was Charles Martel. What was his name? So, where was Charles Martel defeating the Muslim army? In Europe. And where was Bapa Rawal defeating them? Where was he defeating them? In India. Therefore, Bapa Rawal can be compared to whom? Charles Martel. He himself was from France. Where was he from? A French commander, a French general. But he was defeating the Muslim army in Europe. This means the Arabs attacked from both sides. The Arabs attacked towards India. The Arabs attacked towards Europe. In Europe, who was defeating them? Charles Martel, who was from France. In India, who was defeating them? Bapa Rawal, who was from Mewar. Where was he from? So, with which French commander is Bapa Rawal compared? Who makes this comparison? Why would anyone be compared if both did the same thing? Both defeated the Muslim army. Write. Historian C.V. Vaidya compared Bapa Rawal to the French commander Charles Martel. Historian C.V. Vaidya compared Bapa Rawal to the French commander Charles Martel. Bapa Rawal was compared to the French commander Charles Martel. To whom was he compared? Charles Martel. Where was Charles Martel from? Now, write the titles of Bapa Rawal. Titles of Bapa Rawal. What were his titles? Tell me. Hindu Suraj, Rajguru, and Chakwa. What are the two names? Hindu Suraj, Rajguru, and he was a great king of the Hindus. He was fighting against the Muslims, so his title became Hindu. And this title became so popular that later all the kings of Mewar used to put Hindu before their names. What did they use to put? Hindu. Another title is Rajguru. As I just said, in the very first line, he gathered other kings around him and then attacked Ghazni. So, he is the guru of other kings. Other kings were fighting under him. Therefore, his title became Rajguru. Okay, there is a term in Hindi or Sanskrit. You might have heard the name Chakravarti. What is it called? Lord Rama was a Chakravarti king. A king who conquered all four directions is called Chakravarti. What is it called? A king who defeats enemies in all directions, north, south, east, west, is called Chakravarti. In Rajasthani, we call that Chakravarti 'Chakve'. What do we call it? I still remember listening to stories from my grandfather at home. I must have read in Hindi that Lord Rama was a Chakravarti emperor. Grandfather used to tell stories at home, saying, "Lord Rama, rule as Chakve, rule as Chakve," meaning he ruled in all directions. What was such a king called? Chakve. The king who fought battles by bringing other kings under his control was called Rajguru. He protected the Hindus and fought against the Muslims, so he was called Hindu. So, what were his titles? Hindu Suraj, Rajguru, and Chakwa. Whose titles? Whose titles? Bapa Rawal's actual name was Kal Bhoj. What was his name? Write, then I will explain. Write. Actual name Kal Bhoj. Actual name Kal Bhoj. What was his actual name? Now, your question should be, "Sir, if his name is Kal Bhoj, why have you been calling him Bapa Rawal for two days?" You were teaching about Kal Bhoj. You wrote ten lines. All of them were written in the name of Bapa Rawal. And now, at the end, you are saying, "Sir, the situation has changed, the emotions have changed, and this person's name is..." Now listen. His actual name is indeed Kal Bhoj. Bapa Rawal is not a name. In Mewar, kings were called Rawal. What were they called? These were titles of our kings. Some kings used Rawal, some Rana, some Raja, some Rao, some Rawat. Then, as the empire grew, Rawat became Maharawat, Rawal became Maharawal, Rana became Maharana, Raja became Maharaja. But these were titles. Rawal was such a title. So, the Rawal attached to Bapa means Rawal's simple meaning is king. Just like you say Rana Pratap, Rana is a title in it. So, Rawal is his title in itself. The question is about Bapa. What is Bapa? The border area of Gujarat, the area touching Gujarat, like Sirohi, this Udaipur area, Dungarpur, Banswara, which touches Gujarat completely. In Gujarat and in this touching Rajasthan area, any respected person, an honorable person, is called 'Bapji'. What is it called? Therefore, often people from Mewar or Gujarat, after visiting a temple, if asked where they went, they would say, "We went to visit Bapji." They went to Bapji. So, Bapji is also called God. Who is Bapji called? Respected. God is called Bapji. God is called Bapji. Then, gradually, any respected person also started adding Bapji to their name. Who would be more respected than the king? So, the king was also called Bapji. So, someone asked, "Who is Rawal nowadays?" "He is our Bapji Rawal." Bapji Rawal, Bapji Rawal, Bapji Rawal, it became Bapa Rawal. Some became Pappa Rawal, some became Papp Rawal. Different names. We can read whatever we like. His actual name was Kalb. What were kings called? Rawal. He was a great man, honorable, respected, so he was called Bapa. And future generations said, "He was the most fortunate of us. This Bapji was the best." So, they started writing Bapa Rawal in their inscriptions. Otherwise, Bapa Rawal is not a name. What was the person's name? And in Gujarat or this Mewar region, this system exists to this day. Even today, any respected person is called Bapu. What do Gujaratis call them? That's why you call Gandhiji Bapu. Gandhiji is not Bapu because he is old. He is Bapu because he is a Gujarati, a Gujarati saint. Murari Bapu. I say, leave the rest. Ravindra Jadeja, the cricketer from Gujarat. Axar Patel, the cricketer. Just check their Instagram timelines. Check their Twitter or Facebook accounts. Read the comments from Gujaratis below them. Gujarati comments will come. "Jio Bapu, amazing Bapu." "Bapu took five wickets." "Bapu played so well." "Bapu scored 50 runs." You will think, "He just became Bapu." The man is 30-32 years old. Why are you calling him this already? But there, Bapu means a respected person. Right? If any of you is a respected person. I will call him Bapu. This does not mean he has become everyone's father. Bapu there only means respected. Similarly, Bapji Rawal, it started being called Bapji Rawal. Understood? Okay, write the next king. Write the king Alot. Always leave three-four lines when writing a new king. Don't be stingy and cram Alot into Bapa Rawal. His name was Alot, but we also get another name for him, Alu Rawal. What do we get? Write. Other name. Other name. Alu Rawal. So, he is called Alu Rawal, and he is also called Alot. Come back to my point. I said that in Mewar, kings were called Rawal. What were they called? Alot might have been young, so it might have been his childhood name, Alu. This is Rajasthan. If we don't shorten our names here, what's the point? So, Alot might have been Alu in childhood. He became Rawal when he grew up. So, who became Rawal nowadays? Alu Rawal became Rawal. Alu Rawal became Rawal. His name became just that. That's all. Otherwise, I used to not write it many times. So, what do I need to write about this? Alot's childhood name was Alu Rawal, and when he grew up, he became Rawal. But I don't write it. Then a student stood up in class and said, "Sir, you have missed an important fact. You are not giving correct information. You have not told us another name of Alot in history." Then I thought, "Let me tell him." So, what was the other name? It's like this. In childhood, we give names like Chintu, Mintu, Pinku, Manku at home. Then, when they grow up, we still call them Chintu, Mintu, Pinku, Manku. Later, I always remember that in UP, there was a Chief Minister, Akhilesh Yadav, the national president of the Samajwadi Party. His father, Mulayam Singh ji, founded the party. So, when Mulayam Singh ji founded the party, his friends were with him. Mulayam Singh ji's son, Akhilesh Yadav, was a child then, maybe in fifth or sixth grade. So, his father's friends used to come home. So, they would call Akhilesh Yadav by his home name. His home name is Tipu. What is his home name? Tipu. So, "Tipu bhai, Tipu, what class are you in?" "Uncle, ninth class." "How many marks in eighth?" "And Tipu, what subjects is he taking in eleventh?" Everyone would say, "Tipu." Gradually, Akhilesh Yadav grew up. Mulayam Singh ji made Akhilesh Yadav the Chief Minister. Now, Akhilesh ji became the Chief Minister. But the other ministers grew up with his father. So, the first meeting after becoming Chief Minister. Akhilesh Yadav is sitting on the Chief Minister's seat. His uncle, his father's friends, and other senior leaders are sitting in other chairs. All the IAS officers are sitting in front. But on the first day, a meeting was called. "The government has changed. It is our government. You have to work according to us. If there is any problem, tell us directly. Tell us, what are the problems in which departments?" The secretary of the Health Department stood up. He said, "Sir, the supply of medicines in the Health Department is not complete. Please look into this." And the minister, who was Akhilesh Yadav's uncle, stood up and said, "Tipu, please look into the health matter. And don't worry, sir, it's Tipu's government, all your work will be done. There is no need to worry." Another person stood up. "Tipu, please look into this matter as well." The IAS officers smiled. They were confused. They didn't know that this person was called Tipu at home. Even Akhilesh Yadav felt ashamed. But what could he do? His uncle would call him by his name. Finally, the Chief Minister himself stood up to speak. Chief Minister Akhilesh Yadav stood up and said, "My uncles, my ministers, all my IAS officers, you should remember that Tipu has now become the Sultan." What has Tipu become? So, if anyone calls me Tipu, I will see. But people still called him Alu. He became Rawal, so what? He became Rawal. Who became Rawal? Alu. Okay, we get information about Alot or Alu Rawal from two inscriptions. From how many inscriptions? So, if anyone asks us, from which inscriptions do we get information about Alot? Write. Sources of information. Sources of information. I am writing. Copy it as it is, then I will explain. There are two. Tell me, which are the two inscriptions? The first is the Saraneshwar Prashasti. The second is the inscription of Shakti Kumar's eight. When is the Saraneshwar Prashasti from? 953 AD. When is Shakti Kumar's Athore inscription from? Let's analyze each one. Put the heading again. Saraneshwar Prashasti. Let's read. Saraneshwar Prashasti. Now listen to me. The first word, two words. One is Saraneshwar, and what is written? Prashasti. I'll go to the second one first. I'll go to Prashasti. Remember, it will be useful in many places later. The simple meaning of inscription is writing. Anything written can be called an inscription. Your register is an inscription. You have written in the register, call it a register