Transcription
Hello friends, welcome to Study Fighters. Friends, today we are going to start the second class of CDP. If you are preparing for PSTET Paper One or Paper Two, then this series is beneficial for you. Okay. In this series, friends, we are doing Child Development and Pedagogy. And today is our second day. Okay. Our topic is Growth and Development, and we will complete this topic today. And at the end, we will solve some questions that were asked in previous papers. We will do questions from the theory we studied. Okay, this will be our principle. So, friends, it is the second day of Growth and Development. Before that, let us tell you that this is our official number. Okay, you can contact us on WhatsApp on this number. You can install the app on the Play Store. Besides this, you can join the Study Fighters Telegram group. You are already connected with the channel. Okay. So, friends, we are talking about the second day. Okay, Growth and Development. We have already understood what growth is. We have understood what development is in the previous lecture. We have also understood the difference between them. So, friends, today we have to understand what the types of development can be? What aspects can there be? From which aspects does development occur? Okay. Let's move on to Jaila. So, how did Jaila develop? How did his development happen? Okay, we ask him. First of all, he says, he says my weight increased. When I was born, he says I was small, then my height also increased, my weight increased daily. Okay. In this way, changes occurred in his body, so this was his physical development. After this, number two, when we asked Jaila, Jaila says, I learned to think. Okay. So, thinking ability came into him, he also remembered things. His parents told him that this is water, this is tea, this is mother, this is father, this is brother. They gave him information about all the relationships, so those things got fixed in his mind, his memory also increased, his thinking ability increased. Okay. And he also learned to speak, he gained knowledge of language. He lived in a Punjabi family, and he learned to speak Punjabi. Okay. So, in this way, his development happened, and this development, number two, okay, was his development of knowledge. Cognitive development happened. After this, number three, when Jaila was asked what else he learned, Jaila says, I have now learned to interact in society. I have learned to interact in society. He says, now I have started treating myself according to society. He says, earlier we used to play together. Okay. There were boys and girls. Now he says, according to society, we have grown a little older, we feel shy playing with girls. Okay. Now they have started playing separately. Earlier, they used to play marbles together, play gilli-danda separately. Okay. But now they have started playing separately. That is, he has started following the values of society. Okay. So, now he has learned to divide things, learned to share. Earlier, if he was eating chips, and someone took them from Jaila, he would start crying. But now he has learned to share things. So, what development has this been? This has been social development. Okay. After this, now if someone scolds Jaila, he doesn't get angry quickly. Okay. If someone talks to him jokingly, he understands that the other person is joking. Now he doesn't take that seriously. Okay. And now he has also become energetic. If someone fights with him, he also fights back. Okay. He is not that weak anymore, but still, he has become emotionally strong. Now he doesn't get angry quickly. If someone pushes him, he doesn't get easily agitated. Okay. So, overall, his development has been emotional development. Okay. Number four. So, overall, I wanted to tell you that the question will be formed from here for the exam. Okay. So, mainly, development is of four types: physical development, cognitive development, and number three, social development, number four, emotional development. Now, we will understand these four developments in detail. Okay. How questions will be formed from this, we will discuss that. Okay. I will tell you the meaning of this line at the end. I forgot to tell you at the end, so check the comment box, some friend will definitely tell you. Okay. We will pin that comment. Okay. We will understand the meaning of this line. So, friends, let's understand the first type. Okay. Physical development, meaning physical development. I told you earlier that there is a slight difference between growth and development. I told you one thing, and I also told you that development, okay, the concept of development is very big in itself. Okay. Development is a very big thing, and growth is a very small thing within it. So, physical development is growth. Meaning, if I were to set the paper, I would make a question like this: What can physical development be called? It can be called growth. Okay. So, understand it like this. When a person's body becomes strong, meaning their ability to lift weight increases. Okay. Their ability to run increases. Okay. So, in