Transcription
If I mention murder in London during the year of 1888, one name will probably spring to mind: Jack the Ripper. But that wasn't the only serial killer active in London at the time. A short distance away, someone was using the lifeblood of the city, the River Thames, as a place to dispose of their victims. Washing up on the shore, bodies were found along its inlets, discarded, dismembered, and defiled, left to the mercy of the tidal waters in the hopes they would be washed away and forgotten. However, the river didn't hide the secrets of this killer; it spewed forth the evidence, allowing it to float along its surface to be discovered by helpless bystanders. But who were these victims, and how did they end up being mercilessly discarded into the murky depths of the Thames? With each new body that surfaced, the mystery deepened, leaving the city's residents in fear, as a slew of Londoners had not one, but two unidentified murderers prowling the streets, ready to pounce at any time. Today, on Macabre London, we uncover the mystery of the Thames Torso Murders.
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Hello everyone, and welcome back to another episode of Macabre London. I'm Nikki Dreu, your host with a silent G, and today I'll be taking you on a journey down another of London's grimy back streets to uncover a macabre tale from the city's past. And this time, we're exploring the tale of a supposed serial killer which has been perpetually eclipsed by the far more infamous Jack the Ripper. And yet, their crimes were just as gruesome and heinous, but the story has nowadays sunken without a trace.
But first, if you're new here and you want to see more videos where we deep dive into historic tales from London's past, and sometimes all over the world, then please don't forget to subscribe or follow so you never miss a new episode. If you like what I make, and you have done for a while now, I would love for you to get more of the show by checking out my Patreon. There is my extra podcast, which is exclusive to Patreon, called "Having a Problem," which is a fun mix of history and real-life chat, which comes out on the opposite week to the main show. So if you sign up, you get to hear from me every single week. Patreon really is the best way to support what I make to make sure the show can continue. So why not take a look on patreon.com/macabrelondon? I'd love to see you over there.
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Out of the depths of the River Thames, Victorian Londoners were presented with a macabre jigsaw puzzle to piece together. Over the period of a month, numerous body parts were found floating in the river, or washing up at its inlets, or on its pebbled shores. These remains had been disguised by wrapping them in canvas, securing them with cord, and tossing them into the water in the hopes they would more than likely never be seen again. However, when the plan didn't quite work, and the pieces of people started to be found, the race was on to track down who might be responsible.
But there was about to be yet another macabre killer emerge from the wings, who would take the city by storm and keep it in a chokehold. Over the late summer and early autumn of 1888, one which would go on to become the most infamous in the whole country, eclipsing these equally horrendous crimes. As police resources were stretched and diverted across the city, the person responsible was able to go undetected, allowing them to kill seemingly time and time again. But it wouldn't be long before a pattern began emerging, which may just have allowed the authorities to begin piecing together the clues which could lead them to the killer.
On the calm and still waters of the Thames, on a spring day in May 1887, an amount of canvas was seen floating in the river outside of London in Ramsgate. Thinking it may be some interesting jets, some discarded from a ship, some workers went and hauled the bag from the shore onto the bank to see what was inside. As they untied and unwrapped the sodden package, they were suddenly thrown back by the gut-wrenching smell which emanated from it. Inside was the torso of a woman. It was devoid of limbs and a head, and the rest of her remains were nowhere to be seen.
Handing over the body to the local authorities, who were woefully unprepared to deal with such a case, they had no option but to hope that more parts would eventually wash up so they could begin literally piecing together the clues which might reveal the woman's identity. This sadly wouldn't be a quick task, as it took almost a whole month for more parts of her body to appear at various places along the river, leading out towards the Thames estuary. Pieces of the unidentified Jane Doe would periodically appear, and now began the difficult task of working out who she was, except there was one very vital piece missing: her head.
Over the course of the month, the torso and the found body parts were left in a police station shed in Ramsgate, as this was the coolest place, and what with summer fast approaching, the race was on to try and piece the woman back together before she would need to be buried. When the original torso was hauled out of the river, it was clear it wasn't fresh. On closer inspection by a doctor in Ramsgate, he reported that the tissues were affected by the water, suggesting she'd been dead for a matter of months, and the body had been in the water, or stored in water, for quite a while before it was discovered.