inscription. They write on stones, so they call it a stone inscription. Stone means rock. Rock edict. A long stone is called a pillar inscription. Pillar edict. If they write in a cave, it's called a cave inscription. If they write on copper, it's called a copper inscription. If they write on gold, it's called a gold inscription. They also write on silver. It's called a silver inscription. Silver means silver. So, according to what is written, it becomes an inscription. There is no need to worry about this. Inscriptions that praise kings. Inscriptions that praise them are called Prashasti. What are they called? So, the simple meaning of Prashasti is praise. What is the meaning? Where the king is praised. Their achievements are told. So-and-so did this, this, this. This means you are praising him. This means that inscription is called Prashasti. We will call it Prashasti. So, Saraneshwar Prashasti means the king has been praised in it. We will read whose praise it is, but its simple meaning is that praise has been done there. Now, the first word, what is written? Those with 'Ishwar' at the end mean it is a temple of Shiva. This means those with this attached mean it is a temple of Shiva. And I will say, from today onwards, whenever you see a Shiva temple in Jaipur, notice its name. There is a place called Jharkhand Mor in Jaipur, and there is a Shiva temple there, so its name is Jharkhandeshwar Mahadev. What is its name? Near the employment office, there is a Shiva temple. Its name is Rozgarishwar Mahadev. Outside the police station, there is a Shiva temple. Its name is Thaneshwar Mahadev. Outside the railway station, there is a Shiva temple. Its name is Raileshwar Mahadev. Under the electric wire, there is a Shiva temple. Its name is Currenteshwar Mahadev. There is a temple. These are all exact names of temples in Jaipur. All of them are Shiva temples in Jaipur. So, Shiva temple means what is attached at the end? Ishwar. So, those with 'Ishwar' at the end mean it is a temple of Shiva. Will you remember this? Ishwar means it is a temple of Shiva. Saraneshwar. There must have been some such thing there, so its name became Saraneshwar. This is actually a Shiva temple in Udaipur. Where is it? Udaipur. The same Mewar region is being discussed. So, there is an inscription on the Saraneshwar temple, so its name became Saraneshwar. What is its name? Saraneshwar. Which king's information is it giving? Alot. Whose information? Prashasti, which means it is praising Alot. Now, what information does it give? So, now put a dash here. We will write. There is a place in Udaipur. Its name is Ahad. What is its name? From this Prashasti, it is known that Alot made Ahad his second capital. What was the first capital?

Nagda. Which other one? Write it by putting a number. Allat made Ahad the second capital. Allat made Ahad the second capital. Ahad is a place in Udaipur. Allat made Ahad the second capital. Allat made Ahad as the second capital. What did Allat make Ahad? The second capital. Okay, it will come to your mind, why did Sir make it like this? When Nagda is the capital, then why was this made the second capital? You can understand this by saying that if I ask you today, what is the capital of India? Then you will say, sir, Delhi. But if I say, where is 65 percent of the financial and economic work done? Bombay. This means that our economic capital is, in a way, Bombay, and the political capital, where is it from? We have not declared it, but it is still here today. Where is the entire share market from? Bombay. And whatever financial work is done, where is it from? Bombay. It doesn't happen in Delhi. So that is our economic, and this is our political. Similarly, the political capital of that time is Nagda, and the economic capital of that time is yours. This means that there is money in Ahad. This means Ahad is within a trader. How is Ahad? Remember when I ask again later, how is Ahad? It is commercial. So the king feels that if he has to control the trade here, then he will have to place people here, brother. Otherwise, how will they collect tax from here? Brother, where there is more trade, will the tax be less or more? Every king will want to take more tax, not less. Because more tax means a bigger army, a bigger army means more expansion of the empire. So the king feels that Ahad needs to be controlled. So what to do to control Ahad? So place one person here. Place them on their chest. Brother, all the tax should come to me. Not even one rupee of tax should go astray. If a prince is placed there, then what will it be? A capital in itself. The main capital is still which one? Another center has been developed. Which one is it? Nagda is the capital. So we read, what temple did Baparao build in Nagda? Ekling. They were also making Ahad the capital. Build temples here too, it should feel like a capital. So they built a temple of Shiva there. Let's build a temple of Vishnu here. Built a temple of Vishnu. One avatar of Lord Vishnu is considered. Varaha. Which avatar is it? Varaha. Varaha actually means pig. What does Varaha mean? When we read Hindu avatars, we read that once the earth was about to be flooded, the whole earth was about to drown, then Lord Vishnu came in the form of Varaha. In whose form did he come? And he lifted the earth on his palm. He saved the earth. Everything else was submerged. That's why if you ever see a picture where Lord Vishnu has a face like a pig and is holding the earth on his palm, it means which avatar is it? So Varaha avatar means whose temple is it? Vishnu. Where was Lord Krishna built? Ahad. By whom? Look, the Varaha temple was built in Ahad. He built the Varaha temple at Ahad. The Varaha temple was built in Ahad. He built the Varaha temple at Ahad. What was built? The Varaha temple was built. Okay, okay. Now tell me, when this was made the capital, did they need fewer officials or more? So we have written the names of the officials. Which officials were appointed there? Just like you will become officials, all of you. Today, the system of officials we have, a term is used for it. It is called bureaucracy. What is it called? The English word is better. Bureaucracy. What is it called? See, there is a word in it, cracy. What is the word? It means rule. What does it mean? If one person rules, it is called autocracy. Auto means one, or it can be called monarchy. If one person is ruling, what do we call it? Autocracy. Rule of one person. If the public rules. The public is called democracy. Cracy means rule. So what do we call it? Democracy. Bureau means table. What does bureau mean? When someone rules by sitting at a table, what is it called? You will become officials, so you will sit at a table and chair, sign papers. You will go to NREGA with a shovel. You will rule with a chair and table. That's why you will all go into bureaucracy. Into what will you go? That's why you will be called bureaucrats. What will you be called? So bureaucracy was an old Latin word. We have made its Hindi version, 'naukarshahi'. What have we made? Brother, you said they are all servants of the government. Fourth grade is also a servant of the government, and an IAS is also a servant of the government. And we said, sir, there is a difference between servants. A fourth-grade person is just a servant. This person is the king of servants. He is the emperor of servants. That's why he should be called what? That's why you will all become what? Bureaucrats. What will you become? All of you will become bureaucrats. So what will your system be called? Or what will it be called in English? So if officials like you were appointed in Ahad, it means what was started in Ahad? You can call it an administrative system, or bureaucracy. Write number three. Bureaucracy was started in Ahad, or bureaucracy was established in Ahad. Bureaucracy was established at Ahad. Bureaucracy was established at Ahad. Bureaucracy was established at Ahad. Now, what does bureaucracy mean? Officials were appointed. So which officials were appointed? We will write within this, without changing the number. I am making a list. You write it. Then I will tell you the officials. Write within this. I am writing four or five names. The inscription clearly has the names of the officials who were appointed. I have written them from top to bottom. Write from top to bottom. Because I will write more in front of them. Where will it be written then? Being stingy. I'll finish them all in one line. Your register, first of all, remember from now on. Even if you have brought this lined register this time, bring a register without lines from now on. These are the best registers for making notes. And on one page of this unlined register, there should be 12 lines. How many lines will you write? You will write, how many lines are there? 12. You write 29 lines on one page. You are the fathers of stingy people. Then you go home and look with a lens to see what I have written. What have I written? I can't even understand it myself. Write openly and comfortably, brother. At most two more registers will be filled. What difference will it make? So tell me, who were appointed as bureaucrats? Let's see. Amatya, Sandhi Vigrahak, Akshapatlik, Vishkadhiraj, Bandipati. Who are they? Tell me again. Amatya, Sandhi Vigrahak, Akshapatlik, Vishkadhiraj. And what else is there? Let's listen one by one. See, they will be useful tomorrow. See, I told you we will study which systems? Political, administrative. This is the administrative system. When we study, he built that temple, which is it? We will study later. He took so much tax, which means what system is it? Or tomorrow we will study information about the mining industry in Jawar. Mining is what? Economic. It's the revenue department. I am reading that he defeated them and went that far, so what kind of system is it? Political. So we will study all of them. So what kind of system is this? Administrative. So tell me, who is the first one? Amatya. There is a king. Below the king are ministers. One minister is the finance minister, one is the home minister, one is the information minister, one is the agriculture minister, one is the trade minister, one is the industry minister. Different ministers. Now, who will control these ministers? There should be one more minister above these ministers. That is the Prime Minister. The head of the ministers, what do you call him? Prime Minister. Or the chief among the ministers, you can call him Chief Minister. Just like you have a Prime Minister or a Chief Minister today, at that time, there was a Prime Minister and a Chief Minister. Call him whatever you want. You can also call him Prime Minister. What do you call him? Amatya. What do they call him? So the minister who controls the other