this way, friends, his body became strong, he gained energy, he gained capability. This is physical development. We will call this person physically developed. Okay. So, you will understand it like this. Physical development mainly involves two types of muscles. Okay. We will talk about two types of motor skills in this. One is large muscles. Okay. We will call these gross motor skills. Okay. One is fine. Okay. In gross, there are large muscles, like our legs, arms, torso. Okay. Besides this, when we talk about fine motor skills, in this, there are our small muscles, like fingers, eyes, ears, nose, tongue. Okay. These are all our sensory organs. Okay. Through these, we take information inside. Okay. So, these are our small muscles, fine motor skills. Our fine motor skills develop with these. Like learning to write, learning to draw, learning to blink. Okay. So, we have learned to draw some diagrams. So, when we learn to do this, that we have learned to write, learned to draw. Okay. So, these skills have come to us. These are fine motor skills, meaning our small muscles are involved in this. And besides this, when a child learns to jump, play, run. Okay. Throwing a ball, pushing something, pulling something. Okay. In that, our large muscles are used. Okay. So, this is gross motor skills. Meaning large muscles are involved in this. Now, I told you one thing. Okay. Yesterday, we read a principle of development. What was it? In that, we talked about how development, okay, development proceeds from general to specific. It proceeds from general to specific. Now, what is general? Meaning large muscles. Meaning a child will first learn to jump, play, run. These things will be learned first. These fine motor skills develop later. The child will first learn to move the whole arm, then gain control over the hand, then gain control over the fingers. Okay. In this way, we can say that gross motor skills develop first. Okay. Later, our fine motor skills develop. Meaning development proceeds from general to specific. That is, we can say it goes from common to specific, from general to specific. Okay. Keep this in mind, friends. Everything else is written in front of you. Okay. Keep noting it down simultaneously. Okay. One friend also gave feedback yesterday. They said that we have put up your old playlists. Okay. And now what should we do, should we put them up again or not? So, you do this, put up the old playlist as well. Okay. Attend that too. And after the old playlist, you should also attend this playlist. What is the difference? You can note it down once. Now, as you note this down, note it down once. After that, when you play that playlist again, open the copy in front of you and sit there. Simultaneously, keep looking at the things and see if these are the same things. Okay. If I tell you anything new, add it along. Okay. Note down one playlist simultaneously, then watch the second playlist with the copy open. You have to watch both. Note down one or two. Okay. And this is the same thing. Okay. Jaila has also learned to jump, run, and write here. Okay. So, these are the muscles. Okay. They have developed. That is, his physical development has happened. Okay. After this, friends, we talk about Jaila. Now he has started thinking. He has become intelligent. His brain has grown. Okay. Intellectually, he has started understanding spirituality. Okay. Someone has also put the concept of God in his mind, that God is sitting above. Okay. And his language has developed, his memory has sharpened, he has started reasoning. He asks the reason for everything. Why is this? Okay. So, in this way, now if someone tells him. Okay. Okay. Now, let's take an example of Jaila. Okay. Now Jaila, his mother told him. Okay. Jaila's mother told him, saying, this is your uncle. Okay. Pointing to a person, she said, this is your paternal uncle. And now Jaila, he didn't sit quietly. Okay. Jaila says, he says, what is the difference? Both are there. He says, aren't they both my father's brothers? He says, my uncle and my paternal uncle, he says, aren't they both my father's brothers? Okay. How is one an uncle and the other a paternal uncle? So, there he is asking the reason. Asking the reason, why are they? So, then his mother will explain further. Okay. She will tell him what the reason is. Okay. That one is a younger brother, one is an elder brother. Okay. So, in this way, friends, here he will create the reason. Okay. He will ask the reason. Perceptions will arise in his mind. Some logic will arise, some assumptions will be formed. Imagination. Here he has learned to think about these things, learned to imagine them, learned to make decisions, learned to solve problems. Problem-solving ability has developed in him. Okay. In this way, when all these things have developed, then what will we say? That Jaila's knowledge has increased. Cognitive development has happened. And who has done the best work in cognitive development? Which psychologist? You all know. Okay. Jean Piaget. So, Jean Piaget, friends, has talked about this very development that we are understanding