Transcription
Hello friends, how are you all? So welcome to RMPS U and let's start today's session. Okay. Come quickly and tell me quickly that the sound is coming perfectly. There is no problem and then we will start today's session. Okay? Come quickly and tell me quickly that the sound is perfect. Okay? Come quickly. Your new unit is starting today for the 2001 subject. Okay. Come quickly and tell me quickly that the sound is perfect. Very good evening, Aadhaar Used. So the sound is coming well? Is there any problem? Radhe Radhe Khushboo Kumari. So the sound is coming well, right, that means. So let's start. Today, you have the third unit because we have already covered two units each for 204. Right? For all four of your subjects, 2001, 20, 203, and 204, two units each have been completed. So now we will cover the third and fourth units, whatever are left. Okay? So, two units of 2001 have already been completed. So today is our third unit. Okay? Let's start. Today's unit is going to be basically about this. So today we will read about intelligence. What is intelligence? That is, basically, what is intellect, what is the mind? Many people have given theories about it. There are four theories that you have to remember. Okay? Thank you Khushboo. Thank you so much. Right? So you have to remember these theories and after that, you must have seen IQ, right? Don't we say your IQ is low, your IQ is high, or someone is very smart, their IQ is high, right? So IQ means intelligence quotient, right? That is, measuring someone's intelligence to see how much intelligence they have. So we measure that in IQ. Right? We measure in IQ. Just like we measure milk in liters. Right? We measure roads in kilometers or meters. So similarly, we measure intelligence in IQ. That is, the unit of intelligence, the unit of intelligence is IQ. Right? So we do measure IQ. Okay? But how will we measure it? Okay? And if the IQ comes out to be a certain amount, what will we call it? We have to read about all these things today, basically. Okay? So these are the things that will be with us today. Right? Basically, you can understand that you have to read about IQ and intelligence. Okay? So first, we will read what intelligence or intellect is. See, intelligence is what? I will explain it in simple words first. What is intelligence? Intelligence is, for example, if any problem comes to us, right? How well are we able to solve it? If we can solve it well, it means we have more intelligence. If we can solve it late, it means it's a little less. If we cannot solve it at all, it means we don't have intelligence at all. Okay? So, everything around us, the second thing is this. Everything around us, how are we learning by looking at it? Right? How are we learning by looking at it? Right? That is, how are we learning from all these things that are happening to us, from our experiences? Like a one-year-old child. Right? If you tease them, they don't understand. A two-year-old child also doesn't understand. Right? But gradually, when a child becomes 4 or 5 years old, they start understanding teasing. They understand that someone is teasing. How did they understand? They understood by experiencing things, right? Right? So by experiencing, that is, by learning from experiences, whatever, how we learn from our experiences, right? What is happening, what is happening? So by learning from all these things, or if something is happening to us and if we can think about it rationally or logically, then that is what we call intelligence. Okay? So learning from experiences, that is, whatever is happening with us, we are gradually learning from them. It happens the same way with everyone. From childhood to old age, we keep learning something from our experiences. That is, our intelligence basically keeps increasing. Right? Thinking rationally, right? That is, if someone is talking to us, if anything is happening, then we can think rationally about that thing. Okay? About everything. Okay, if this is the case, then this will happen, if this is the case, then this will happen. Okay? Or the ability to deal with our environment. This is what we call intelligence. What did Binet and Simon say? About intelligence. See, this definition is Wechsler's. You will see here at the bottom, it is written here: the overall global capacity of a person to act purposefully, to think rationally, and to deal effectively with their environment is called intelligence. And all these things mean the same thing. Right? So understand this. So this is Wechsler's definition. As for Binet and Simon, they gave the intelligence test. Okay? So that's why theirs is also a bit difficult, I wouldn't say easy, but it becomes a matter of remembering that you have to remember it. Okay? Forget the B.Ed. exam. Give the Lekhpal exam. Okay? Thakur Manoj, give the Lekhpal exam. Because you can give the B.Ed. exam next year too. Right? Back exams will come. Clear it next year. Lekhpal is