Transcription
[Music] Hello viewers, this is Bong of Bong's Birth of Koreans. Last time, we discussed five types of Koreans in the introduction. Today, when we think of Koreans, we usually think of Joseon people. I mentioned that Koreans were created as Joseon people were dismantled. In this segment, we will explore how Joseon people were created. Specifically, we will compare them to the Goryeo people who existed before them, and examine what kind of people Joseon people were and how they were created. Let's begin Ham Jae-bong's Birth of Koreans. Last time, I explained that Koreans are different from Joseon people, and that Koreans began to be created as Joseon people disappeared. I also mentioned that there are five types of Koreans created in this way. However, when we reach this point, many people say, "Well, if Koreans began to be created after Joseon people, then aren't Joseon people our original form? Aren't Joseon people, whom we call Koreans, the original form of Koreans?" Many people ask this. So, in that sense, I also wondered, "Was the original form Joseon people, and then we inevitably changed through modernization to become Koreans?" I asked myself this question. So, what I want to delve into is, how were Joseon people created? First, I examined that part. However, what I discovered while examining that part was surprising: Joseon people were also completely newly created people. Compared to the Goryeo people who existed before them, Joseon people were vastly different. Just as Joseon people and Koreans are different today, Goryeo people and Joseon people were just as different. I would like to talk about that. How were the Goryeo period and the Joseon period different? Joseon was founded in 1392. We learn that Joseon clearly adopted Confucianism, specifically Neo-Confucianism. So, what religion did Goryeo practice before that? Naturally, Buddhism. But Goryeo wasn't the only one practicing Buddhism. In fact, Unified Silla also practiced Buddhism. Buddhism was first introduced to Goguryeo in 372 AD. If that's the case, then for nearly a thousand years until the founding of Joseon in 1392, the people living on the Korean peninsula, and if we include Goguryeo, even outside the peninsula and in Manchuria, these Koreans had been practicing Buddhism for a thousand years. So, if we consider it a thousand-year Buddhist nation, what changed here? A great deal changed. First, outwardly, for example, when we visit Buddhist countries like Sri Lanka, Myanmar, or Thailand, the most prominent feature of a Buddhist country is that the grandest, most magnificent, and most ornate buildings in the capital city are not royal palaces but Buddhist temples. For instance, in Myanmar, the Shwedagon Pagoda in Yangon is far more luxurious and grand than any palace, covered in gold. However, in Hanyang, the capital of Joseon, which revered Confucianism, there were no such temples. But where can we find such things? We can find the typical appearance of such Buddhist countries in Gyeongju. If you go to Gyeongju, the largest, most magnificent building in the heart of the city was Hwangnyongsa Temple, a Buddhist temple. In that sense, it was a typical Buddhist country. The same was true for Gaeseong, the capital of Goryeo. The largest and most magnificent buildings were Buddhist temples. So, that's about the outward appearance. Then, there was immense religious persecution during the Joseon Dynasty. You would be shocked if you looked into the details of Joseon's persecution of Buddhism. Numerically, it's like this: in 1406, the 6th year of King Taejong's reign, there were still 3,000 Buddhist temples nationwide. However, Taejong ordered the closure of all but 242 temples, consolidating them into a few sects. Then, his son, King Sejong, 18 years later, in 1426, the 6th year of King Sejong's reign, merged 11 denominations into two, Seon and Gyo, and left only 36 temples in total, 18 per denomination, closing all others. So, when we visit museums like the Gyeongju National Museum, we see many headless Buddha statues. Why were these headless Buddha statues there? Some say it was due to Mongol invasions or the Imjin War, but that's not true. What actually happened was that as Buddhism gave way to Confucianism, during the persecution of Buddhism, young thugs, Confucian thugs, entered Buddhist temples, drove out the monks, burned the scriptures, and then took over. And that takeover, in fact, is why the layout of Buddhist temples and Confucian academies is the same. Because in the past, they would often burn down the temples and build new buildings for academies, but instead, they simply took over the sites. In the process, while other things could be easily burned or destroyed, the statues were problematic. Especially stone and bronze Buddha statues. The easiest way to dispose of these statues was to throw them into wells. At that time, the weakest part of the statues was the neck, so they broke off at the neck. That's why there are so many headless Buddha statues in museums like the Gyeongju National Museum, due to religious persecution. Thus, with immense religious persecution, Buddhism was replaced by Confucianism. But it wasn't just the religion that changed outwardly. Many things truly changed. For example, the marriage system was thoroughly changed. I want to show you a passage from the