ministers is who, brother? I say today, if I ask you, who handles our Home Ministry? Your second is Amit Shah, right? I say, who handles the External Affairs Ministry? Your friend is Jaishankar. I say, who is the Finance Minister? Sir, Nirmala Sitharaman. So what does Modi ji handle? He handles all of them. That's why he is the Prime Minister. This is the Chief Minister. The Chief Minister controls all other ministers. So the minister who controls other ministers is called what? Meaning, the king calls Amatya and asks, yes brother, tell me what is going wrong. Now Amatya asks the Home Ministry, the Agriculture Ministry, what is happening? What is not happening? What does it mean? It means Prime Minister. What does it mean? Prime Minister. Write next to Amatya: Prime Minister. The head of the ministers was called what? Amatya. What was he called? Amatya. And if you ever watch old TV serials, like Chandragupta Maurya serials, they used to say, call Amatya Kautilya. Call Amatya Chanakya. So who was Chanakya? Amatya. Who was the one who controlled other ministers? He was called Amatya. What is written next? Sandhi. Vigrahak. What is written? There are two words. One is Sandhi, one is Vigrah. Which two are there? Sandhi means to join. Vigrah means to break. Sandhi means to join. Vigrah means one who joins relations with a country. One who breaks relations with a country. Minister of War and Peace. Minister of what? One who either wages war with a country or makes a treaty with a country. Meaning, brings peace. So when you make a treaty, what are you doing? You are breaking peace, meaning you are waging war. So the minister of war and peace is called what? Minister of War and Peace. According to today, look, like the External Affairs Minister. What is the job of the External Affairs Minister? This is the job. To build relations with other countries. War is with our country. Treaty is also with another country. According to today, the person like our External Affairs Minister was called what? Sandhi Vigrahak. What is next? Akshapatlik. What is it? One who keeps track of the king's income and expenses, right? Accounting officer. The one who maintained accounts was called what? Write: Officer of Income and Expenditure. Chief Accounting Officer. Officer of Income and Expenditure. Chief Accounting Officer. Officer of Income and Expenditure. And this is asked many times in exams. What did Akshapatlik do? So what did he do? Now, many times he removes these words. He says, he kept the accounts. It's the same thing. He is maintaining accounts. Someone says he maintained ledgers. It's the same thing. Right? You say ledgers. You say accounts. You can even say expenditure and income. You can say income and expenditure. All are the same. Who is next? Vishkadhiraj. Say, who is it? Say again. What is the name? Listen again. See, there is a word, Bheshaj. What is the word? It means medicine. What does it mean? One who brings medicine for the king. Vishkadhiraj. The king's doctor. Who is the royal doctor? The king's physician was called Vishkadhiraj. Write: Royal Doctor. Vishkadhiraj. Royal Doctor. Royal Physician. This time, if you go to the doctor to get medicine, you should say, Vishkadhiraj. Oh, oh, what did I say? What did I say? Forget it. Because when you call him Vishkadhiraj, it means you are also the king. The king has a doctor. What do they call him? So if he is Vishkadhiraj, then what are you? A person should always consider themselves superior. Some misconceptions are good. A person should never consider themselves inferior. Always consider yourself what? What's the harm in thinking? If you have to eat dirt, eat it sitting on a mound, eat it heartily. If you have to eat less, then if you have to think, then what are you? You are the king. Therefore, your doctor is what? If you have seen a movie called Panipat, have any of you seen the movie Panipat? Kriti Sanon, the heroine, is the daughter of Vishka. Whose daughter? Physician. Her father was a physician. The name Vishkadhiraj also comes up in many places. So tell me, who was Amatya? Prime Minister. Minister of War and Peace. Account of income and expenditure. The king's doctor. Who is next? Bandipati. He was the one who, when the king came to the court, would loudly say, Shri Shri 108 Ekling Diwan, King of Kings, Rana of Ranas, Maharana of Maharana, so-and-so is arriving. What was he called? The one who praised the king? What was he called? Bandipati. Write: One who praises the king. Who praises the king. Or who praises the king. An inscription in the Sarvashwar temple in Udaipur, which we call the Sarvashwar Prashasti, dated 953 AD, tells us that Allat made Ahad the second capital. Whose temple did he build there? Varaha. Which god is Varaha? And who was established there? Bureaucracy. Which bureaucrats were appointed? Amatya, what is it called? Sandhi Vigrahak, Akshapatlik, Vishkadhiraj, Bandipati. Right? Now, a simple question someone might ask is, who was called Vishkadhiraj? What is the meaning of Akshapatlik? What was the minister of war and peace called? What was the one who praised the king called? Or sometimes it might be asked, which inscription gives information about the administrative system of Mewar? Someone might ask that according to the Sarvashwar Prashasti, bureaucracy was established in Mewar from Ahad. Who started it? Who? Allat. Okay, tell me again. Why was Ahad made the second capital? Commercial. What is in it? So will you get more tax or less? The Prashasti mentions how much tax was levied on what. So if any inscription is giving information about the taxation system of Mewar, then which one is it? Write one more: Taxation System. Number four, write: Taxation System. Now, these are pre-level things, right? For mains, if we have to write. If we give the same question for mains writing. What do you understand from Sarvashwar Prashasti? You can tell. Sarvashwar Prashasti is an important source of information about Allat, which tells us where Allat made the second capital. What temple did he build in Ahad? Who did he establish in Ahad? Also, what information does the Prashasti provide? Do you understand? But now, another question should come to your mind. This temple is of Shiva, from where the inscription was found. Whose temple is it? The inscription mentions that a Vishnu temple was built. The inscription says that the Varaha temple was built. And it is written in the Shiva temple. Then I am saying that a temple was built in Ahad. Where was the temple built? And I just said that the Sarvashwar Prashasti was found in Udaipur. Where is the Sarvashwar temple? Udaipur. Now listen to me. What happened was that Allat built a temple in Ahad. The Varaha temple. Which one did he build? He got an inscription installed there. Outside the Varaha temple, what did he get installed? The inscription. Later, the Varaha temple was destroyed by invaders. So its stones got scattered here and there. They broke the idol and left, broke the temple. Many years later, someone built the Sarvashwar temple in Udaipur. So he needed stones. So someone said, there are some stones lying around. So they brought those stones and installed them here. One of those stones also came which had the inscription on it. From which temple did we get it? So we will call it what? But it is not originally from here. It is from the Varaha temple. Where is it from? Otherwise, why would there be information about a Vishnu temple in a Shiva temple? A Shiva temple would have information about Shiva. Sarvashwar temple is of Shiva. It is giving us information about Vishnu. This means it was originally installed where? In Vishnu. But that temple must have been broken. So someone must have brought the stones and installed them here. And there are countless hundreds and thousands of such stones lying around that we haven't even been able to read yet. Inscriptions are the most important source for knowing history because inscriptions are from the time when that building was built. Do people get inscriptions installed even today? Yes, they do. How not? I say, go to any government hospital, it is written outside. This hospital was built during the reign of Maharana Ashok Gehlot. During the time of Chief Minister Ashok Gehlot. It's the same thing, brother. Today's Maharana is this. It was built during the reign of Chief Minister Ashok Gehlot. The cost of its construction was so many lakhs of rupees. The foundation stone laying was attended by so-and-so people. So-and-so people participated in its inauguration. Every detail is written. This is today's inscription, the inscription of that time. Do you get it? So now, suppose today we read about this hospital, we would know during which Chief Minister's time it was built. Who were the ministers at that time. Now, suppose this hospital's information board, the notice board in front, after 200 years, someone sees it, they will have a source to know about Ashok Gehlot, right? They will say that there was a Chief Minister named Ashok Gehlot, and this Chief Minister built this. That will be history. It has passed, it has become history. So even today, inscriptions are installed. That's why inscriptions are the best source for knowing history. Because it was installed at the time when the building was built. It was mostly installed at the time when that king was reigning. Now, a source for knowing history is books. What is it? Books. But there is a problem with books. In books, it is possible that there is a king today. 300 years later, someone wrote a book about him. After how many years? After 300 years, things might get exaggerated. Things get moved here and there. That's why there is exaggeration in books. There is hyperbole in books. Things are written with exaggeration in books. Not in inscriptions. In inscriptions, mostly the things found are as they are. The best historian of our Rajasthan was named Gaurishankar Hirachand Ojha. What is the name? Meaning, Ojha ji, it is irony, it is misfortune, that Ojha ji passed away in the year the country became independent. Ojha ji died in April, and the country became independent in August. If Ojha ji had lived for a few more years, he would have written many more good things about the history of Rajasthan. So when Ojha ji started writing history, he announced in every village that if anyone has any stone with anything written on it, bring it to me. Call me. I will see and tell you what is written on it. Many people called him. He went to a village in Ajmer. There, a farmer told him, there is a stone in my house. He went and saw a stone there. So on half of that stone, something is written. On half, what is written has faded. He said, oh, what is this? Half is written, half is faded. He said, sir.