At this time, the Thames was the lifeblood of the city. It was used for anything and everything: drinking, bathing, disposal of rotten food, human effluent, and even as a runoff for breweries, slaughterhouses, and a place to basically get rid of your rubbish for it to wash down the stream into Kent. Those lucky buggers. I still don't think they've got the stink out, to be honest. Just kidding, I love Kent, well, some bits of Kent anyway. So, as the river was often full of muck and floating detritus, it would have been very plausible that a package like this may well have just been ignored, particularly when you've got full dead horses floating by. A humanized bit of wrapped canvas could have easily been overlooked.
Once the pieces of the body had been reunited, the doctor in charge of the inquest at Ramsgate, Edward Callaway, began to notice that there was something interesting about the way it had been deconstructed. When inspecting the incisions and cuts, he noted that the instruments used must have been fitting for the job, as everything was done cleanly, implying that the person responsible was not a novice at doing so. Dr. Callaway was confident that this was done by a medical professional, and had this been a few decades earlier, this theory would have been likely. However, the Anatomy Act of 1832 had meant bodies were no longer hard to come by for medical professionals to practice on. Besides, the body was mainly intact despite the fact it was in pieces, and she didn't show signs of having been dissected. So, if this was someone that knew what they were doing, why was the body discarded of in such a way? It could only be because someone was up to no good and wanted rid of the evidence.
Interestingly, despite the obvious brutality of the dismemberment, the rest of her body was unscathed. There were no additional marks of violence you might expect when someone has fought back or struggled with the perpetrator, and this begged the question: was this woman murdered, or just disposed of after dying from natural causes? All the parcels that were collected were all wrapped in the same fabric, apart from one: the thigh, which was found in Regent's Canal, away, away from the Thames itself, and also not a tidal body of water. So, whoever disposed of this piece here may well have been aware this would eventually be found, and it could have been left as a calling card.
The fact this case was investigated by the Ramsgate authorities meant the press didn't pick up on the tale, and as such, the story fell into obscurity pretty quickly, meaning anyone who was missing this woman wouldn't have had a chance of finding her. Chances are, she was a Londoner, and with her relatives, friends, and loved ones in the Big Smoke, the local press would never reach them, and she'd forever be a Jane Doe. At this time, it wasn't uncommon for people to just go missing, and the body gave clues that this woman was in her late 20s, but it also showed she'd never given birth, so there would be no abandoned children looking for her, and this narrowed the possibility of her identification even further. With all roots seemingly exhausted, the inquest jury returned a verdict of "found dead," and she was buried in an unmarked grave. The sad case was chalked up to a case of domestic violence and put to rest.
But what would happen next in London would change the face of things forever. On the evening of the 31st of August 1888, the body of a woman was found in Buck's Row in the East End of London. The police didn't know it yet, but this would be the start of a murder spree which would grip the Whitechapel area of London in fear for a matter of months. Mary Ann Nichols was the first victim of the posthumously named Jack the Ripper murders. Mary was found lifeless in the street with deep lacerations to her head, neck, and body, and the viciousness of the attack instantly made the headlines. Just 8 days later, on the 8th of September, another mutilated, discarded body was found. This was the second victim, Annie Chapman. She had been found at the back of her boarding house with almost identical wounds to the first victim, Mary, but with even more chilling precision used in removing certain parts of the body.
What with two brutal murders having happened in quick succession, 3 days later, the police would discover something else which would escalate the case of the first Jane Doe into something more twisted. As I've been diving into this case, I found something that's really helped me stay focused and sharp, so let me share a little discovery with you: Magic Mind. It's this nifty little pocket-size shot that's become my go-to for mental clarity. They sent it over, and I thought, "Why not give it a go?" Magic Mind sent me a 7-day challenge to try out for just a week to see what happens, and just 3 days in, I was already noticing a big difference. My brain felt less foggy, and I could really zero in on the details of these historical stories without wandering off track. So I can't wait to keep going to see how I feel by day seven, as it's really giving me a fantastic daily boost so far.