Annals of King Sejong, dated December 22, the 12th year of King Sejong's reign, which is December 22, 1430. Here, King Sejong is having a conversation with his minister, Kim Jong-seo. Kim Jong-seo is famous for conquering the Six Garrisons and later for fighting to protect King Danjong, ultimately dying at the hands of Grand Prince Suyang (King Sejo). Kim Jong-seo, who was so favored by Sejong, is depicted in the Annals having a conversation with the king. The king says to Kim Jong-seo, "The ceremony of 'chinyeong' has not been practiced in our country for a long time. However, Buyun Go Yak-hae and others have requested its implementation based on ancient precedents. During King Taejong's reign, there was a discussion about implementing the ceremony of 'chinyeong,' but I married off all my young daughters because it was difficult to perform 'chinyeong.' What is this difficulty?" So, what is happening is that the king wants to perform 'chinyeong,' but he says that since his father's time, and even before, and that officials like Buyun (the mayor of Hanyang) and Go Yak-hae are requesting its implementation based on ancient Chinese law, which is Confucian law. They want to implement 'chinyeong' according to Chinese law. But he says he married off his young daughters because it was difficult to perform 'chinyeong.' So, 'chinyeong' is clearly related to marriage. What is 'chinyeong'? According to Confucianism, when a woman marries, she goes to the groom's house and, as a daughter-in-law, pays respects to the ancestors' shrine of the groom's family, bowing before the ancestral tablets, and declares that she has come to marry into the family. This is performing the ceremony of 'chinyeong.' But now, when they proposed to do this, it wasn't done, and everyone married separately. The king complains, saying, "We are trying to implement this according to Chinese law, based on Confucian principles and ancient precedents, but it's not being done. Why is it not being done?" Kim Jong-seo gives a remarkable answer. Kim Jong-seo replies, "Our country's custom is that men go to the woman's house, and this has been the tradition for a long time." What does this mean? The custom of our country, Joseon, is that when people marry, the man goes to the woman's house. Today, we think that when people marry, the woman usually goes to the man's house. But here it says that's not happening because the custom is for the man to go to the woman's house. So, in our language, when we say "to marry," women "go to their in-laws' house" (sijip gada), and men "go to their in-laws' house" (jangga gada). What does "sijip gada" mean? It means going to the husband's parents' house. So, the woman goes to the man's parents' house. And what does "jangga gada" mean? It means going to the wife's parents' house. So, what does this mean? In our current Korean way, or Joseon way, if we do it our way, men don't "jangga gada," only women "sijip gada." And if a man "jangga gada" and a woman "sijip gada" when they marry, it doesn't make sense. Marriage cannot be consummated. So, either the man "jangga gada" or the woman "sijip gada," only one can happen. But now, they are saying, "Perform 'chinyeong' according to Confucianism, the proper patriarchal system, according to the clan system." This means the woman must go to the man's house. But in Goryeo and early Joseon, it wasn't like that; the man went to the woman's house to marry. So, returning to the passage, it says, "If the woman enters the man's house, then the woman's family must provide all the necessary slaves, clothing, and utensils, which is difficult and burdensome. If the man's family is wealthy, it is not difficult to entertain the bride's family, but for the poor, it is very difficult, so the man's family also comes to live there." What does this mean? They are hypothesizing. If she enters, the woman's family must provide slaves, clothing, and utensils. This means that in Goryeo and early Joseon, when a daughter was born, the family would say, "Someday, we will welcome a son-in-law. A new family member will come, so we must prepare economically." The man's family would think, "If we have a son, when he grows up, we can just marry him off." But the woman's family was prepared to welcome a son-in-law, and the man's family thought they could just marry off their son. But suddenly, the country's law changed, and it was said that the woman must go to the man's house. So, Kim Jong-seo said, "If that preparation is not made, then what happens? If we want to marry off our daughter, the man's family must be able to support her, so they have to send slaves, clothing, and utensils along with the daughter. How many families can do this? It's difficult." You see, sending slaves, clothing, and utensils with the daughter when marrying is something we still do today, isn't it? What do we call that? It's called "honsu" and "jichamgeum." "Honsu" and "jichamgeum" arose from this. Originally, when men married, the woman's family, if they were wealthy, had to send these things with her. If the man's family was wealthy, it wouldn't be difficult to entertain the bride, but for the poor, it would be difficult. So, it was an economic reason. Then the king said, "If this ceremony cannot be implemented suddenly, how about the royal family implementing it first, and the scholar-officials following