important. You can't give that again. Okay? Let's go. Right? So Binet and Simon said: a tendency to take and maintain a definite direction and the ability to adapt for the purpose of achieving a desired end and the power of self-control is called intelligence. Okay? Let's go. Next, we will see Theories of Intelligence. There have been many philosophers who have given theories of intelligence. Okay? Among them, the first is the Uni-factor Theory. See, Uni means one. Okay? What does it mean? Uni means one. Uni-factor Theory means One-Factor Theory. Who gave this? So Binet gave it. And Binet said that all people have only one type of intelligence. That's why it is called Uni-factor Theory or One-Factor Theory. Because they said that intelligence is only of one type. Whatever work we do, that one type of intelligence is used in all of them. Whether we are dancing, whether we are singing, whether we are building something, whether we are doing our normal daily work. So whatever work we are doing, only this one type of intelligence is used in all of them. They said that there are not different types of intelligence. There is only one type of intelligence in every person. Okay? So, who gave the Uni-factor Theory? Binet gave it. Definitely remember the names because only the names are asked. Right? Next is our Two-Factor Theory. What does Two-Factor mean? So Spearman gave this, and Spearman said that intelligence is not actually of one type. Intelligence is of two types. Right? Now, what are these two types of intelligence? So they said that in two types of intelligence, one is called G intelligence and the other is called S intelligence. Okay? G means General. General means common. Okay? So, General Intelligence or common intelligence is one, and the other is Specific Intelligence or S for Specific. Okay? So Specific Intelligence or specific intelligence. Okay? So they said it is of two types. It is asked a lot. The meaning of G and S is also asked. So you should remember this. Okay? I am going to conduct the exams for Agra University's Study Result from Monday. So you can also take those classes if you want. Okay? And I am from Aligarh. Okay. Let's go. Right? So here, there are two types of intelligence. They said this. Now they said that the G type of intelligence, General Intelligence or common intelligence, is innate in every person. Innate means that it is decided when we are in our mother's womb. Right? We get it from our parents. Basically, general intelligence. Right? Innate means we get it from our parents. As for specific intelligence, once we come into the world, how much are we learning from the world and increasing our intelligence, that is our specific intelligence. Okay? So you have to remember this. Right? See, it is written here: acquired from others. That is, basically, after coming into the environment, by experiencing. Right? So, whatever we acquire, whatever we gain by experiencing, we call it specific intelligence. Right? Is it clear? So you have to remember this. Two-Factor Theory was given by Spearman. What are the two factors? One is G and one is S. Okay? Next is Group Factor Theory. Now, as the name Group suggests, you will understand. Group means there will be many groups. Right? Now, how many total groups are there? There are seven. Remember this. Okay? How many total groups are there? Whenever the name Group comes, you have to remember that there are a total of seven groups, meaning there will be seven types of intelligence here. Who gave this? So Thurstone gave it. Okay? Louis Thurstone gave this. Okay? What did they say? They said that intelligence is not actually of one or two types. Intelligence is of seven types. And they said that the seven primary mental abilities work for all the work we do. Right? And for every type of work, we need a type of intelligence. Okay? Now, what do you need to remember here? You need to remember here that if the question is asked about Group Factor Theory, how many total types of intelligence are there? Or how many types of intelligence did Louis Thurstone mention? So if it is a normal question, you have to write seven there. Right? But if the question comes: How many total intelligences did Louis Thurstone mention? After that, what do you call it? Revision, right? After revision, that is, after changes? So they added two more mental abilities later. Right? That is, they added two more mental abilities. So the total became nine. Right? So if you are asked how many after revision, then you have to remember nine. Otherwise, a normal question will be asked: How many types of intelligence did Louis Thurstone mention? So you should go with seven only. Don't tick nine. Okay? Go with seven only. When you are specifically asked: how many total after revision? Then you should go with nine. Okay? Otherwise, this question about nine is asked very rarely. This question about seven is asked more often. That is, normal questions are asked more often: how many