Where it is erased, I do not grind tobacco here. What is useful, it tells me. When Fauja Ji read it, he found out it was the oldest inscription in Rajasthan. We will move forward, if that man grinding tobacco had not told us, we would not have even known it was the oldest inscription in Rajasthan. But it was found. What if there is something older that has not been found? I am saying that even today there are inscriptions in the lakhs. Every month, three-four children bring me and say, "Sir, there is a well in our village. Something is written about the well." What is written? "This sir, there are many people who do this work of reading. We send them there. We will find out." Even if someone has brought me something from 1760, it could be from 1820. Who knows, maybe there is something in some village from 872, something in some village from 437, something in some village that is a thousand years older. The process of writing is very old, therefore inscriptions give very good information. So, questions should arise in your mind here, that an inscription is found in a Shiva temple and it is giving information about Vishnu. This means it was installed in a Vishnu temple, that temple must have been broken. Stones get displaced. So which temple came? Did you understand? I told you two. One I told you was the Sarneshwar Prashasti, one I told you was Shakti Kumar's. Put the heading back. Shakti Kumar's Hathpur Inscription. Let's read about it. There are many people in the world who do this work of reading languages. You and I don't know. This doesn't mean that other people don't know. Right? Many people's job is this, to read languages, but they are found in Sanskrit, they are found in Rajasthani. Well, it's not that they used to communicate in gestures. It must have been a slightly different form of it, and there are many scholars whose job is this. Fauja Ji wrote a whole book on this, 'Prachin Lipimala' (Ancient Script Garland). What are these ancient scripts? I will tell you. First, read the name of the inscription. What is written? Tell me. Shakti Kumar's Hathpur Inscription. What is the name? Hathpur Inscription. When is it from? Not from Allat's time. That Sarneshwar one is from Allat's time, which tells us that after Allat, after two-three generations, a king is born, and that king's name is Shakti Kumar. What is his name? He got the inscription installed, that's why it is called Shakti Kumar's Inscription. Where was it installed? Hathpur. It is also a name of Ahad. What is the name of Ahad? Ahad is their main place. Sarneshor Prashasti is also from Ahad. Even if it was installed later in Udaipur. And the Hathpur inscription is also from where? Ahad. In many Sanskrit texts and Jain books, what is the name found? Hathpur. So what does Hathpur mean? Ahad. So you can also call it Shakti Kumar's Ahad Inscription. So from where was the inscription found? From Ahad. From which king's time? Which king's time? Sir. Now Shakti Kumar wrote about himself. He wrote about his father. For example, if he went up one or two generations, he wrote about Allat. So the important information that is useful for us to read is this. From this, we get to know the name of Allat's mother. And Allat's mother's name was Mahalakshmi Rashtrakuta. What was her name? Write it down. Put a dash after it. Then write below. I will tell you. You write as you wish. Write by numbering one. Allat's mother's name was Mahalakshmi Rashtrakuta. Mahalakshmi Rashtrakuta was the mother of Allat. Allat's mother's name was Mahalakshmi Rashtrakuta. Mahalakshmi Rashtrakuta was the mother of Allat. One piece of information from this is, what was Allat's mother's name? Mahalakshmi Rashtrakuta. Another piece of information is that Allat had a Huna queen. Of which dynasty was the queen? Huna. A queen of the Huna dynasty. And that queen's name was Hariyadevi. What was her name? What was the queen's name? Hariyadevi. That Hariyadevi founded a village. That village's name was Harshpur. What was its name? Which queen? Hariyadevi. Of which dynasty? Whose queen is she? Allat. What did she found? Write it down. Write by numbering two. Then I will explain both. Allat's Huna queen Hariyadevi. Allat's Huna queen Hariyadevi. Allat's Huna queen Hariyadevi founded Harshpur. Founded Harshpur. What did she found? Harsh. Now listen. Your question also arises, sir, is the name of someone's mother and someone's queen really that important? And if the names of mothers and queens are also important, then tell us about Bappa Rawal too. Then tell us about Guhil too. Who was Guhil's mother? Who was Guhil's queen? And if we remember the names of mothers and queens like this, then we should give up preparation, sir. In every dynasty, we have to study about 20 kings, so we have to remember the mothers of 20 and queens of 20. Today, we won't be able to do it. Then why didn't we study about Bappa Rawal and Guhil? The reason is, look. What is the mother's name? Mahalakshmi Rashtrakuta. What is the name? Rashtrakuta. Where were they from? Karnataka. Where were the Rashtrakutas from? And if Allat's mother is a Rashtrakuta, it means his father went to Karnataka for marriage. Where did he go? And this is not possible. When there were no means of communication and transport, he wouldn't have gone to Karnataka for marriage. This means the Rashtrakutas have some connection with Rajasthan. This means that in those days, somewhere the Rashtrakutas were living. We will read further. When I teach about the Rathores later, I will tell you that the Rashtrakutas were living in Pali during those times. Where were they living? Because we will get an inscription of these Rashtrakutas from Pali. Further, we will read further inscriptions. We will read the Hatundi inscription. Which one is it? And in that Attondia inscription, there is a king, and that king's name is Dhaval Rashtrakuta. What is his name? And he writes that the Parmars of Malwa attacked whom? Shakti Kumar. Where did they attack? In Mewar. Shakti Kumar. I am saving him. That Dhaval Rashtrakuta, who is the king of Pali, is writing that the Parmars of Malwa attacked Shakti Kumar, the king of Mewar. Then I saved him. This means Shakti Kumar is a relative. What is he? This means his sister or aunt must have been Mahalakshmi, who got married there. From this, it is known that even though the Rashtrakutas went to South India, they had some connection with Rajasthan. We get this one new piece of information. Then, secondly, what is his queen's name? Hariyadevi. Of which dynasty? Hunas. Brother, they were from Central Asia. Where were the Hunas from? They were from beyond Iran. From beyond Iran. So did Allat go to Iran for marriage? We say that the Hunas came here. The Hunas came towards India. Then we say, still, what's the big deal? There was migration at that time. Those from here went there, and those from there came here, and they got married. Why should we study this? There is a great thing in this. The thing is that the Hunas came from Central Asia and merged into Rajasthan's culture, into India's culture. This is the greatness of Indian culture, that whoever came from outside, we absorbed them. We did not discriminate against them. We told them to mix and mingle. We will read further when we study ancient history, we will read about Shakas, Kushanas, Hunas. All these came from Central Asia. Where did they come from? Who all? Can you tell me about even one person today and say, "Sir, I suspect this person is a Saka?" Can you say that? It doesn't seem like it, brother. They came from Central Asia, so their descendants must be sitting among us. Can you tell someone, "Sir, this person looks a bit like a Kushana," or to someone, "Doesn't this person look like a Huna? Look, sir, his face matches the Hunas." You can't say that, can you? Some of us have a little bit of Saka blood, a little bit of Kushana blood, a little bit of Huna blood. They merged into our society, they dissolved into us. This is the characteristic of Indian culture, that we have absorbed the elements coming from outside. Those cultures that can withstand external attacks by absorbing them can continue for a long time, can survive. Those cultures that show resistance to any external culture, saying "No, we will not absorb them," perish very quickly. That's why Allama Iqbal said, "Egypt, Rome, Greece all perished. There is something about us that our existence does not perish." So the civilization of Egypt perished. Where did those people go? The civilization of Rome perished. The civilization of Greece perished. We are as we are. We were worshipping the peepal tree in the Indus Valley Civilization, and we are still worshipping the peepal tree today. We were worshipping cows then, and we are still worshipping cows today. The entire structure remains as it was. Because