suit?" Jong-seo replied, "If those who do not follow the law are not punished, those who wish to practice the ancient customs will naturally follow, and over time, the whole country will naturally adopt it." The king agreed. King Sejong was a formidable person. He implemented this directly. How did he implement it? On February 29, the 17th year of King Sejong's reign, this article appears: "Yun Pyeong was appointed as Gaseondae-bu Pawon. Yun Pyeong, the son of Bongshangsa Yun, was to marry Princess Sukshin." Princess Ongju was a daughter of King Taejong by a concubine. This means Princess Ongju was born to a concubine of King Taejong, and King Sejong was born to the principal queen of King Taejong. So, she was King Sejong's half-sister. He married off his half-sister, Princess Ongju, performing 'chinyeong' for the first time. To whom? He chose Gaseondae-bu Yun Pyeong, the son of Bongshangsa Yun Chang. Bongshangsa was an official who performed ancestral rites at the Jongmyo Shrine. He married his half-sister, Princess Ongju, to Yun. Four days later, on March 4, the 17th year of King Sejong's reign (1435), according to the lunar calendar, "Pawon Yun Pyeong welcomed Princess Sukshin with 'chinyeong.' Thus, 'chinyeong' began in our country." This is how she went to her husband's house. This is how it changed. This is a great revolution of Confucianism. King Sejong's immense effort to change civilization. King Sejong did not achieve a golden age. He completely overturned thousands of years of tradition and customs. This was King Sejong's remarkable reform and revolution. However, despite King Sejong's efforts to change things, it didn't change easily. In fact, among the kings, the first to marry according to 'chinyeong' was King Jungjong. From Taejong, Taejo, Sejong, Munjong, Danjong, Sejo, Yejong, Seongjong, Jungjong... Even in common households, it didn't change. Where can we see this resistance to change? When we talk about Shin Saimdang, the mother of Yulgok, we always learn that "Shin Saimdang took Yulgok to her maternal home in Gangneung and raised him there." First, it's not strange for a child to be raised at their maternal home. Even in the Joseon Dynasty, it was common for sons of noble families to be raised at their maternal homes. But what is more surprising is what we don't learn in textbooks: Oju in Gangneung was not Shin Saimdang's paternal home, but her maternal home. It was her mother's and maternal grandmother's home. Her maternal grandfather, Yi Won-do, lived there, as did her father, Shin Myeong-hwa, and her husband, Yi Won-su's father. However, because King Sejong tried to change things by implementing 'chinyeong,' things slowly began to change. So, Shin Saimdang raised her child at her maternal home, Yulgok's maternal home, her own maternal home. But instead, she had to frequently visit her husband's home in Paju. In the past, women lived in their own homes, and men married into them, and women held economic power. But now, it was starting to change. According to the clan system of Confucianism, women were supposed to go to their husband's homes. Therefore, she had to visit her husband's home frequently. Nevertheless, after her father, Shin Myeong-hwa, passed away, she observed a three-year mourning period at her maternal home in Gangneung. This is completely different from Joseon women 100 years later. Therefore, Shin Saimdang was more of a Goryeo woman than a Joseon woman. In a society where women held economic power in their own homes, where their maternal grandfathers and fathers married into the family, she was able to learn a lot because she received undivided attention from them, which is why she was so intelligent. And 100 to 150 years later, Joseon women, under the clan system, learned nothing and had to be buried in their husband's homes after marrying. This is the world that changed. Thus, the transition from Goryeo people to Joseon people involved such a major change. Let me tell you a few more things about Goryeo people. In 1924, Seo Geung, a Song Dynasty envoy, visited Goryeo and published a book called "Goryeo Dogyeong" in 1924. Let me introduce a few things from that book. It says, "In the marriage between men and women, they easily unite and easily separate, not following ancient precedents, which is truly laughable." This means that Joseon people divorced very easily. Men would marry, and if they didn't get along, they would leave and marry someone else. They divorced very easily and lived with different people. From a Chinese perspective, not following ancient precedents, such as the clan system that Joseon would later adopt, was considered ridiculous. It also states, "Wealthy families have four or five wives, but they separate if there is even a slight disagreement." When I read this passage, I actually think that having four or five wives might have been a misunderstanding. Perhaps it was because they viewed it through the lens of the patriarchal clan system of Confucianism, which is male-centered. And one more thing, they often ridiculed the Chinese for being too clean. They would bathe before leaving the house in the morning, and in the summer, they would bathe twice a day. They would gather in flowing streams, men and women alike, undress, and not find it strange to expose their undergarments while following the water. What