here. Okay. Who has talked about cognitive development? Jean Piaget has. Okay. So, he has given a theory on this. We have done that entire theory. Otherwise, search for Jean Piaget by Study Fighters on YouTube. That class will come first. Watch it. Okay. Your work will be done. Okay. Friends, we were talking. Okay. All these things are included in cognitive development. But sometimes, questions are also asked like this. A question was formed. We will discuss that question later. This, meaning, these things, that the child, meaning his brain has developed, creativity has come into him, learned to remember things. So, they have given another name to this. They have called it language development. Okay. Understand this, that all these things are part of language. Okay. They are part of language. Okay. So, in this way, friends, a question was asked by comparing it with language development. We will discuss that question later. Okay. After this, friends, we discuss social development. Okay. In this, the child will have moral values. Okay. Norms will come, rules of society, discipline will come. One thing about this is that it does not start from birth. It does not start from birth. Approximately, it starts around the age of three years, three or four years, meaning social development happens because before this, the child is within the family, within the family, he is only between his parents for up to two years. Okay. Or limited to his siblings. Gradually, he will go out, interact in society, make friends. School also, meaning, has come under social development. Okay. So, he will go to school, and in this way, his circle will increase. He will get acquainted with the teacher, with students from other classes. Meaning, the circle of people around him will keep increasing. Okay. So, only then will this development come in him. Okay. These moral values, social development will happen when he grows a little older. It doesn't happen from birth. Okay. So, keep this in mind. And this, this starts from birth. Okay. So, keep this in mind. These things also start coming from birth, little by little. Okay. And after that, friends, we talk about this. This includes rules of society, discipline, values. When he starts knowing these things, then his social development has happened. After this, number three comes, emotional development, meaning emotional development. Understanding of feelings. Suddenly, you stop getting angry. Suddenly, you stop being happy. You learn to control feelings. Okay. So, in this way, we understood those things. We learned to feel happiness, learned to feel sadness. I want to give another example here. When a child is very young, let's say even if a snake comes in front of him, he finds it interesting, a fascinating thing. He will also touch the snake because he doesn't know that a snake bite can cause pain, can even cause death. These things have not happened. Meaning, he has not become emotional yet. Fear has not come into him yet. Here, later, when we do the topic of emotional intelligence, there we discuss one thing, that fear. Okay. This is also an emotion. The child does not have fear yet, so he will catch the snake. If there is fire in front of the child, the child will try to put his hand in the fire because he doesn't have fear yet that fire will burn his hand. Okay. But when these feelings come into him, when he starts understanding that this thing gives happiness, this thing gives sadness, one should be afraid of this, one should avoid this. Okay. Then we will say that his emotional development has happened. Okay. Then we will say he has become emotionally developed. When these things develop in him. Okay. So, keep this in mind. There are many types of emotions. Later, in emotional intelligence, we understand them. There are quite a few types. Okay. Then happiness and sadness are common. We give examples of these. Okay. And after this, friends, we will talk about development. Okay. This starts even before birth, meaning during pregnancy, when the child has not yet been born. Okay. Then, in the mother's womb, the child, in the form of a fetus, starts its development. Okay. So, keep this in mind. So far, we have understood its types. Now, friends, let's understand the stages of development. Okay. What can be the stages of development? Number one, the first stage is the conception period, prenatal stage, meaning pregnancy. We will call it this. This is the stage, okay, approximately nine months before the child's birth. Okay. It's a general idea. Okay. That it is the stage about nine months before, before birth. Remember this. Okay. So, the child starts developing in the form of a fetus. Okay. So, this is the stage before birth. The child's development starts in the mother's womb, through the mother. Okay. The child is dependent here. We also understood this principle. The child is dependent here. Okay. So, the child is dependent. The child is dependent on his mother. Whatever the mother eats, the child will get nutrition from there. In the fetal stage, okay. Whatever environment the mother lives in, that