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With the police going into a frenzy over the murders in Whitechapel, this meant all the resources were diverted away from other cases, and it's during this time the Torso Killer took another victim. On the 11th of September 1888, an arm was found floating in the river by the Embankment area of the city. This area was not quiet; it was, and still is to this day, one of the busiest parts of the capital. Minutes away is Big Ben and the Houses of Parliament, and the West End is a short stroll from there. The arm was fished out of the river and handed over to the police, and they instantly downplayed the whole event, thinking that this was just a practical joke, something new medical students who would have just started their year's studies could well have done. After all, St. Thomas's Hospital sat, and still does sit, on the Embankment, so to officers, this seemed highly plausible, and they ruled this out as anything more than a cheap prank, albeit one made in very poor taste.
Another thing which also pointed them in this direction was that the arm had a tourniquet attached to it to stem the bleeding from the limb as it was amputated, a sign that whoever it had come from may have been alive when this was carried out. With no further investigation pending, the arm was disregarded as anything sinister, and it would be a further few weeks before more pieces of the body began to appear, but this time it was in a very unlikely place.
On the morning of the 1st of October, construction was continuing on a new building on the Embankment. This building had been commissioned as the new headquarters for the Criminal Investigation Unit of the Metropolitan Police Force. By this time, the police force had been going for a few decades, but its Criminal Investigation Unit had only been founded 10 years previously, in 1878. As the population grew in London and with more severe crimes happening on a daily basis, the force was expanding rapidly and needed new buildings to operate from. The project was enormous and it took over 2 years to complete, meaning the space was a literal building site for a long period of time whilst the foundations were created.
When the police force was first created, the public backlash was enormous. People opposed being spied upon, as they saw it, and with two police forces in London, it was obvious to see where the gaps in the system were. The City of London Police, who looked after the Square Mile, didn't share evidence with the Metropolitan Police, who looked after the rest of London. Criminals knew this, and so they were able to play the two forces off against each other and to get away with crimes. Nowadays, that's not the case, and the two factions often work together, having learned from their past mistakes.
When construction workers arrived at 6 a.m., they went to retrieve their tools that were stored on site. To save the workers from carting heavy objects across London, they used the already constructed vaulted basement and hid items behind a wooden board to avoid them being stolen. After grabbing the tool bag out of the vault, one of the worker's hands brushed against something unfamiliar in the dark, cavernous space, but he just assumed this was another worker's bag and carried on with his day. When he went to return the tools after work, he looked into the vault and realized that what his hand had brushed against wasn't a regular tool bag; it was a wrapped bundle tied with cord. As he was an honest man, the worker didn't want to be found rooting through someone else's belongings, so instead, he tracked down the foreman for the site and asked if he knew anything about the strange parcel, to which he said he didn't.
By this time, there had gathered a number of workmen around the bundle, and they joined together to heave it out of the space. As they did so, they noticed it was emanating a foul odor, and they began hastily unwrapping it. As the layers of the fabric were peeled away, white grains began to fall on the floor. As they peered at them in the half-light, they realized that they were wriggling. The parcel was full of maggots. It didn't take long to decipher that whatever it was had been left lying around for quite a while, as it was absolutely rotten. The putrified mass of meat, despite its advanced state of decay, was still clearly recognizable as a human body. The alarm was immediately raised with officers, and they removed the body from the scene for inspection.
Just like the torso found at Ramsgate, this poor woman had also been reduced to just a torso. Once again, her body was free from violent marks, at least on the torso itself. If they wanted to have a hope of finding out what really happened to her, they'd need to recover the rest of her body, and fast. The advanced state of decay she was in made officers believe she had died around 8 weeks earlier and then stashed in the foundations of the building on the same week the workers found her. As this body had been stashed within New Scotland Yard itself, the police were able to be mobilized quickly and were set a task of questioning anyone and everyone who had access to the site or lived in the area. Reports came back quickly that some suspicious men were seen wheeling a barrow around the area a few days before the body was discovered, and one man was said to have been seen throwing a parcel over the wall before climbing in after it himself. This lead, however, didn't go anywhere, and the case was growing colder by the day.
Preoccupied with the mounting evils occurring from Jack the Ripper in the East End, the two horrific crimes shared the front pages. The Illustrated Police News published a double headline front cover which featured depictions of both the Whitehall Mystery, as it was now being dubbed, and the Whitechapel Monster. But despite both crimes being as heinous, the notoriety of the fabled and unfairly popularized Whitechapel Monster would go on to be the one which would capture people's imaginations for over a century afterwards.