country is it where people bathe frequently and men and women bathe together without any shame? It is Japan. What is the image of Goryeo people seen by the Chinese envoy? It is the image of Japanese people we see today. In other words, from the Three Kingdoms period, Unified Silla, to Goryeo, the civilization and worldview of the people living on the Korean peninsula, the customs of marriage, and many other things show that the Korean peninsula and Japan were part of the same civilization. What changed was Joseon. When Joseon began to fully adopt the Chinese clan system, and everything from the marriage system began to change, it started to differ. In fact, the culture of Joseon and the culture of Goryeo were very similar to that of Japan. Let me tell you one more thing. During the Yuan Dynasty, when the Yuan Dynasty took many young girls from Goryeo, the Goryeo court debated whether this was acceptable. So, a person named Yi Gok, through an agency called Usa-dae, wrote a memorial requesting its cessation. In the memorial, he instructed them to say to the Chinese people: "Generally, when parents raise children, they expect their children to provide for them in their old age. This is without distinction of status or nationality, as their innate nature is the same. Whether they are lowly or not, or Chinese or foreign, it is all the same. Furthermore, the custom of Goryeo is to let the son live separately rather than send the daughter away. This is similar to the system of a son-in-law marrying into the wife's family." So, to explain to the Chinese, China had a long-established clan system, so women had to marry, and the eldest son inherited the property. But since it wasn't like that, they had to explain. Even in the Qin Dynasty of China, there was a system of sons-in-law marrying into the wife's family. So, they should explain it like that. "Generally, providing for parents is the responsibility of the daughter. Therefore, when a daughter is born, she is raised with grace and diligence, hoping that she will be able to fulfill her filial duties day and night. But overnight, she is taken from her parents' embrace and sent thousands of miles away. Once she leaves the door, she cannot return until death. How would she feel? Who will provide for the parents? The daughter will." When I read this, I thought, "Indeed, Koreans are Goryeo people. In that sense, they are Koreans." Why? Nowadays, when married couples both work, who do they entrust their children to? They invariably entrust them to their maternal relatives, their mothers. And Koreans are closer to their maternal uncles than their paternal uncles, and closer to their aunts than their paternal aunts. They are closer to their maternal grandmothers than their paternal grandmothers. The maternal side is much more comfortable. It's still like that. And you can also think of it this way: what is the best human relationship in Korean relationships? It's the relationship between a mother-in-law and a son-in-law. On the other hand, what is the most difficult relationship? It's the relationship between a mother-in-law and a daughter-in-law. When I see this, I think, "Ah, Koreans, Goryeo people, are originally like that." It is very natural for men to marry into their wives' families and for children to be raised by their maternal relatives. The process of trying to change this by adopting the Chinese clan system, considering Chinese civilization to be advanced, was Joseon. Now that Confucianism is collapsing, it seems to be returning to the original state of men marrying into their wives' families and maintaining close relationships with their maternal relatives. In that sense, perhaps the original form of Koreans was not Joseon, but the Goryeo people before them. So, why did Joseon adopt Confucianism? As I have explained so far, even up to the Goryeo period, men married into their wives' families and children were raised at their maternal homes. But from King Sejong's reign, and even King Taejong, they actively tried to make women marry into their husbands' homes, adopting the Chinese clan system. I mentioned that this process of adopting the clan system was a process of completely transforming Goryeo into Joseon and creating Joseon people. But then, why did they try so hard to adopt the clan system? Why did they try to imitate China so closely? This part needs to be explained. Why did King Sejong do such a thing? What were King Sejong's achievements? Only then can we understand Joseon people accurately. The reason for adopting Confucianism is actually very simple: it was for economic reasons. At the time of the founding of Joseon, there was the Ming Dynasty. The Ming Dynasty was founded in 1364, and Joseon was founded less than 30 years later. Before the Ming Dynasty, there was the Yuan Dynasty, and before the Yuan Dynasty, there was the Song Dynasty. From the Song Dynasty onwards, Goryeo had very close relationships with China in various ways, especially as a consort state. But what is important is what kind of country the Song Dynasty was. In the Song Dynasty, a great industrial revolution occurred in China. In fact, many economic historians say that the economic growth achieved by China during the Song Dynasty in the 9th, 10th, and 11th centuries was comparable to the industrial revolution achieved by Europe in