outsiders came, we took their good things, and told the rest, "Just become like us, mingle with us." So all of them merged into the culture. I always laugh that in our Gujarat, there is a community called Parsis. Who are they? They all came from Iran. Iran's name was earlier Persia. What was its name? Persia. It was called Persia. It used to be called Farsi. When Muslim kings came, they told the Parsis, "Either become Muslims or flee from here." So some became, some died, some came from there. So a small group sat in a ship, left the Persian Gulf, came into the Arabian Sea, and reached Gujarat. And they told the king of Gujarat, "Brother, they are killing us there. Give us a chance to come in." The king of Gujarat said, "We already have plenty of our own, and our population is growing day by day. So where can we keep you? Our population has already increased." So it is said that the king of Gujarat sent a glass full of milk to the Parsis. This meant the glass was full of milk to the brim, "We have no space. Where will we seat you?" That commander of the Parsis was very wise. He mixed sugar in the milk and sent it back. Just as sugar increases the sweetness of milk without significantly increasing its volume, similarly, if we come among you, we will not increase your population. On the contrary, we will make your society better. We will bring good culture, we will bring brotherhood. The king liked it. The king said, "Come, come, brother. What a great thing you said." The king accommodated them. But our problem is that our Hindu religion is the only religion in the world that has castes. Other religions do not have castes. So when the Parsis came, we asked the Parsis, "What is your caste?" We don't talk to the next person without asking their caste. We ask their caste first. We asked, "What is your caste?" They said, "Parsi." We said, "Tell us completely. Are you Brahmin, Bani, like that? Tell us your caste, brother." They said, "We don't have them like that." So we said, "Make something up. Some caste will have to be made." That's why the poor Parsis, whatever work they did, they made that caste. Those who did carpentry are Lakdawalas. Those who worked with alcohol are Daruwalas, Batliwalas, Screwwalas, Tyrewalas. These are the castes of the Parsis. So I say, even the Parsis came and created castes among us and became like us. And like this, the Hunas came from Central Asia, but they merged into Indian culture. If you ask us, "Brother, what is the example that you tried to integrate them?" We will say, "Sir, we got married." Brother, if we discriminated, how could our king marry them? Our king is Allat, and his queen is a Huna, and her name is Hariyadevi. And listen, these Hunas were devotees of Shiva. Who were the Hunas devotees of? Pay attention to this, it's a very important thing to understand. Who are the Hunas devotees of? Where did they come from? Central Asia. Where did they come from? This means that Shiva worship was prevalent up to Central Asia. Worship of whom was prevalent up to Central Asia? Today we say that Shiva worship happens in India. So 100 years ago, it also happened in Pakistan. Your Wagah border was made in 1947. Before that, it also happened in Pakistan. Before that, it also happened in Afghanistan. If you go back about 500 years, there were Hindus sitting in Afghanistan too. Now they have ended there. If you go back a little further, there are still Hindus in Iran. This means that the expansion of Indian culture was up to there. The Hunas used to worship Shiva. They were staunch devotees of Shiva. Whenever they went to war, they would chant "Har Har Mahadev." This slogan of "Har Har Mahadev" was brought by the Hunas. Before this, we did not say "Har Har Mahadev." When you do something now, you say "Har Har Mahadev." This means all of you are what? What sir? The Hunas came here. There is a princess of the Hunas. That princess's name is Hariyadevi. Who are the Hunas devotees of? Shiva. Who do the people of Mewar consider themselves to be the deity of? Ekling. Who is Ekling Ji a devotee of? Ekling Ji means Shiva. Allat to Hariyadevi says, "Hariyadevi, I am a devotee of Shiva. Why shouldn't you also be? What is the point in separate worship?" So what is the name of Allat's Huna queen? Hariyadevi. What city did she found? Harsh means Shiva. What does Harsh mean? She is founding Shivpur. What did they do with Shiva there? Harsh. So two things: Who is Allat's mother? Who is Allat's queen? This means Allat's father and Allat both strengthened foreign relations by marrying. Right? The father married into the Rashtrakutas. Where did Allat marry? They said, "Bring someone else from abroad, let's get the child married again, so they will remember." So, what are the two inscriptions of Allat? Tell me. Sarneshwar Prashasti and Shakti Kumar's. Shakti Kumar's inscription is after Allat, but it gives information about Allat. What information does it give about Allat? What is his mother's name? Mahalakshmi Rashtrakuta. And what is his queen's name? Huna queen Hariyadevi, who is founding Harshpur. Sarneshwar Prashasti, its capital was Ahad. Whose temple was it? Varaha. What was the administrative system? Amatya (Prime Minister), Akshapatlik (Officer of Income and Expenditure), Sandhivigrahak (Minister of Peace and War), Bisakradhiraj, and the one who praised the king, Bandip. And because it is a trading center, what system of information was there? Tax system. We have already discussed this. Write the next one. Who is the next king? Jaitra Singh. During Jaitra Singh's time, there is an attack from Delhi. The king of Delhi, his name is Iltutmish. What is his name? He comes to attack Nagda. Near Nagda, there is a place. That place's name is Bhutala. What is its name? Near Nagda in Udaipur, there is a place. What is its name? Bhutala. So, write down the Battle of Bhutala. Who is the king of Mewar? Jaitra Singh. Which Sultan of Delhi came to attack? Iltutmish. Where is Iltutmish a Sultan from? Just copy it as it is. Then we will talk further. Well, many of you might have heard the name Iltutmish, many might not have. But you must have definitely heard one name. Razia Sultan. Have you heard? Iltutmish is Razia's father. What is Razia's father's name? Iltutmish. Everywhere else, you must have heard the idiom, "Razia got caught by goons." You must have heard it. So, while Razia gets caught by goons elsewhere, here the father got caught. They beat up Iltutmish here in Bhutala. So, who won this battle? Jaitra Singh. Look. Jaitra Singh won this battle. Jaitra Singh won this battle. Write down Jaitra Singh's commanders. Commanders of Jaitra Singh. One's name was Balak, and another's name was Madan. Who are they? Tell me. Balak and Madan. Balak and Madan. Whose commanders are they? Jaitra Singh. Whose commanders are they? Jaitra Singh. There was a writer from Gujarat. That writer's name is Jaisingh Suri. What is his name? Well, those whose names end with Suri, it means they are Jains. Who are they? Except for Sher Shah Suri. Right? Many times I say this. Those whose names end with Suri are all Jains. Then, before going to the students, they catch me, "Sir, it's the effect of your old age. Sir, how did you say all Suris are Jains?" But sir, Sher Shah Suri, firstly, that person's name is Sher Shah Sur. What is his name? How 'Suri' got attached to him is unknown, perhaps by our historians. That person's name is Sher Shah Sur. His entire family's names are found as Islam Shah Sur, Sikandar Shah Sur, Alam Shah Sur, etc. 'Suri' got attached to his name. And if you consider him a Suri, then leave him as an exception. Except for Sher Shah Suri, all other Suris are Jains. So, there is a writer, what is his name? Jaisingh Suri. And he wrote a book called 'Hamir Madh Mardan'. Which book did he write? Which book, tell me? And in this book, we get information about this battle. Which battle? The Battle of Bhutala. Between whom did it happen? Jaitra Singh and who else? Who won? Who were Jaitra Singh's commanders? In which book is the information? Who wrote it? Look, from Jaisingh Suri's book 'Hamir Madh Mardan'. Book 'Hamir Madh Mardan' of Jaisingh Suri. From Jaisingh Suri's book 'Hamir Madh Mardan'. Book 'Hamir Madh Mardan' of Jaisingh Suri. From Jaisingh Suri's book 'Hamir Madh Mardan'. Book 'Hamir Madh Mardan' of Jaisingh Suri. Information about this battle is found. Provides information about this battle. Information about this battle is found. Provides information about this battle. Information about which battle is found? The Battle of Bhutala. What information is found? Information about the Battle of Bhutala. In which book? 'Hamir Madh Mardan'. Who wrote it? Now let's come to its name. Say the name of the book. Hamir Madh. I will dissect every word. Madan means to break. What does Madan mean? Right? He broke it.