As the initial investigation by the police didn't bring much up, a newspaper reporter who had a dog with a keen sense of smell asked if he could take his pet to the site of where the torso was found, in the hopes he might be able to track down more clues or follow a scent trail. Not long after the parcel had initially been found, a team of bloodhounds were brought in to sniff for clues, but they weren't seemingly very good at their jobs because the Spitzberg and dog, a breed which we would more easily recognize nowadays as a hardy type of husky, got to work straight away. The dog began following a scent which led them to the surroundings of the construction site, in which, after some digging, a full left leg was exhumed from the earth. The dog continued to worry at the area, and soon after, a full left arm was also recovered from the soil.
When the body parts were taken to the nearest mortuary and after comparing tissue samples with the abandoned torso, the doctor postulated that the arm and leg had been deposited there before the torso. No further parts of the woman's body were recovered, and once again, due to the head missing, a formal identification was not able to be made.
Over the winter of 1888, things had seemingly gone quiet for the city's serial killers. Jack the Ripper went quiet in November of that year, and the Torso Killer equally slipped back into the recesses of a dismally cold and dark London. But unlike Jack, who seemingly disappeared, appeared at the end of the summer. The following year, another body spewed forth from the waters of the Thames. On the 4th of June 1889, another torso was found, once again wrapped in canvas, floating along the river. This time, the person disposing of the body had gone to even greater lengths to seemingly scatter her around, with hands, feet, parts of a shoulder, and the legs cut into several pieces. There had clearly been some joy in knowing that this would be a gruesome treasure hunt for the police, with pieces picked out from Chelsea down to Limehouse. This was seemingly a game for whoever was carrying this out, knowing as many people as possible would be confronted with a horrendous parcel they had to deal with.
As the pieces of the woman were recovered and placed back together, it seemed, for once, that there might be a lead as to who she may have been. When a woman came forward from Chelsea saying her sister, Elizabeth Jackson, had gone missing, she had suggested to police that the torso may well be her sibling. Elizabeth had found herself down on her luck after she had been fired from her job as a maid. It was discovered by the lady of the house that extra-marital relations had been going on with her husband and Elizabeth. She fired her, and due to her reputation being sullied, she found it difficult to find work in the local area again. In order to make ends meet, quite literally in this case, Elizabeth had no other option than to turn to sex work. In a time when women had incredibly limited options for work, it would either be forced into the horrors of the workhouse, which was worse than prison, or forge a living working on the street.
Investigators managed to work with Elizabeth's family to piece together a few clues from clothing found in one of the parcels, through to working out her movements in the days leading up to her death. Unlike the previous discarded remains, these ones had included some scraps of material and clothing. A set of underwear had the name "E. Fisher" upon it, and even though this wasn't Elizabeth's birth name, it may well have been that she'd either used an alias or was wearing someone else's clothes. The excesses of fast fashion we're drowning in today just simply didn't exist back then. People often only had one set of clothes which they would wear on repeat. With everything being handmade, buying clothing was relatively costly, and so purchasing secondhand items was very common, even underwear. And so, it could well be that the clothing had been marked by the previous owner. In mixed households and slum houses, making sure your clothing was named would be important to avoid losing it and a deterrent from anyone looking to steal it. When I was younger, it was common to have those scratchy tags sewn into your clothes with your name on to avoid Kelly stealing your cardigan from school, and this was effectively the same thing.
When Elizabeth's body was checked over, it was discovered that she had been around 8 months pregnant, but her baby had been removed, but the body wasn't found in any of the parcels. So it was undetermined as to what may have happened to them. Again, however, it was noted that the way the body had been cut was done very cleanly with tools which were made for the job. The doctor which checked over the body this time, however, was not so sure about Dr. Callaway's theory that this was someone with medical knowledge. Dr. Braxton Hicks, yes, the guy who put his name to the premature contractions in labor, was the one to carry out the autopsy. He said that the person responsible for the crime wasn't necessarily someone with medical knowledge, but they did know how to carve up meat. He said the bones and body were disassembled in a way which suggested this person knew how to clearly cut around a joint, suggesting it may well have been a butcher or a knackerman, someone who disposed of horses.