the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries. It was a remarkable economic development and an industrial revolution that was not lacking in any way. The interesting historical question is why, in the West, the industrial revolution continued and still exists today, while in China, it stopped afterward. This is a very interesting topic for economic historians, but what we need to understand here is that because the Song Dynasty achieved such remarkable economic growth, Goryeo and later Joseon people made great efforts to learn from it. Such astonishing growth occurred. So, how did this growth happen? During the Song Dynasty, for the first time in Chinese history, Chinese civilization moved south. We learn that Chinese civilization originated from the Yellow River civilization, which is in the north. It flows through the heart of China, which we call Zhongyuan. And places like Luoyang and Chang'an (now Xi'an) are in the northwest. And that area is very dry, producing a lot of wheat. However, Chinese civilization, originating from the Yellow River, began to move south starting from the late Tang Dynasty, with the An Lushan Rebellion. Especially during the Song Dynasty, as they lost the northern part of the Yellow River region to the Khitan and Jurchen, the Chinese people were pushed south. Therefore, during the Song Dynasty, the capital of the Northern Song, Kaifeng, and the capital of the Southern Song, Hangzhou, were not on the Yellow River but on the Yangtze River. So, Chinese civilization was pushed down to the Yangtze River basin. What is this Yangtze River basin? The Chinese call it Chang Jiang, not Yangtze River. And this Chang Jiang is incredibly fertile. Of course, it floods, but the Yangtze River basin produces an immeasurable amount of grain and various fruits. The people knew this early on, which is why they dug the Grand Canal. The Grand Canal was dug by Emperor Yang of Sui and Emperor Qin Shi Huang. What is the Grand Canal? It is to transport various grains, fruits, and other goods from the Yangtze River to Huai River, and then from Huai River to the Yellow River, to deliver them to cities like Xi'an. So, they knew that the Yangtze River basin was very fertile. However, because it was far away, they did not go to the south of the Yangtze River, to Jiangnan. The word "Jiangnan" means south of the Yangtze River. So, they could not develop the Jiangnan region. But during the Song Dynasty, they were forced to go to Jiangnan. From then on, remarkable people like Wang Anshi used astonishing civil engineering techniques to drain the seawater from the Yangtze River delta, which included Shanghai, Hangzhou, Suzhou, and Yangzhou. They diverted the rivers, drained the seawater, and began to supply fresh water. In doing so, they created millions of hectares of fertile farmland. This process of creating farmland is like creating Napa Valley in the middle of a desert in California by diverting water from a river, where the best grapes grow and famous wineries are established. Similarly, during the Song Dynasty, people drained the seawater from the delta of the lower Yangtze River and supplied fresh water, creating the most fertile farmland in the world. And during this time, farmers in Zhejiang Province invented this method: rice transplanting. By planting seedlings in small trays, removing all pests and weeds, and then transplanting them after they had grown to a certain extent, they grew very well. As a result, rice cultivation, which requires a lot of water, became possible in the water-rich Yangtze River basin. From this time on, rice became the staple food of the Chinese people for the first time in Chinese history. So, Chinese cuisine has a wide variety of dishes, doesn't it? But rice finally began to become the staple food during the Song Dynasty. The painting from that period shows a painting of rice transplanting during the Song Dynasty. The picture on the left shows rice transplanting, and the picture on the right shows children turning a waterwheel like riding a bicycle. The water from the pond below is used to irrigate the rice paddies. These farming techniques were all developed during the Song Dynasty. Methods of fertilization, rice transplanting, and the introduction of a new type of rice, Champa rice, from the Annam region of Vietnam, led to a explosive increase in yield. Furthermore, because they had waterwheels, the Chinese people created terraced fields. Even on very high mountains, they could bring water up to cultivate rice, leading to an immeasurably abundant economy. From this time on, people did not just farm to eat; farmers also farmed, and then sold their surplus to the market to buy pottery, medicine, other food, and clothing. As a result, commerce developed. Some people made silk by raising silkworms, others made pottery, and others opened hospitals. Thus, during the Song Dynasty, a remarkable commercial culture developed, and living standards rapidly improved. During the Song Dynasty, iron technology also developed. For the first time, they used coal to make furnaces, which could generate high temperatures, enabling them to produce iron. And with the technology to generate high temperatures, they began to produce pottery. These events occurred, and the Song Dynasty achieved a remarkable industrial revolution. With the commercialization at this time, 