It was defeated. Meaning, it was crushed. His help. Mad means pride. What does it mean? Pride was broken. Mad mardan means what? Pride was broken. What does mad mean? Pride. And what does mardan mean? To break. Hamir is someone's name. Hamir madard. Hamir's pride was broken. Whose pride was broken? Then we feel, man, there is no Amir here at all. There is only one king here. Jetra Singh. Who is Il-tut-mish? Where did Hamir come from? Then Il-tut-mish's pride was broken, but who lost? He came all the way from Delhi to capture Mewar, but the people of Mewar beat him up and sent him back. So whose insult was it? Whose pride was broken? The book says whose pride was broken? Then it is said, brother, what is this complication inside? Then when we read that book, things slowly start to make sense. Muslim kings had newly arrived. You can assume that Il-tut-mish is the first king of Delhi. Before him, no Muslim king had directly ruled in Delhi. Qutb-ud-din Aibak had come before him. But Qutb-ud-din Aibak had made Lahore his capital. Which one was it? He was establishing Muslim rule in Delhi. Who was doing that? Muslims came to India in 1192. When did they first capture India? 1192, when they won the second battle of Tarain. 1227, meaning it was about 30-32 years ago. Not much time has passed. The Muslim kings, people used to call them. What do they call the royal class people, kings, ministers, and their relatives? What are they called? Amirs. This is a word from the Persian language, Amir, which means people of the royal family. What are the king's people called? Amirs. That's why it is repeatedly written in the book that the Amir of Delhi, Il-tut-mish, came. The Amir of Delhi, Il-tut-mish, was defeated. The Amir of Delhi, Il-tut-mish, was defeated here. The Amir of Delhi was defeated by Jetra Singh. So Amir, Amir, Amir, Amir. What did it become in our language? It is not actually Hamir. What is it actually? Amir means king. Who is the king? Now if someone asks who is called Hamir here? It's a big deal. And look, the word 'Amir' we are using today. Even today, if someone is wealthy, what do we say? Earlier, only kings were wealthy. So what are kings called? Amirs. Even today, if someone has an attitude, we say, brother, he has become an Amir these days. That's why he has become arrogant. These things are exactly the same. Look, in this book, Il-tut-mish is called Hamir. Il-tut-mish is referred to as Hamir. He is referred to in this way. Il-tut-mish is referred to as Hamir. Il-tut-mish is called Hamir. Il-tut-mish is referred to as Hamir. Now replace Hamir with Il-tut-mish. Now say the name of the book. Say Il-tut-mish instead of Hamir. What will happen now? Il-tut-mish mad. Now the matter is starting to make sense, isn't it? Il-tut-mish's pride was indeed broken. If he goes back defeated, what will break? Pride will break. Now listen further, which battle did Il-tut-mish lose? Muslim kings had a very good characteristic. Whenever they felt they were losing, they would retreat. They would go back. For example, if a king came with 20,000 soldiers and 5,000 died within an hour, he understood that the remaining 15,000 would also be wiped out in 3 hours. Why die, brother? He tells his remaining seven companions, grab your slippers and run as fast as you can. His companions say, no, we won't fight. Brother, if there is life, the remaining 15,000 will be saved. Next time we will bring 25,000 more, then 400 will come, then we will fight. And if these 15,000 die, we will get another chance. Our kings had this problem. Our kings had only two options: victory or martyrdom. What was it? Either they would win or they would go back defeated. Our people considered it good to go back defeated. And if someone went back defeated, the neighbors wouldn't let them live. They would just keep pestering them. And I say, forget the time of kings, even today, if you fail the RAS exam, your father... if you fail the preliminary exam. Your father... nothing. Father, it's okay. Whoever takes the exam fails. No problem, you tried and failed. You will pass next time. I will invest money. You feel that your family is standing by you, so you should study more. Only 20,000 people will pass the preliminary exam. How will everyone pass? You didn't. You will next time. They say such things. But some neighbor of yours knows that you failed the preliminary exam. Then they ask, when is the result coming? What's the point? I remember when we used to study in 10th and 12th, parents weren't worried about when the result was coming. Neighbors, neighbors, brother, they were so worried. Our society is still like that today. If you pass the RAS preliminary, pass the mains, give the interview, it's a big deal, isn't it? You worked hard, that's why you reached the interview. How many people give interviews? The entire Rajasthan, 2000. You reached among 2000 people in Rajasthan. This means you are hardworking, struggling, intelligent, that's why you reached there. But only 1000 are to be selected. 1000 will go home. Neighbors will know that you are home. Then they will ask, where is the SDM sahib these days? Where is your joining posting? They know that your selection is still at home. So a person thinks, either I get selected, or I don't come back. As soon as we reach the village, the surrounding people will ask where we are going. We are still the same. The problem was the same with the kings. Either they would win or they would die. If they came back defeated, and our wives were so formidable that if someone came back defeated, they would say, I won't even look at your face. So he would think, rather than be insulted by his wife, I would rather die there. I don't need to go back. But when Il-tut-mish started losing this battle, Il-tut-mish fled from here. Also, we had another problem. We never pursued a fleeing army. To chase the enemy army when it is fleeing. And we thought, why kill the poor things? Those who are already running. Their system was, if they are running, then I will definitely kill them. Don't let them run. Otherwise, if they reach safely, they will bring more companions. Kill them in the middle. When Il-tut-mish's army was fleeing, Jetra Singh's army saw Il-tut-mish's army fleeing. They said, oh, they ran away, so we won. So they even danced with joy in Bhutala. When Il-tut-mish fled, he passed by Nagda while fleeing from Bhutala. Where did he go from? So in Nagda, his house was burnt down. His army set fire to Nagda. Where did the entire army go? Bhutala. Nagda was empty. So they set fire to the houses, looted the houses. After some time, Jetra Singh saw that Nagda had been looted. Then Jetra Singh understood one thing: capitals should never be in plain areas. They should be built in the mountains so that the enemy cannot climb easily, and even if they climb, they cannot loot like this. That's why Jetra Singh later made Chittor his capital. Where did he make it? The fort is still with us in Chittor. Let's make it our... Rajasthan. Write. The fleeing army of Il-tut-mish, the returning army of Il-tut-mish, looted Nagda. Destroyed Nagda or demolished Nagda. They demolished Nagda, caused damage to Nagda, looted Nagda. The fleeing army of Il-tut-mish, the returning army of Il-tut-mish, looted Nagda. Returning Nagda. Uh, Jetra Singh made Chittor his capital. So Jetra Singh made Chittor his capital. So Jetra Singh made Chittor his capital. Jetra Singh made Chittor his capital. So Jetra Singh made Chittor his capital. Who did Jetra Singh make his capital? Chittor. Il-tut-mish fled defeated. After this, another king was established there. His name was Nasir-ud-din Mahmud. What was his name? The king of Delhi changed. Who became the king of Delhi? Nasir-ud-din Mahmud thought, man, Il-tut-mish couldn't succeed in Chittor. Who knows? Maybe I can try and succeed. So around 1248, who attacked from Delhi? Not Jetra Singh defeated him too and sent him back. So Jetra Singh defeated two sultans of Delhi and sent them back. Whom did he defeat? Il-tut-mish and Nasir-ud-din. Write, in 1248 AD, in 1248 AD, in 1248 AD, he defeated Nasir-ud-din Mahmud of Delhi. He defeated Nasir-ud-din Mahmud of Delhi. He defeated Nasir-ud-din Mahmud of Delhi. He defeated Nasir-ud-din Mahmud of Delhi. Whom from Delhi did he defeat? Nasir-ud-din Mahmud. Who? Who defeated him? Now, on one side of Mewar, there was Malwa. What was there? Malwa was ruled by the Paramaras. Who ruled there? Paramaras. On one side, there was Gujarat, and Gujarat was ruled by the Chalukyas. Which dynasty was it? Now, at that time, kings and maharajas wanted to capture this side and that side. This continued. The Chalukyas would want to capture Mewar. The rulers of Malwa would want to capture Mewar. Mewar would want to capture that side. The Chalukyas became powerful. The Chalukyas had captured Ahad. Where did they capture? This was the rule of Shakti Kumar and the kings in between. These kings lacked strength. So the Chalukyas captured Ahad. Why did they capture Ahad? It's a commercial center. Which center? So, now the tax is collected by Mewar. If the Chalukyas capture it, who will collect it? The Chalukyas. So, son, who captured Ahad? The Chalukyas. But Jetra Singh was powerful. If anyone removed the Chalukyas from Ahad. Who was that? Who was it? Jetra. See, he liberated Ahad from the Chalukyas. He got Ahad liberated from the Chalukyas. From where were the Chalukyas? Gujarat. Write Gujarat in parentheses if you wish. He liberated Ahad from the Chalukyas. He got Ahad liberated from the Chalukyas. From whom did he liberate Ahad? He liberated it from the Chalukyas. Now tell me, he defeats the Gujarat Chalukyas and liberates Ahad. He defeats Delhi's Il-tut-mish. He defeats Delhi's Nasir-ud-din Mahmud. Is he a weak king or a powerful one? What kind of king is he? Powerful. That's why a very good historian of ours, his name is Dashrath Sharma. What is his name? And Dashrath Sharma says that Jetra Singh's reign, Jetra Singh's time period, his tenure, his regime, he ruled from approximately 1213 to 1253. From when to when did he rule? From 1213 to 1200. And he says his regime, his reign, his tenure, was the golden age of medieval Mewar. What was it? The golden age of medieval Mewar. If anyone's time was the golden era of medieval Mewar, it