environment will be available to him. Okay. There is an ancient story from the Mahabharata. They say Arjuna taught his wife how to break the Chakravyuh. How to get out of the Chakravyuh. And in her womb, Abhimanyu, his son, was growing. Okay. And they say that whatever story his mother heard, only that much story, or let's say, only that much knowledge her son had. Where his mother fell asleep, he did not get further knowledge. The point is that he developed those things even during pregnancy. Okay. So, here we can say that the ancient story and science are moving together. Okay. So, in this way, a good thing has happened. Okay. So, friends, the point is that you will be asked questions about development. Development continues from the fetal stage to death. Okay. It is a lifelong process. The child's life starts from when he is in the fetal stage. Okay. So, it starts there. This is the first stage. Number two, friends, we talk about the stage of infancy. It is called infancy. The stage from birth to about one and a half to two years. The child has now been born. Okay. The child has come out of the womb. The child is born. He is one day old, two days old, three days old, and so on, up to two years. This stage, this period, we are calling it infancy stage. Infancy stage. The stage of development. Okay. From birth to approximately 18-24 months. The child is newly born. Okay. Keep this in mind, friends. Keep this stage in mind. This is the second stage. Okay. And after this, when we do Jean Piaget, we will compare it with that as well. Okay. There, things will be remembered even more by you. And I wanted to tell you one thing, which I should have told you at the beginning. But I will tell you now: different psychologists, okay, whatever psychologists have been, they have kept these stages differently. Some have considered the prenatal stage, meaning nine months. Okay. After this, they called the infancy stage, some said up to one and a half years, some said up to three years, some said up to two years. Okay. After this, the next stage that will come, some have said how much, some have said how much. Some say it starts from six and goes up to thirteen, from six to twelve. Meaning, each psychologist has described it differently. But the discussion we are having here is a general idea. It is a general idea. It is considered a normal thing that this is the first stage. Okay. This is the second stage. And this is the third stage. Okay. Keep this in mind, friends. When we talk about childhood, childhood will start from approximately two to three years. It will start from about three years of age. Okay. Because up to about two years, we have considered the infancy stage. Childhood will start, friends, from about three years to about twelve years. And further, it has been divided into two parts: one is early childhood, and the other is later childhood. Okay. So, we need to keep this in mind. So, friends, we were talking here about early childhood. This is the third stage of development. Third stage of development. Pre-childhood stage. 'Purva' means before. Okay. Meaning, before childhood. Okay. So, approximately from two to six years, or say three to six years, or say two to six years, it doesn't make a difference. Okay. In this, socialization happens the most, and it is a critical period for development. It is an important and sensitive period. This stage, the early childhood stage, has the most socialization, it is fast. Okay. Similarly, development. For development, this is a critical period, it is important, it is sensitive. This means that development also happens fast in this. How will the child's development happen? It will happen quickly, it will be good. If the child becomes physically strong by six years, he will remain strong later as well. Height increases suddenly. As much as it increased here. If the child becomes weak here, meaning he becomes a victim of malnutrition, then he will not develop much later either. Similarly, emotionally, socially, if the child starts staying at home here, then he will not develop socially. Meaning, it is important for development. Okay. This stage is an important stage for development. Keep this in mind, friends. And this is the age when the child has not yet started going to school. Meaning, it is the preschool age. It is the toy age. The child plays with toys. Plays with toys. It is the pre-gang age. Meaning, he has not started going to school. Okay. And if he hasn't started going to school, then where will gangs form? Where will his groups form yet? Okay. The child is still playing with toys. Okay. So, keep this in mind, friends. Okay. That's why, see, the policies that are coming now. Okay. Education policies say that a child will be in first grade at the age of six years. Okay. In first grade. In this way, children used to start studying earlier. Okay. Meaning, the first grade here used to start from six years, from the sixth year. But now it's a different matter. In the new policy, there is also the concept of preschool. Okay. That is a different thing. So, keep this in mind, friends. Okay. So, after