At least for Elizabeth Jackson's family, they had some peace in knowing they could lay her to rest. But without her head, there was still an element of doubt as to whether this may have 100% been her. But Liz did have a matching scar on her wrist, and as she never turned back up in London, having been a resident of Chelsea for her whole life, they resolutely accepted the final ruling at the coroner's inquest. The case was ruled as willful murder by person or persons unknown, and it was starting to appear that the person carrying out these crimes had no plans to stop anytime soon.
When another body appeared in September that year, a few months after Elizabeth's case, it was looking like this was going to be a perpetual problem for the female residents of the city. At least with Jack the Ripper, his murder spree had been relatively short, but with the Torso Killer, it was appearing that there was no end in sight.
On the morning of the 10th of September, a policeman was walking his beat when he discovered a body discarded in the street on Pinchin Street in Whitechapel, underneath the railway viaduct that spanned across the top of the street. The remains of a woman were discovered. This time, however, things were different. Her body was cut while she was still dressed, and her clothing remained on, and her body was once again missing a head. The arms were still attached, and there was barely an attempt to hide the body at all. The body was also covered in bruises and lacerations, suggesting that there had been a struggle beforehand. The abdomen of the woman had also been cut in the same way as many of the Ripper's victims, which led people to think he had returned. But many of the other gruesome and violating things the Ripper would do to his victims wasn't present, and so it felt that this poor woman had been subjected to a mixture of both murder methods, and perhaps this, this was someone who wanted to either entirely confuse the police, or who wasn't anything to do with either of these cases at all, just being a copycat.
The victim was once again unable to be identified, despite this time having a bit more to go on with the clothing and arms still attached, but sadly no one came forward to claim her. And with that, the police were now even more confused than they'd ever been. Fearing that the Torso Killer may just keep going, police and the authorities began to do a bit of digging to try and link the cases together. At this time, even though there had obviously been serial murderers around, the police work wasn't there yet, and forensics were still in their infancy. The way we are able to link cases together nowadays is very quick, and what with modern forensics, the opportunity to kill multiple victims without being caught is hugely reduced.
When another two cases were unearthed from the archives, it seemed that the Torso Killer may well have been active for longer than anyone had first thought. In 1873, 15 years before the first of the canonical four victims was discovered, another limbless body was found floating in the Thames. This victim, however, did have a head, but in an even more disturbing turn of events, her face had been sliced off. When the face was finally recovered, the coroner managed to present it to the viewing public, stretched over a board, and rather unsurprisingly, no one could work out who it was. The following year, in 1874, another partially deconstructed body was found. This time, the body had been covered in quicklime, a substance which was thought to break down the flesh fast, and something which was great at covering up odors. In later studies, it's been proven that quicklime can have the opposite effect on dissolving tissue, and can actually preserve them for longer. The incisions made on the body were also said to be cleanly made, and by someone who knew how to carve meat and had access to the correct tools to do so.
Other further cases were potentially linked, but I don't personally think there were anything to do with this, as the circumstances are just not the main modus operandi of the other cases, and it just seems like they were thrown into the case to try and make them fit. As the potential killer had been operating for over a decade in London, it was patently obvious that the police had absolutely no clue who this was, or if they did, they were doing a good job of covering it up.
So now, let's delve into some theories about what this may have all been about. Initially, my thoughts went to medical malpractice. This may well have been a bit like the John Christie case, the so-called doctor from the 1940s who said he could help women out when they found themselves with child when they didn't want to be. However, the postmortem results show that mainly this wasn't the case, as the genitals and stomachs of the women weren't mutilated. Sure, there were a few cases where this wasn't the case, but overall, it didn't seem that this was someone taking advantage of that situation.
I then began to think this was a policeman gone rogue. We know this does happen, and in a time where there were even less regulations, you can rest assured that someone would have joined the force with a full intake of being able to take advantage of their position of power. This may well be why the majority of women didn't have struggle marks on their bodies. Perhaps they trusted the man they went with, and then were knocked out or attacked with no time to fight back, and then the officer kept their bodies at home to do with as he wanted until he decided to get rid of them.