was Jetra Singh's time. Who says this? Brother, it seems that at that time, if Mewar is defeating Delhi, if Mewar is defeating Gujarat, then Mewar's powers are weakening or becoming stronger? It wasn't this strong before. Now it is more powerful. Write, according to historian Dashrath Sharma, according to historian Dashrath Sharma, Jetra Singh's reign, regime of Jetra Singh (write 1213 to 1253 in parentheses), Jetra Singh's reign, regime of Jetra Singh, was the golden age of medieval Mewar. Was the golden era of medieval Mewar. Was the golden era of medieval Mewar. Who says this? Jetra Sharma. About whose reign? Jetra Singh. What does he call his reign? Golden age. Golden age of where? Medieval Mewar. Of which Mewar? Medieval. Write the next king. 33. Who is the next king? Tej. This is a queen of Tej Singh, her name is Jaitala Devi. What is her name? Now which is the capital? Chittor. So now temples should be built in Chittor. So she built a temple in Chittor, the Shyam Parshvanath Temple. Which temple did she build? Who built it? Whose queen was she? Which temple is she building? Where is she building it? Write, his queen Jaitala Devi, his queen Jaitala Devi, Jaitala Devi built the Shyam Parshvanath Temple in Chittor. Built Shyam Parshvanath Temple at Chittor. Built the Shyam Parshvanath Temple in Chittor. Built Shyam Parshvanath Temple at Chittor. Under this, put a heading. Under this king, I am writing the name of a book. You put a heading. Then I will explain what it is. For now, just write it. What is the name written? Say, Shravak Pratikraman Sutra Churni. Say the name again. Shravak Pratikraman Sutra Churni. What is the name? Shravak Pratikraman Sutra. A Jain book. I said all old books are written by Jains. Written sitting in Ahad. Where was it written? It's about 1260. This book was written in Ahad. Okay, what is its specialty? Many books are written. What's special about this one? This book has paintings. What does it have? On one side it is written, on one side paintings. On one side it is written, on one side paintings. These are the oldest paintings of Mewar. We find paintings in any book older than this. So now if someone asks you, what is the ancient painted text of Mewar? A text in which paintings are made. What is it? Shravak Pratikraman. Who painted it? The name of that person is Kamal Chandra. Who painted it? Kamal Chandra. So now tell me, what is the name of the book again? What is it? Shravak Pratikraman Sutra. Say it once more. What kind of text is it? When? Where? By whom? Painted during which king's time? During whose time? Now if someone asks, the painted text named Shravak Pratikraman Sutra Churni, which is the ancient painted text of Mewar, was painted during the time of which king? Or during Tej Singh's time. By whom was this text painted? During Tej Singh's time. Where was this text painted by Kamal Chandra? Everything will be remembered. Under this, write with a dash. In 1260 AD. In 1260 AD, Kamal Chandra painted this text. Kamal Chandra painted this text. Kamal Chandra painted this text. This is the oldest painted text of Mewar. It is the oldest painted text of Mewar. Now when I teach painting, I will write this book again, and you will remember where you read it before. This is the oldest painted text of Mewar. It is the oldest painted text of Mewar. Say the name of the book. Say the name again. Shravak Pratikraman Sutra. When? Where? By whom? During which king's time was which text painted? Shravak Pratikraman Sutra. Say it again. Shravak. It won't flip. Try saying it four or five times. Shravak Pratikraman. Shravak. You will remember. Write the next king. Shyam. Lord Krishna. Who is the next king? Without changing the king, put a heading under Ratan Singh. Write Kumbhakarna. Write further. Write in this: He was the younger brother of Ratan Singh. Either Kumbhakarna was the younger brother of Ravana, or Kumbhakarna was the younger brother of Ratan Singh. He was the younger brother of Ratan Singh. What used to happen? Listen. In the reign of kings, there was a characteristic that the eldest son would become the king. The rest of his brothers, some would get one village, some would get two villages, some would get three villages. These brothers who got villages were called Samantas. What were they called? And who kept the area of the capital? The king. To whom did he give the rest of the villages? To his brothers. The king lived in the capital, and what were the brothers called? Samantas. The villages given to these brothers were called Jagir. What were they called? Or they were called Thikana. What was called? And the land that the king had was called Khalsa. What was called? The land that was directly under the king's control, directly under the king's control, was called Khalsa. The land that the king allotted to his brothers was called Jagir or Thikana. What were these brothers who received Jagir or Thikana called? Samantas. Or in English, they were called Feudatories or Feudals. What was called? Good. In Mewar, whoever became king, what was added to his name? Rawal. What was added? Like, look at all their names: Bapa Rawal, Allu Rawal. It is added at the end. Rawal Jetra Singh, Rawal Tej Singh, Rawal Ratan Singh. To all their names, Rawal would be added. These younger brothers, who received Jagir and Thikana, what did they add to their names? Rana. What did they add? These were titles. The elder brother would become king, so what would he add? Rawal. The brother who would get Jagir and become Samanta, what would he add? Rana. So Ratan Singh has a brother named Rana Kumbhakarna. What is his name? Rana. Don't add it, just read Kumbhakarna. What is his name? Rana. Now there are two ways. One way is that the elder brother became king, and you sit with two villages. Another way is that you feel, no brother, the heart wants more. Why should I sit with two villages? I want the whole kingdom. There are two ways. Either kill the brother and capture it. Or go to a new place and capture it. To capture a new place, brother, it requires strength. Kumbhakarna was such a person. Kumbhakarna went to Nepal from here. Where did he go? He became king in Nepal. What is added to his name? Rana. That's why all the kings of Nepal became Rana. That's why the Nepal branch is the Rana branch. Which branch? The Chittor branch is which? Rawal. That branch is Rana. So how many branches of Gohils were there? The Nepal branch is which one? The Mewar branch. Did you understand? So in Nepal, it is the Rana branch. Who is its founder? Whose younger brother is he? Do you understand? See, he established the rule of the Rana branch of the Gohil dynasty in Nepal. He established the rule of the Rana branch of the Gohil dynasty in Nepal. He founded the rule of the Rana branch of the Gohil dynasty in Nepal. He founded the rule of the Rana branch of the Gohil dynasty in Nepal. In Nepal, of which dynasty? Gohil dynasty. Which branch? You will remember. So in Nepal, which dynasty ruled? Gohil. Which dynasty is it? The Mewar dynasty is which one? Gohil. Gohil in Banswara. Gohil in Dungarpur. In Pratapgarh, similarly in Nepal. But the Gohils of Mewar are of which branch? Rawal. The Mewar ones, sorry, the Nepal ones are which ones? Now listen. Kings and maharajas have ended in India.

1947. In 1947, your country becomes independent. Democracy, no kings, no maharajas, nothing like that. Kings were being made in Nepal in 2008. Until when were they being made? Kings were being made in Nepal until 2008. And the last king made in Nepal was named Rana Gyanendra. What is his name? This person must have left around 13023. And until when were kings being made there? 2008, meaning how many years did the rule last? After 700, 700 years, what is the title of the king? The one who was king in 2008. What was his name? Rana Gyanendra. What was his name? And all the kings of Nepal married into Rajasthan, and many kings of Rajasthan married into Nepal. Because it is exactly like your uncle going abroad for business. He gets married there and comes back to the village. He won't get married abroad, will he? He will get married in the village. The Nepalis had gone to Nepal. But where did they all get married? I remember in 2008, when Rana Gyanendra was ruling there and the king's rule was about to end. Democracy was about to come, so there were reports that the public might catch and kill the king, and this is the case in many places around the world. Forget India. Wherever the rule of kings ended outside of India. They have hanged the kings. They say France. They say Russia. They say Iran. They say Afghanistan. In Afghanistan, the king was hung in a JCB and kept hanging for three days. Look what we did to the king. So, could Rana Gyanendra also be hanged? One day there was a headline in the newspaper that if Nepal's Rana Gyanendra felt he was in any kind of danger in Nepal, he could seek refuge in Sikar. Where could he seek refuge? You think Nepal's Rana should seek refuge in London, Paris, and if he needs to take refuge in India, then Delhi, Bombay, and if he needs to take refuge in Rajasthan, then Jaipur, Udaipur, or then cross Chomu, Ringas and reach Sikar. And brother, he didn't find a place, but it was also written below that because Rana Gyanendra's prince Paras was married to Princess Himani of Sikar. Anyone in crisis will go to their relatives. His son's mother-in-law. Where is the princess of Sikar married? Nepal. The point is that the Nepalis had gone from here. Despite that, their relations with India have always been very good. And as long as the rule of kings lasted in Nepal, Nepal's relations with India were always good. As soon as the rule of kings ended in Nepal and politicians came, China threw bones later. China said, "We will give you lollipops." Since then, Nepal and India's relations have been strained. In 1947, when your country was becoming independent, the Prime Minister of Nepal, the king of Nepal, was named Rana Tribhuvan Dev. What was his name? And Rana Tribhuvan Dev told Nehru, "Nehru ji, you are becoming independent, merge us into India." Nehru said, "Why?" "Merge us, man. What will Nepal do if it remains separate?" Nehru said, "No, we ourselves will be free from the British after 200 years of slavery, and how will we show our