this, we talk about the fourth stage, which is the stage of later childhood. Meaning, the post-childhood stage. This is approximately from six years onwards, up to 11 or 12 years. Okay. In this, socialization becomes even faster. It happens quickly. Okay. The child becomes quite social. All his friends are made. His peer groups start forming. All friends are made. They roam around in gangs, play. Okay. This is the school age. The child has come to school. Okay. And after that, physical development happens in this. Okay. By the time he reaches here, you will see approximately a change in the child. And here, I will tell you, when we talk about gender. Okay. The child starts treating according to gender here. The child understands that I am a boy. Okay. I will not play with girls. Girls understand that I am a girl. I will not play with boys. Meaning, they start treating themselves a little differently here. They will do it in a very strict way later, in adolescence. Okay. So, for now, they are starting to understand gender a little bit here. Okay. Keep this in mind, friends. And the child develops physically in this stage. Okay. Keep this in mind too. And this is the age of pseudo-maturity. This is the school age. This is socialization. There are peer groups, gang age. Okay. All these things are included in this, friends. Okay. Keep this in mind. Okay. And after this, we talk about the stage that has come, the fifth stage. Here it is, this is called the stormy stage. Okay. You can call it adolescence, you can call it the adolescent stage, the adolescence age. Okay. So, this starts approximately from 13 years and is the stage up to 18-19 years of age. Okay. So, according to WHO, it is from 10 to 19 years. Keep this in mind too. In this stage, the child starts questioning God. He doesn't listen to his parents anymore. He listens to his friends. Okay. So, keep this in mind. High level of energy comes into him. Peak youth comes. It is the spring of life. He has no worries, no tension from home. Okay. No tension from outsiders. Now he has no tension. He is at the peak of youth. Okay. And there is identity crisis in him. Now he himself doesn't know if he is mature or immature. He doesn't know. Okay. There is an identity crisis at this stage. The adolescent is neither a child nor has he become mature yet. Meaning, he is confused here in a way. He will consider himself mature, saying I know everything. But he knows nothing here. When he reaches maturity, later, when he crosses the world cup stage, okay, crosses the 18th or 19th year, then he will start understanding things little by little. The child who is a troublemaker in the 11th or 12th grade is not as much of a troublemaker in college. There, he starts understanding things a little. He might get beaten up if he says something. But not in the 11th or 12th grade, he doesn't think so. Okay. Here, they even talk back to teachers. Okay. Meaning, you will see, I have observed this thing, that children in the 11th and 12th grade talk back to teachers. Okay. But college students don't. Because college students understand a little. Yes, it's a different matter if they fight at a higher level. When college students fight. Okay. Or fight among friends at a higher level. Okay. But there, he starts understanding. But I was talking about this, that there is more energy here, but where to use that energy, they don't know. Okay. There is still an identity crisis in them. And here comes the age of hero worship. He considers someone his hero. Okay. There was a word in my mind, let it go. Okay. And here he starts considering someone his hero. I will keep my hair like that. He saw an artist in a photo. Okay. He will try to get his hair done like that. He saw someone tying a turban. He will try to tie a turban like that. He saw a style in a song, he will try to do that style. He will wear clothes like that. Okay. So, whoever he considers his hero. Okay. Whom he considers his ideal. He will start doing things like that. He likes someone's personality. So, he will try to build a personality like that. Okay. And here, leadership qualities come into them. Okay. And there is daydreaming. Seeing dreams during the day. Okay. I can do this, I can do that. Okay. Physical changes occur in this stage. Like boys. Okay. They start getting mustaches. Okay. The young man's mustache has started growing. Okay. Let's talk further. Boys' beards and mustaches have started growing. Girls also undergo significant physical changes. Okay. And further, we were talking about this. This is a transitional period. We will call it a bridge age, a threshold age. Meaning, before, he was a child. Okay. He was a child. Then he will become an adult. And the bridge that has formed in between, what do we call it? Adolescence age. Okay. From child to adult. Okay. From child to adolescence. The time in between is called adolescence age. Keep this in mind. Okay. There is a problem of vocational adjustment. Stanley Hall says something. He says it is a period of stress. Okay. He says it is a period of stress. The stormy stage, he