intelligences are basically there according to Louis Thurstone. Okay? Let's go. Next, we will see here the total seven types of intelligence. So what are they? So the first one is Word Fluency. That is, how fluently someone can speak any word. Okay? We call this Word Fluency intelligence or intellect. Okay? People who have very good word fluency will do what? They will create great stories. Right? They will create great songs. So they do these things very well. For example, those who have this intelligence more will do what? They can do rhyming. Right? They can solve anagrams or crossword puzzles because they have great fluency in words. So they will solve word puzzles very quickly. Okay? Next is our Verbal Comprehension. What does Verbal Comprehension mean? See, verbal means what is said in words. Comprehension means understanding it. Right? So anyone who understands others' words very quickly and well. For example, in class, you see the teacher teaching in the same way to all the students. But there will be one student who understands very quickly. Why do they understand? Because they have very good Verbal Comprehension intelligence. Right? Because whatever anyone says, they understand it very quickly. Okay? Next comes our Numerical Ability. You will understand the meaning of numerical itself, right? So whoever can solve all the math problems very quickly or is good at math has more numerical ability. Right? Next, we will see here. Next comes our Spatial Visualization. See, spatial means that we can imagine things that are not even in front of us. For example, whenever we go to a builder or an architect to get a building constructed, and we tell the architect, look, brother, this is our 200-yard plot. Right? Its area is made like this. It's a bit crooked. We tell them we need three rooms. Right? We need two kitchens or two bathrooms. So we tell them everything: make a nice one in this. Right? So they imagine everything in their mind: where and how the rooms should be, what the designs should be. Why? Because they have spatial visualization. That is, they can imagine things that are not even there in their mind. So people who are like this have more spatial visualization intelligence. Next comes Perceptual Speed. Okay? What does Perceptual Speed basically mean? There are two things. Okay? How well can you differentiate between them? This is perceptual speed. Okay? After that comes Memory. So what does memory mean? Someone who remembers things very quickly and answers immediately whenever asked. What kind of memory do they have? Sorry, what kind of intelligence? Memory intelligence. Okay? Last comes Inductive Reasoning. So those who have more inductive reasoning can do what? They can quickly understand the matter given in the book and tell you its essence, its principle, what it basically means. Okay, give me a second, I'm getting messages, just one second, Om. Okay. So these are our intelligences, basically, given by the Group Factor Theory by Louis Thurstone. Okay? Next comes our Theory of Multiple Intelligences, which we call Multiple Intelligence Theory or Multiple Dimension Theory. Who gave this? So Howard Gardner gave this. Okay? You must remember the names of everyone. Who gave the Group Factor Theory? Louis Thurstone. Two-Factor Theory by Spearman. Okay? Who gave the One-Factor Theory or Uni-factor Theory? Binet. So, you should have these names memorized. Okay? There is no room for leniency here. You should remember everything very well. Right? Howard Gardner gave the Multiple Intelligence Theory. And the name of his book is also asked. So the name of the book is Frames of Mind. So his book was Frames of Mind, in which he stated that intelligence is actually of eight types. Right? So, in the Group Factor Theory given by Louis Thurstone, how many were there? Seven, which we just read. Whereas, in the Theory of Multiple Intelligences given by Howard Gardner, how many total intelligences are mentioned? Eight. Okay? What is the name of his book? In which he mentioned it: Frames of Mind. Okay? So, what did Howard Gardner say about intelligence? He said that intelligence is not a single capacity. That is, it is not one type of capacity. Rather, it includes many intelligences. How many total? Eight types. Okay? How many total? Eight types, which are all independent of each other. Independent. Okay? Now, the eight types are given here. For example, the first type is Linguistic Intelligence. So those who have more linguistic intelligence can use language very quickly and very well. Right? For example, what do they become? They become writers, poets, or journalists because they use language very well. Next, the one they gave was Logical-Mathematical Intelligence. So those who have more of this will do what? They will do all the math-related things very well. They will think logically because math people think logically, right? Okay? Next is Spatial Intelligence. What is spatial intelligence? The same spatial intelligence that I was explaining above, that they can imagine in their mind, right? So those who have more spatial intelligence can do what? They can imagine and manipulate things like that, right? Without any paper. So these people become architects or designers. Those who have musical intelligence will become musicians. Right? Those who have bodily-kinesthetic intelligence, that is, they know how to move their body's muscles and bones very well, what will they become? They will become athletes, dancers, or surgeons. Right? Cricketers. Okay? For example, Virat Kohli, which one is more in him? Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence is more. Next is Interpersonal Intelligence. What does interpersonal intelligence mean? Interpersonal means that when two people are talking, how well can they understand each other? Right? So the ability to understand others and communicate effectively with them is called interpersonal intelligence. People who have more of this become teachers. Because to become a teacher, it is also important to understand the other person well and explain your point to them. Right? Or they become leaders. Next is Intra-personal Intelligence. What is intra-personal intelligence? See, how much do I know about myself? Okay? How much do I know about myself? It is called self-discovery, intra-personal intelligence. So self-awareness and understanding one's own emotions and motivations.
The ability is called interpersonal intelligence. People who have a lot of this become philosophers or psychologists. Okay? Next comes naturalistic intelligence. Naturalistic intelligence means those who know very well about nature. They really like to know about all the things in nature. So, people like this will either become biologists or farmers. Okay? Next comes existential intelligence. This was proposed later. Right? So, you don't have to mention these nine types. When you are asked how many there are in total after the amendment, after the ones that were added later, then you should say nine. Otherwise, how many should you say? In the theory of multiple intelligences, you should say eight. Right? Just like I was saying in group factor that the question will be about the seven ones. Similarly, the question here will be about the eight ones because it is my duty to tell everything, that's why I tell everything. Okay? So, existential intelligence came later. It means the ability to think deeply about anything is called existential intelligence. Okay? I have made a diagram here. Right? So that you can understand everything well. Everything is the same as explained above. Now next comes the last. The last is our 3D, uh, 3D, uh, principle or 3D, uh, three-dimensional theory. The three-dimensional theory was given by [coughing sound] Guilford. Okay? Guilford said that whatever work we do with our intelligence is basically divided into three parts. Right? That is, there are three dimensions to that work. What are those three dimensions? First is operations. That is, first of all, we will create operations in our mind. Right? What does it mean? Wherever, for example, think about any subject of B.Ed, like you are studying this very unit, then first of all you will gather all the sources of study, like you studied from YouTube, you studied from books, wherever you have to study from, you will gather all those sources. Okay? That is, from where and where to study. Then next comes content. What is written in all these things within the content? You will learn well about all of them, and finally, product. Product means what you understood after analyzing all these things is called product. Okay? So, this was said in the three-dimensional theory by J.P. Guilford. Now, these three of his, they come by these names. So, remember all three. First is operation, second is content, third is product. Okay? So, first of all, what will happen? We will create operations. If we want to know about anything, then first of all we will learn about its concepts, right? So, what are operations? So, operations are what the respondent does. It refers to a special cognitive process. It includes cognition, memory, divergent production, convergent production, and evaluation. What is content? So, it refers to the special medium in which a person is working at that time, or the nature of the materials or information on which intellectual operations are performed. It includes visual, auditory, symbolic, and semantic and behavioral, these five things. What is product? We call it the result of the operation or content. Right? That is, what was the final product of the things we did in operations and content? Right? What was its result? It includes units, classes, relations, systems, transformations, all these things are included in it. Okay? Let's go. Let's see next. And next, if anyone needs notes for B.Ed Second Semester, you will get notes in the form of short notes plus MCQs. And the MCQs are also