6 billion coins were in circulation within 15 years. Because there were too many coins, they created paper money for the first time in the world. The picture shown here is a plate used to print paper money by the government during the Song Dynasty. Furthermore, the Song Dynasty invented the compass, gunpowder, cultivated cotton, leading to a clothing revolution, and its population exceeded 100 million for the first time. The population of Hangzhou exceeded 1 million. Now, this is happening right next door. For example, after the Mongol invasions, the princes of Goryeo, King Chungnyeol, King Chungseok, and King Chungsun, all became consorts of the Mongols. Therefore, all the princes of Goryeo, upon being appointed crown prince, were sent to Yanjing (present-day Beijing), the capital of the Yuan Dynasty, to learn Mongolian and Chinese, and married Yuan princesses, such as Princess Noguk. They returned and ascended the throne. So, these kings of Goryeo saw a world of immense wealth and wonder. They saw this world and made great efforts to reform Goryeo, which is what King Gongmin did. And this country, the Yuan Dynasty, which was built upon the remarkable Song Dynasty, continued. Therefore, when Marco Polo from Italy visited the Yuan Dynasty, he was so amazed that he wrote "The Travels of Marco Polo," advocating that the West should be learned. But it wasn't just Italians who wanted to learn such things. It was also the people of Goryeo and Joseon who realized that they had to learn this, that they had to learn about the Jiangnan region of China. Traces of this are still left in our language. Representative of this is the story of Heungbu. In the story of Heungbu, when a swallow injured its leg, Heungbu fixed it and then sent it away, saying, "Please do not die, but go safely to the distant Jiangnan." So, when winter comes, the swallow goes to Jiangnan. But the Jiangnan mentioned here is not Apgujeong-dong. The Jiangnan mentioned here is the Yangtze River basin in China. That's why when the swallow brings back a gourd, all sorts of treasures come out of it. Of course, Nolbu later gets a Tokyo bean, but here, all sorts of treasures come out. Jiangnan was a symbol of wealth and abundance. Therefore, the saying "Following a friend to Jiangnan" does not mean going to Seocho-dong. It means going to Jiangnan in China. Words like "Gangnam-kong" (a type of bean) and "Gangnam-mi" (rice from Jiangnan) are all remnants in our language, still reflecting the longing for the prosperity of Jiangnan in China. Joseon, or rather Goryeo, tried to adopt this, and King Gongmin made great efforts, but it ultimately failed for various reasons. After that, the people who founded Joseon staged a Confucian coup and established Joseon, and then introduced this: the Jiangnan farming method. That's why King Sejong was always looking at the seedling beds, and he constantly went to see how the seedlings were growing, wondering why there was so little rain in our country. He developed the rain gauge to measure rainfall, and the sundial to measure sunlight. This is how the scientific revolution occurred, not because Sejong was doing something else on Science Day. Thus, they quickly adopted this new civilization. In that process, along with scientific technology, such as Jang Yeongsil's inventions, came the need for a social system to support this new economic system. What was that family system? It was also Chinese. Specifically, the ideology of the Song Dynasty, where the Jiangnan farming method originated, was Neo-Confucianism, founded by Zhu Xi, a philosopher and thinker from Jiangnan. They thought they had to adopt Zhu Xi's family rituals. Therefore, they adopted the Jiangnan farming method and Zhu Xi's Neo-Confucianism as a package. Just as we consider free market economy and liberal democracy as a package, introducing both economic and political systems simultaneously. We think one cannot exist without the other. It was the same principle. Therefore, to introduce the Jiangnan farming method from China, they also introduced Chinese civilization and Zhu Xi's Neo-Confucianism. For these reasons, the great transition from Goryeo to Joseon occurred, and Joseon people were created in that process. Therefore, whether Joseon people are the original form of Koreans, well, depending on when you set the point in time, they could be considered the original form, but in terms of the original form of Koreans, it can be said to be a very recent event. And now, we are in the process of changing Joseon people back into Koreans who are adopting modern civilization. To explain this, I have described the process of change from Goryeo people to Joseon people. Viewers, how did you find it? I found it to be a very interesting process. Next time, we need to move on to Korea. So, why did Joseon people abandon Joseon? Why did the Joseon that King Sejong so painstakingly created begin to decline, and eventually, why did Joseon people abandon Joseon, and how were Koreans created? To explain this, I believe we need to take a realistic and proper look at the lives of Joseon people in the 19th century. Next time, we will look at the lives of Joseon people in the 19th century. Ham Jae-bong's Birth of Koreans, which explores the identity of Koreans through historical events and figures. Thank you for watching. [Music] [Music] C [Music]