called adolescence. A book by Stanley Hall. Okay. He said this. Okay. After this stage, maturity starts coming into adolescence. Maturity starts coming. After this. Meaning, he starts understanding things a little. Okay. The energy here is more, but that energy is not there later. Okay. So, keep this in mind. There is more energy, but what to do with it, he doesn't know yet. Okay. So, in this way, friends, they also get involved in love affairs at this age. Okay. But after this, they start understanding what love is. Okay. How fake it is. Okay. So, keep this in mind, friends. This is the age of adolescence, the stage of a boy or girl. Okay. After this, he becomes an adult. Like if a child is 18+. Okay. Then he gets the right to vote. Okay. And he can do whatever he wants. He is responsible for it himself. Before this, even if he commits a crime, he is not punished. But after this, if he commits a crime, he will not escape. Okay. So, in this way, after this, he becomes an adult, and then he becomes old, and then he falls down. We don't need to reach the falling down stage. Our work is up to adolescence. Questions will be asked from here. Now, many people ask me, sir, is this class for Paper One or Paper Two? Now, look, when you have to teach a child up to here. Okay. You have to teach a child up to later childhood. Then it is the work of the paper setters. Okay. Questions can be formed up to here. And above this, in the adolescent age. Okay. That is the work of Paper Two students. Okay. So, questions can be formed from here as well. Okay. So, in this way, there is no significant difference. But we have to teach children, so we will cover up to adolescence. After this, we don't have to teach adults or old people. And so far, friends, what have we done? Types of development have been done. Okay. And I will tell you one thing, then I will forget to tell you. Friends, I was talking to you about these four things. I have explained them. Okay. Here we have understood physical development, cognitive development, social development, and emotional development. Now I am telling you about Jaila. Jaila will develop further. Okay. If all his aspects develop. He will develop physically, emotionally, socially, and his cognitive development will also happen. When all these types of development happen, then Jaila will become Jaila. Okay. So, when will we consider Jaila developed? When all these aspects of his development have happened. Meaning, Jaila is physically dead.
If diseases have taken hold, then its brain will not grow, its cognitive development will also be affected, okay. And if it does not develop socially, if it acts like a timid child, okay, then its development will not be proper. Overall, what we call a word, holistic development, you must have heard this word. Okay, overall development fails if the child is physically fit, cognitively developed, and socially developed. If the child can control things emotionally, when it learns to control all these things, then it is said that the child has achieved holistic development. I was talking about how physical, cognitive, social, and emotional aspects are all related to each other. Just as I told you, the child's brain will be sharp if its body is also strong. Okay, now if the child's body is strong and the brain is also strong, then nothing can stop it from mingling in society. In society, it will become everyone's favorite child, meaning if it is strong physically and cognitively, then it will also become strong socially. If it becomes strong socially, then its emotions will also become strong. This means all these things have become related to each other, meaning interconnected, interrelated. You should keep this in mind, friends.
Let's now understand its stages, okay. You will keep this in mind, friends. After this, let's discuss the factors affecting growth and development, the affecting factors. Some factors affect it, okay. How much will the child's growth be, how will it be, okay. How will the child's development happen? These things depend on something. There are two types of factors here. One is internal, okay. One is external, okay. Okay. Now, let me tell you one more thing here, okay. Internal factors are not in our hands; they happen naturally, okay. They happen naturally and are not in our hands, so we cannot change them. External factors are totally in our hands; they can be changed, okay. So, keep this in mind. Now, if a child is very weak physically, affected by diseases, okay, then its growth and development will be affected, okay. Intelligence, some children are sharp-minded, some have slow minds, okay, then its development will be affected, it will have an effect, right. And after that, we talk about health. Someone with a strong body, okay, their health is better, so their brain will also grow more, meaning its development will be affected. What are the thoughts like? What is the heredity like? What is the nature like? Okay, so all these things affect. And all these factors, okay, these are all internal, friends. Heredity is a type of factor. A question has been formed