given with explanations. Every MCQ has an explanation. What is its correct answer and why. Okay? So, you will understand very well by reading. And here, you will get notes for all four subjects for ₹250. And if you want them, this is my WhatsApp number. You can contact me on this. Okay? Let's move on to our MCQs. The first MCQ is, what is intelligence? First is, an important part of a person's personality. Absolutely correct. Right? Whatever their intelligence is, it will be there. An important part, innate, whose development happens in the environment. This is also correct. How much intelligence will be there depends on what? One is the qualities we get from our parents when we are in our mother's womb. We call that heredity. And one is what we learn from the world after we come into the world. Right? So, both things are included. Correct. It is closely related to adjustment. This is also correct. Right? That in any situation, how much you adapt yourself and adapt to that situation. Right? So, the more you do that, the more intelligent you will be. Correct. Next, next is, what is the category of definitions of intelligence? So, what is the category of definitions of intelligence? See, first is, intelligence is the ability to learn. Correct. The more intelligence, the more you will learn. Intelligence is the ability of emotional thinking. Right? That is, there is an intelligence which we also call emotional intelligence. That is, how well we can control our emotions. Okay? Next is, intelligence is the ability to adjust to a new environment. Correct. That is, whatever environment is in front of us, the surrounding new environment. How quickly we adjust to it. How quickly we adapt to it. So, this is also intelligence. So, here also all our options will be correct. Next is, who has given the best definition of intelligence? So, who gave the best definition? Binet gave it. Okay? So, the best definition has basically been given by Binet. So, option C will be correct here. According to Wechsler, intelligence is global because it is a characteristic of a person's behavior. Okay? So, what is it here? How is it a characteristic of behavior? As a whole. Right? That is, all types of intelligence, as a whole. Next is, who considered intelligence as the ability of an organism to adjust itself in an increasingly complex environment? So, who considered this? Spencer considered this. Here, option C will be correct. Moving to the next question. Next is, who described the structure of intelligence in terms of intellectual breadth and intellectual height? So, Boring did this. Here, option D will be correct. Next is, who proposed the two-factor theory of intelligence? Who gave the two-factor theory? Spearman gave it. What did Binet give? One-factor theory. Okay? You have to remember all this. What did Louis Thurstone give? Louis Thurstone gave the theory about the seven primary mental abilities. Group factor theory was given by Louis Thurstone. What did Guilford give? Guilford gave the theory of multiple intelligences or multifactor theory. Right? So, you have to remember all this very well. You should remember them just as I am telling you. Okay? Let's move on to the next. Next is, who developed the concept of primary mental abilities? So, who gave primary mental abilities? These seven primary mental abilities or seven primary mental abilities. Who gave them? Who gave them? Louis Thurstone, option D will be correct here. Next is, who gave the group factor theory? Group factor theory, in which there is talk about seven primary mental abilities or primary mental capacities. Who gave this? Louis Thurstone gave this. Option B will be correct here. Okay? Moving to the next question. Next is, the coordination of various intellectual abilities is the form of intelligence. Therefore, these abilities are not completely independent. Who said this? Thurstone said this. Option A will be correct here. Okay? Next is, how many factors are there in intelligence in Thurstone's theory? Thurstone. How many total mental abilities are there in what Thurstone gave? He gave a total of seven mental abilities. Right? The multifactor theory of intelligence is related to what? So, who gave the multifactor theory? Guilford gave it. In which he talked about eight types of intelligence. Right? Let's go. Next is, the two-factor and group factor theories arise from the following methods. From which methods do they arise? From factor analysis. Right? Because in two-factor, how many factors are there? Two factors. In group factor, how many are there? Seven factors given by Louis Thurstone. Two-factor was given by Spearman. Right? You should remember all this in this way. Okay? Let's move on to the next question. Next is, Howard Gardner. What did Howard Gardner give? Howard Gardner gave our theory of multiple intelligences or multifactor theory, which he gave in eight types. So, what did Howard Gardner do? Howard Gardner argued that many different