A more far-fetched, but not entirely out there, theory is that these women were victims of a torture ring. We know that one of the arms was found with a tourniquet around it, which suggests it was amputated whilst the victim was still alive. In the case of the Pinchin Street torso, the legs had been removed, but not the arm, and there was no blood found at the scene. So maybe this was done when the victim was still alive. As there were three men seen wheeling a barrow and throwing a parcel over the fence at New Scotland Yard, perhaps this was a group which sold this void opportunity to men and then discarded the bodies afterwards.
The police did come up with a few probable suspects, but they all led to dead ends. The evidence from all the cases was hugely lacking, and with many different police stations getting involved, the consistency needed to draw a case together like this just wasn't there. Sadly for these victims, they had to be the guinea pigs of police incompetence so they could learn from their mistakes and subsequent victims be given the justice they deserved when their killers were brought to trial. In a time before advanced forensics, the only thing they had to go on was witness statements and physical evidence, but when the perpetrator has gone to such great lengths to disguise the bodies, this was nigh on impossible to ascertain.
This unsolved case stands as an important reminder that in the Victorian era, these women were completely disregarded by society. So much so that even when they were dead, no one missed them. The assumption that many of these women were sex workers was harmful; it meant the police weren't all that bothered about looking into their cases, and the chance of being killed in the line of duty was just seen as an occupational hazard. As this was a portion of society that the authorities weren't too bothered about protecting, it was often left to these slum areas to govern themselves, and if this meant a few sex workers died in the process, well, so be it. The police really weren't all that bothered.
In the case of Jack the Ripper, those women who were named and identifiable captured the imagination of the press and provided a good narrative for them to work off. However, nameless and faceless torsos didn't, and so despite the two cases sharing the headlines, the former became the horrific, peddled story of the East End of London, and still is to the present day. The focus of maintaining the anonymity of Jack the Ripper is still upheld, as it perpetuates the mystery and intrigue behind the case. But I actually think in 2024, it's probably time we started to put the tale to bed, particularly in terms of it being what the East End is known for now, and how it perpetuates a misogynistic view that poor women are expected to be victims of misogyny and violence.
In the case of the Torso Killer, I think it's far more exposing of how we treat victims of crime, and that if it's an unidentifiable and unclaimed corpse, there's almost a reasoning embedded into people's minds that it's not a crime worth solving. The victims of both Jack the Ripper and the Torso Killer, it just goes to show that the centuries of imposed violence towards women is still unchanged. The conditions people find themselves in today are for sure nowhere near as dangerous as it was in Victorian times, and the opportunities have definitely changed for the better, but there is still a stigma attached to how people choose to make their money, and with some people not having an option, it can be a tough and dangerous time.
The women of London who lost their lives in both these tragic murder sprees will never have the chance to tell their stories, and the silence that surrounds their tales is still deafening. In reality, things nowadays haven't really changed all that much. Society still continues to overlook the most vulnerable, with their stories often being drowned out by the sensationalized stories of their murderers.
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This story ended up starting off as something I was really enjoying learning about, but once I started to draw comparisons to the modern day, honestly, it kind of put a downer on it all. As you know, I love the foggy London murder stories, but when I realized that actually, things haven't really changed all that much, it was a bitter pill to swallow. But I'm glad I can still share these stories with you as much as I can with the information that's out there, and I think it's important we keep doing so, particularly for the memories of the women, but not so much for their killers.
Do you agree with any of my theories, or do you have your own? I'd love to hear them, so do please pop them in the YouTube comments or on my social media. Find me at @NikkiMacabreLondon on Instagram and @MacabreLondon on Twitter and TikTok. As you can probably tell, episodes like this are incredibly tricky to research and write, so if you want to support me to help me make them even better and to get extra content, check out my Patreon at patreon.com/macabrelondon. If you're listening to the podcast, head over to YouTube to see the faces and places I talk about. Just search for Macabre London Podcast, and don't forget to say hi in the comments.
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Big thanks to Magic Mind for their help with today's episode. Don't forget to check them out to get your brain boost with a whopping 48% off a subscription at magicmind.co/mlt and use the code MACABRELT20 for your fantastic discount.
Thanks for joining me for another macabre tale from London's past. I've been Nikki Dreu. Remember to stay spooky, and I will see you ghouls next time.
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