on this, okay. It is an internal factor, okay. You will keep this in mind. External factors, okay. What are the external factors? Society. Society can be changed. A family living in Punjab today can live in Delhi tomorrow. A family from Delhi can shift to Punjab tomorrow. Its society can change. Maybe a child from Punjab shifts to Canada. If they don't return for 20 years, by then they will have grown mustaches, okay. Their society can be totally changed. These are external factors, okay. Environment is the same thing, okay. What is the environment of society like? Cultures can be changed. A child from Punjab shifts to Canada. Someone from Canada comes to Punjab. The culture has changed. Their food can be changed. Resources can be different. Nurture includes nutrition, food items, and upbringing, okay. So these are nurture factors. So these are external factors that can be changed. These are internal factors that cannot be easily changed. Okay. In which family were we born? Let me tell you one thing. None of us chose our parents. We haven't asked God, "God, make this my mother, make this my father, make this my brother, make this my sister." No, God didn't listen to us; we got it naturally, okay. But the friends and companions we meet in society, we can choose them. It is in our hands whether to make this person my friend, make this person my friend, make this person my companion, make this person my friend. It is in our hands, okay. These are the relationships in society. So, in this way, these things are in our hands; they are external. These are internal, okay. So, friends, let's explain this a little further here. A question was formed here once, okay. You can call it heritage, legacy, heredity, ancestral. But in English, it is called heredity, okay. Whatever you call it in Punjabi, okay. The word genetics can be used for this. The word heredity can be used for this. In English, these two words are fixed. In Punjabi, whatever you call it, don't get confused, okay. The Law of Heredity given by Gregor Mendel. So, Gregor Mendel gave the law of heredity. A question has been formed here. Which principle did Gregor Mendel give? He gave the Law of Heredity. He is also called the Father of Genetics, okay. This is an important question. A question has been formed here not once but many times, okay. Law of Heredity, okay. Who gave it? Gregor Mendel. And Gregor Mendel is also called the Father of Genetics. Now, what did he say, okay? We will understand that too. And here comes a little science topic. What is the science topic? See, first I will tell you the social topic, then after society, we will also tell you the science topic, okay. There is a mother-in-law, okay. She has a son, okay. And his wife, whom we will call okay, a daughter-in-law. So, friends, what used to happen here? In the old society, what did these mothers-in-law do? They used to tell the daughter-in-law, "You gave birth to a girl, so you are responsible." And she gave birth to a girl, okay. And they wouldn't say anything to their son. So the mother-in-law would tell her daughter-in-law, "You gave birth to a girl. What will I do with this stone? You have brought a stone into my house." So this used to happen, okay. And after that, the son would not be told anything. Whereas here, science has made a discovery. Science says, meaning, the daughter-in-law, let's carry this example forward a bit, okay. The daughter-in-law has XX chromosomes, a pair formed like this. The chromosome is of X. And the son has XY. Okay. And let's assume in this scenario that a girl was born. So the girl will also have XX chromosomes. Now look, you see, the daughter-in-law had XX chromosomes. Okay. And the son had XY chromosomes. And the child born has XX, meaning it is a girl. Now, who is responsible for this? The son of that mother-in-law is responsible, right? Do you understand? Meaning, the male, the man, his chromosomes determine whether a boy or a girl is born, okay. Science has proven this. Here, Narendra Singh Kapoor is a Punjabi writer, okay. He says in an interview that he explained this while giving a lecture, meaning, meaning, whether a boy or a girl will be born, the man is responsible, not the woman. He says he explained this. And after that, he says, someone's speech had such an effect on someone that he says the person who had sent his wife away because of having a son, his family members, he says he brought her back. When he understood this science behind it, that the man is responsible, for a girl, a boy or a girl will be born, the man is responsible, not the woman. Because the woman has the same chromosomes, okay, only X. The man has X and Y. Okay. Whichever child is born, it will be XY or X. The man is responsible for that, not the woman, okay. Science has also accepted this. So, let's understand how the question will be formed, okay. And we were talking about the traits inherited from the previous generation. What do we call this, friends? Heredity. We call it ancestral, hereditary, okay. The traits we get from the previous generation, they can be good traits or bad