types of intelligence exist. Right? How many types did he mention? Eight types. Now, see, proposed the idea of intelligence as a singular characteristic. No. Divided intelligence into two factors, general and specific. No. Spearman did it in general and specific. Not in three dimensions. Okay? So, here what will happen? He said that there are many different types of intelligence. That is, eight types, all of which are independent of each other. They do not depend on each other. Right? Next is, according to Gardner, which of the following intelligences is correct? According to Gardner, which is correct? Who was Gardner? The one who gave the theory of multiple intelligences. He mentioned eight types of intelligence. Okay? So, which intelligence is correct among these? Okay? First is, linguistic: the ability to use and understand the nuances of words and meanings. He said this. Absolutely correct. Right? Second is, this. Second is our bodily-kinesthetic: the ability to move with accuracy. No, not the ability to move. Everyone can move. Right? Using muscles, one can do a specific task. Like dancing, becoming an athlete, becoming a cricketer, becoming a sportsman, basically. That is called bodily-kinesthetic accuracy. So, this will be wrong. Next is, the ability to distinguish species in endemic. Right? So, this will also be absolutely correct. Okay? So, here our first and third are correct. That is, where is first and third? This, this becomes first when I translate. So, please look at this. Here, our first answer will be correct, A. That is, sorry, here our one second, why will the ability to distinguish species come? It should be this. When we can do something with accuracy. This one could be it. Moving with accuracy or doing something else with accuracy. Like dancing or doing something. Right? So, here option A will be correct. That is, first and second will be correct here. Okay? Moving to the next question. Next is, according to Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, intelligence includes. What does intelligence include? Howard Gardner, the one who gave eight abilities. Right? So, he said, a set of abilities that allows a person to learn. Correct. Right? And what is the set? He mentioned a set of eight. Okay? Next answer is, permanent change in behavior as a result of experience. No, he talked about eight sets. Right? He did not talk about product. He did not give 3D. Okay? So, here only option A will be correct. Okay? Let's move on to the next question. In Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, individuals who are high in _____ intelligence can easily reason abstractly and solve problems by manipulating symbols. Okay? What intelligence do they have? So, they have logical-mathematical intelligence. Right? Because they can think logically and rationally about things. So, what intelligence will they have? They will have logical-mathematical intelligence. Next is, who gave the three-dimensional theory of intelligence? So, Guilford gave the three-dimensional theory. Here, option D will be correct. Next is, a person strives to fulfill their objectives and, upon satisfaction, strives again in the future. Who gave this statement? Freud gave this. Here, option D will be correct. Next is, how many factors did Guilford mention in his theory? How many total factors did Guilford mention? See, Guilford gave the 3D theory. Right? In the 3D, there are three dimensions, and in each of these, he gave many different things. So, the total that we get is 120 factors. Okay? There are three dimensions, of course. But there was operation, there was content, and the last one was product. But there are many factors within these three. So, the total factors combined are 120. Okay? Next is, it is said that mental development stops between which age? Okay? Between which age does it stop? So, mental development stops by the age of 16 to 20. Next is, up to what age does mental age approximately reach its maximum limit? What is mental age? That is, basically, you will pass the mental age. That is, after that, your brain will not grow. Okay? So, at what age does it stop? When we mature, that is, at 20 years old. Okay? Next question is, who proposed the sampling theory? So, the sampling theory was given by Thomson. And in opposition to which theory was the sampling theory proposed? It was proposed in opposition to the two-factor theory. Okay? Let's go. Right? So, here, basically, I have explained things very well in all the explanations. Okay? If you want to understand better, you can also see that. You can also see the notes. Right? Otherwise, let's go, our session today ends here. And what will we talk about in tomorrow's session? So, we will talk about intelligence quotient or IQ. Okay? Tomorrow, we will also have some numericals. So, we will show how to do them. Okay? This is tomorrow's PDF. Today, our end is here. I hope you enjoyed the session. And let's meet tomorrow. Thank you for watching.