faces to people if we occupy someone today?" Now you say occupation is wrong, occupation is wrong, and you yourself are occupying Nepal. Then Tribhuvan Dev said, "Nehru ji, you have misunderstood. The British occupied you. We are asking for it ourselves. We are saying occupy us." So Nehru said, "Why? Why should we occupy?" Tribhuvan Dev said, "Nehru ji, please study geography a little. We are a landlocked country. What kind of country are we? Landlocked, surrounded by land on all sides. No sea. A country not surrounded by the sea on all sides. How will it trade? The entire world's trade is through sea routes, it happens by sea. Where will we import goods from? And Nehru ji, Nepal's map is already inside India's map. Look at India's map. Here Uttarakhand, Himachal, and in the middle, what do we have? We are already coming with your map for free. So, just like UP is a state, MP is a state, Rajasthan is a state, Nepal will also become a state." He said, "No, no, Tribhuvan Dev ji, not like that. But don't worry. What is your problem? It's a trade problem. We will give you one of our ports. Kolkata. Which port will we give? Whatever goods Nepal wants to import, what address should they put on Amazon?" So, to this day, all of Nepal's goods arrive at which port? Then Nepal's goods started arriving in larger quantities. We gave another port, Visakhapatnam. Which one did we give? To this day, all of Nepal's goods are at which ports? Kolkata and Visakhapatnam. Then from here, we send them in trucks, filling them up. So, our relations with Nepal were like this. We also said, "Don't worry about anything. You are our brothers. We are sitting separately, just Nepal is separate, India is separate. Otherwise, if you come to our country, you won't even need a visa. Come here, go there, and work in our country. What's the worry? Just that your country is separate, our country is separate. That's why all Nepalis are working in India. That's why Nepalis started coming to our country to work since the time of the British. Nepalis are very brave in the British army. That's why the British started calling Nepalis brave. That's why it became such a famous word that if a Nepali is guarding outside an ATM, we call him brave, or if a Nepali is serving in a hotel, we call him brave. What else can be said about Nepalis? Brave. This is a surname given by the British to Nepalis, that they started calling them brave. We even told Nepalis that you can join our army. Brother, a country will only take its own citizens in its army. Won't it trust others? If we take someone from another country in our army today and they betray us. But we trusted Nepalis. They are our brothers. We formed an entire regiment, the Gurkha. Which regiment? The Gurkha Regiment. When we sing "Ae Mere Watan Ke Logon," it says "Koi Sikh, Koi Jat, Maratha, Koi Gurkha, Koi Madrasi." So, who are the Gurkhas? Are they ours? Who are the Gurkhas? And the Gurkhas are brave. They have been very active in helping us win wars. In the 1999 Kargil War, the Gurkha Regiment made a significant contribution. In the 1999 Kargil War, the Pakistanis came and occupied the peaks. They occupied the peaks in the beginning. Our Rajasthan regiments were sent. You fought bravely. There isn't a village in Churu, Sikar, Jhunjhunu of Rajasthan where someone didn't become a martyr in '99. But still, how would a Rajasthani climb mountains? They didn't have practice climbing up. We say climb a sand dune, maybe he would run away. Ours would climb a small mound, but they didn't have practice climbing mountains. Then our people were tall and broad-bodied. So the Pakistanis could see them from above, "Look, someone is coming." The person sitting on top would drop a bomb and kill 10 soldiers. Then finally, it occurred to us, who can climb mountains? Gurkhas. Gurkhas knew the mountains. If there were five Pakistanis sitting on top, from above or below, any 100 Indians would come and blow them up. But then a Gurkha slowly, slowly, slowly went near them and killed them all. From this, you can see how good our relations with Nepal were, that they even came into our army. Right? So, who was the first person from our side to go to Nepal? Who was it? Kumbh. Whose younger brother was he? In the Kumbh Mela that happened during Corona, the government said, "Oh, don't go to the Kumbh Mela, Corona will spread." But we are sitting at home, brother. We will take a dip in the Kumbh Mela later. We will wash away our sins after 12 years. But now there is fear of Corona. We will go. I saw a photo in the newspaper one day that Nepal's former Rana Gyanendra, along with his wife and son, had arrived to take a dip in the Kumbh Mela. Nepal's Rana is going to take a dip in the Kumbh Mela. This means he believes that where have we come from? India. Where have we come from in India? Mewar. Where have we come from? So, who was the person who went from Mewar? Who was it? Kumbhakarna. Whose brother was he? Arre Singh's. Add another heading here. Add a heading without changing the king. Write Padmini. Write Padmini. See, she was the queen of Ratan Singh. She was the queen of Ratan Singh. Write it, then I will explain. Write. She was the princess of Sinhala Island. She was the princess of Sinhala Island. She was the princess of Sinhala Island. Her father's name was Gandharvasen and her mother's name was Champavati. Write it down. Father, write Gandharva Sen. And mother's name is Champavati. What was the father's name? Gandharva Sen. What was the mother's name? Champavati. Whose queen was she? Now, there are such stories, sir. Stories that one day a parrot came to Ratan Singh ji. Who came to him? Another parrot came. Ratan Singh ji, seven seas away. There lives a princess. Such a beautiful, such a beautiful princess that when she drinks water, it is visible from here. And Ratan Singh ji followed that parrot. To Sinhala Island, where did he go? Our historians, historians say that Sinhala Island means Sri Lanka. What does it mean? This means Ratan Singh ji went there. He tried to find Padmini there. But the daughter of the next king lives in the palace. She didn't come out. Ratan Singh ji ran out of money. So Ratan Singh ji became a yogi there. What did he become? He became a hermit, a baba, and wandered in the guise of a baba for seven years. After 7 years, one day he met the king of Sinhala Island. Who is the king of Sinhala Island? Gandharva Sen. Who is he? He asked, "Young man, why are you wandering around in such a young age, having taken to asceticism? You seem to be from a good family." And he said, "Sir, I am King Ratan Singh of Mewar." So, why are you wandering around like this at such a young age? What is the reason?" He said, "Sir, the reason is within your palaces. I had come to marry your princess. I ran out of money. There was no chance of meeting, so I became a hermit." Now, the king of Sri Lanka came to know that the Rana of Mewar himself had come to marry his princess. How could he refuse? Sri Lanka is a small country. Their map comes free with our country's map. He said, "Sir, you are very fortunate. Take the princess with you." And it is said that brother Ratan Singh brought Padmini from there and brought her to Chittor. But there are flaws in these stories. Firstly, Ratan Singh's reign was only for one year. How long was his reign? From 1302 to 1300. Seven years as a hermit. Went to Sri Lanka. Then a parrot came. If parrots told such things, then every boy would have a parrot. They say, "Sir, should I study or not? What should I bring first?" And it would tell him, "Brother, you are wandering aimlessly in the park. Go two streets away, behind. We'll tell you. Go there, it will be a little better." But parrots don't talk, man. If parrots talked, everyone would find some shortcut. So, there are flaws in this story that he brought her from there. But the big question is, then where was Princess Padmini from? Our Rajasthan sources say that there is a place called Pugal in Bikaner. Which place? A place called Pugal. And she was the princess of Pugal. And even today, in the villages of western Rajasthan, if a person, a boy, is too fussy, saying, "I won't marry this boy, I don't like him, I don't like him, I want this, I want that," then the parents say, "We'll see, which Padmini from Pugal will come." So, even today, Padmini is considered to be from where? Even today, couplets are recited: "Pugalgarh ki Padmini, tu Rani Sirmaur, O Padmini of Pugalgarh, you are the chief of all queens. Jaisalmer mein janam liyo, Parani Gadh Chittor." At that time, the Jaisalmer area was ruled by the Bhatis. This Pugal area. You were born in Jaisalmer and your marriage took place in Chittor. Pugal, Pugal, Pugal, Pugal, it became Sinhala, Sinhala, Sinhala. By saying Sinhala, our people connected it to Sri Lanka. Nothing like this. These are just stories. These stories have no connection to anything else. There must have been a princess from Pugal, and she was married to Ratan Singh. It is said that she was extremely beautiful. There was a person in Ratan Singh's court named Raghav Chetan. What was his name? And Raghav Chetan saw her, Padmini, one day and fell down. Ratan Singh ji came to know about this. Ratan Singh ji told Raghav Chetan, "Raghav Chetan, if I see you again today, I will break your legs. You worthless person." And Raghav Chetan was insulted and driven away from here. Now, what should Raghav Chetan do? Where should he go? The enemy of my enemy is my friend. Chittor and Delhi do not get along. So he went to Delhi. And at that time, the king of Delhi was Alauddin Khilji. Who is he? And it is said that this Raghav Chetan went and told Alauddin Khilji. Alauddin Khilji, what can I tell you? And he told all these kinds of things. And our stories say that because of this, Alauddin Khilji did what he did here. So, who was the person who told Alauddin Khilji about Padmini's beauty? See, Raghav Chetan told Alauddin Khilji about Padmini's beauty. Continue with the Padmini part. Raghav Chetan told Alauddin Khilji about the beauty of Padmini. Raghav Chetan told Alauddin Khilji about the beauty of Padmini. Raghav Chetan told Alauddin Khilji. About the beauty of Padmini. He told about Padmini's beauty. Who told? Raghav. We will read the rest tomorrow. Come prepared, sir.