traits, okay. And this thing forms the basis of development, okay. It is obtained from birth. It is stable, static. It cannot be changed. Keep this in mind. It is hereditary, friends, it is static, okay. And you will keep this in mind. In reality, there are 46 chromosomes, meaning 23 pairs. For example, XX, XY, X, and so on, 23 pairs are formed, okay. There are 46 chromosomes, 23 pairs, okay. When there is an X chromosome, then the child born will be a girl, okay. It will be a female child. And when there are XY chromosomes, then it will be a male child. Keep this in mind. And the color of the hair, the face, the traits, all these things happen due to heredity, okay. They happen due to inheritance, okay. Keep this in mind. A question was formed here. The Y chromosome, meaning the male chromosome, the male chromosome, okay. So, it determines, it determines whether the child will be a boy or a girl, okay. The man's chromosome, the male chromosome, determines this. Keep this in mind, friends, okay. So, the same old story continues, we have understood the pair. After this, friends, let's understand the next factor, environment. So, environment is received from family, friends, teachers, okay. So, based on its influence, how does the environment influence? Socially, morally, okay. Physically, economically, okay. Politically, culturally, emotionally. The environment influences on all these bases. One thing I told you there, the environment can be changed. Okay. It can be changed. This is an external factor, okay. This is an external factor. It can be changed. Okay. So, keep this in mind, friends. And after this, let's understand a definition by Woodsworth. He says that both play an equal role in the growth and development of a child. Okay. So, keep this in mind. Heredity and environment, okay. And friends, let's understand some questions that have been asked in previous years, okay. We have to solve their answers quickly, okay. So, you will write the answers yourself now. Many friends have already written them, okay. They keep writing in the comment box. So, first, write the answer to this. Thinking, memory, imagination, creativity, okay. All these things come under development. Under which development do they come? Cognitive development, okay. Didn't we understand this? But here they have considered language development. Okay. Language is also a part of it, isn't it? Language is also a part of cognition, okay. Now, think. We have learned to think, learned to remember things. Like I gave you the example of uncle and paternal uncle. Now, the child's memory is fit, isn't it? That this is an uncle, this is a paternal uncle. Has the child's language developed? Yes. The child has got two new words, that there is an uncle and there is a paternal uncle, okay. So, in this way, friends, meaning, there, it got two new words. So, this is friends, its language development. After this, we talk about at which stage, okay. The child faces the problem of vocational adjustment, the problem of choosing a profession. So, this is adolescence age. The right answer to the second question will be friends, adolescence age. After this, friends, we talk about which of the following is an internal factor influencing a child's growth and development. Which factor is internal? Internal factor, friends, it is heredity, okay. Write this down a little here. When you make notes, children, write it down. The internal factors are the heredity ones, okay. So, include heredity in this. It is already written. Look, environment is written here, okay. Okay. So, after this, friends, let's understand the next question. This is done. Heredity is the right answer. After this, E ____ occurs when there are orderly and progressive changes. Progressively and in a correct order, okay. And maturity and experience are included in this, okay. So, this is development, growth. We talk about nature and nurture. What are both related to? Nature is genetic, okay. It is in terms of heredity, okay. And nurture, friends, nurture is in terms of environment, okay. So, keep this in mind, friends. After this, there is a question, the last one, okay. I will not give the answer to this. You will give the answer to this in the comment box. Come on, write it out completely. Write "Study Fighter" and then write it. I have made such slides for you. You can't write these five or seven letters. So, write "Study Fighter" completely, with a hashtag. After this, write its answer with a space. Write "Study Fighter" completely. Okay. So, who is the Father of Genetics? You have to select the option from these, friends. And give the answer to this in the comment box, friends. So, friends, our class ends here today. These are our various platforms. You can connect with them. Beware of fake platforms. Contact this number. Okay. If anyone asks you for money, does anything, do not trust anywhere other than this number. If any fake account is created in the name of Study Factors, taking money, giving you a fake course, or doing anything, do not trust anyone other than this number and this app. Thank you so much. Hmm.