Transcription
Good morning everyone and welcome, okay, to our course of written expression for first-year LMD from Bisra University.
In this course, okay, we're going to cover the whole syllabus of first-year LMD for the module of written expression. As you know that in this module, we are concerned with the different, okay, rules and norms of writing, okay, in academic English. Uh, and our main objective is to enable our students, by the end of this syllabus, okay, to write, okay, uh, good, correct, and academic paragraphs.
Now, before we, uh, deal with the issue of the paragraph, of course, okay, we start this series of lessons, uh, by introducing, first, okay, the basic unit or element in the paragraph, which is the English sentence. So, in our first, okay, lessons of this course, we'll try to decode, okay, highlight, analyze, okay, study the structure of the English sentence and its, uh, major parts and components.
Now, let's start, first, with the definition of the English sentence. As you know, a sentence is what? A group of words. But these words are not fragmented. They are related, right? They are related in terms of structure and also in terms of meaning, in terms also of meaning. That's why, uh, we usually define a sentence as a group of related words, okay, which expresses a complete thought, okay, a complete thought or idea.
Now, today we will start, first, with the major division, all right, or the two major parts of the English sentence. Any sentence, as you know, okay, has two central elements in English, which are the subject and the verb. The subject and and the verb. Good. Today, I will try to focus in this lesson, okay, and study the first, okay, major part of any English sentence, which is the subject.
Now, if you want to define a subject, uh, usually, right, we say that the subject, as we all know, is normally represents the element, okay, which does, okay, the action in a sentence, all right. Or we say also, it is the element which is described by the verb, okay, in the sentence. It means the subject is the element which does the action in case if the verb is actually active verb, and the element which is described by the verb in case we have a state verb, simple.
Now, in English, all right, we have three types of subjects, three types of subjects. We try today to highlight these three types, okay, and also I will try to learn about the different features of each type, okay, and how we can write, uh, identify, okay, and figure out the type of any subject in any sentence, okay, we encounter. So, let's start always with, okay, a simple example. So, first, with types of subject, we can say that today's lesson is entitled "Types of Subject." For example, we write: [Music] Ali bought a car.
Now, as you see here, we have this, right, uh, simple sentence, all right, which consists of a group of words and expresses a complete thought or idea. Now, this sentence, like any other simple sentence, okay, has two major parts, okay, two main parts. The first part is the subject, and the second part, which, okay, includes the verb as its central element, we call it the predicate. Okay, it's called the predicate, and it is the subject of our next lesson also, all right. So, here I have this sentence, which consists of Ali as a subject, right, and bought a car, right, is the second part of my sentence. This second part, which usually starts from the verb on, or which consists of the verb plus the other elements which are related to the verb, is called the predicate. This part is called predicate. Predicate is what? The verb plus, uh, the other elements which are related to the verb.
Now, let's focus now on our subject. Is the subject here? What is it? It is a noun, right? It's a single noun again, without any other element, okay, next to it. So, in English, in case we have our subject, okay, in the form of only a noun, uh, huh, this subject, okay, is called a simple subject. Simple subject. It means the simple subject in English represents the noun itself alone, clear? The noun alone. So, we write here: Simple subject. This is the first type of subjects. Equals. Now, Ali. Now, if you want to replace the word, okay, or the noun with another element, of course, I'm going to use the pronoun "he." All right. He. And we write: He bought a car.
So, here also, I have another sentence, huh, which consists, of course, and also of always the two major parts: the subject, okay, and the predicate, which consists of the verb plus its modifiers and, uh, other elements. We put our slash always to divide these two parts. Here is my subject, and here is my predicate. Predicate, which starts from usually the verb on to the end of. Good. Now, here, example, I have only a single pronoun, clear? A pronoun alone. So, likewise, as we have here a single noun, all right, and we call it simple subject, here also, when we have a single pronoun, also we call it simple subject. Simple subject. So, both of them are simple subjects. Simple subject. Simple. So, if you want to define a simple subject in English, we say it's either a single noun or single pronoun, huh, when they come alone. So, we add here: Simple subject. [Music] Equals. Noun or pronoun alone. Or we say single noun or single pronoun. Good. This is the first type of subject.
Now, if I want to extend, all right, all right, my subject in the sentence and add to it some, uh, elements or modifiers, for example, I write here: The smart Ali bought a car. Bought a car. Now, here, I want to divide my sentence into its two major parts. Always, we start, first, by dividing any simple sentence into its two major parts: the subject, all right, and the predicate. Clear? Predicate. Usually, okay, the action and all come together. It and the predicate, the verb and all what comes to also modify it or relate to it. Good. So, here was is my verb. Usually, I find first the verb, okay, to put my slash before it as the divide, the line between predicate and the subject. He is my verb. Bought. My verb. So, I put my slash here to divide my subject from my predicate. These are my first, or my two major parts. Here it is, subject as a whole major part, and here it is, my predicate as also my second whole major part.
Now, let's go back to our issue of the subject. Here, we said whenever we have a single pronoun or noun, it's called simple subject. Now, in this example, I have Ali, all right, which is my simple subject, all right, in this, okay, example, it's alone here. It's alone, all right. But here, I have [Music] my simple subject plus what? Smart is what? Adjective. And "the" is what? Article. And you know in English, the articles act as modifiers, clear? As modifiers, and also as adjectives also. Good. Now, here I have my simple subject plus two modifiers, or even one modifier, adjective, or any phrase also can be. So, in this case, when I have a single noun or pronoun plus, all right, modified either before it or even after it, clear, and these modifiers are elements which modify, okay, and relate to this simple subject, in this case, this type is called complete subject. It's called complete subject. This is the second type. Number one, number two. Second type of subject is called the complete subject. It's called why complete subject? Because it consists of our single noun or simple subject plus other modifiers, plus other elements which come to modify it. That's why it's called complete subject, clear? So, here, right, the second type is the complete subject, which equals single [Music] noun, noun, or single pronoun plus [Music] modifiers, okay, plus modifiers. They can be adjectives which come to be this. Now, okay, also they can place either before this simple subject or after it. Ali on the balcony, or Ali in the street, or in the market. Bought a car. Ali in the market. So, "in the market" here, uh, modifies, okay, modifies, okay, subject. That's why it's a part of this subject, and it forms to us a complete subject. So, this is our second type of subject.
Now, if I want to use here two simple subjects together and join them by the following [Music] conjunction "and," huh, together. Bought a car. And bought a car. Now, here also, I will first divide my sentence into its two major parts. The first part is the subject, the second is the predicate. I will first find my verb to put the dividing line between the two parts, okay, before this verb, usually, usually. Here is my verb. I put my slash here to divide my subject, clear, from my second part, which is the predicate. The predicate. Now, here I have in the first case, one single noun or one single pronoun, and we called it simple subject. Here, here I have one single noun plus, okay, other elements, okay, which modify it. Means single noun plus, or simple subject plus its modifiers, and we called it complete subject. In this case, I have two simple subjects together, which are joined by conjunction of coordination, either "and," and sometimes also we use "or," clear, "and" or "or." All right. Ali or or Ali. And here I have simple subject number one, and here simple subject number two. So, in this case, when we have two or even more, clear, two or even more single nouns or pronouns, okay, he and she, for example, all right, all right, joined by one of these conjunctions of coordination, okay, mainly "or" and "and," now these two simple subjects together, all right, or single nouns together, pronouns together, form to me the third type of subjects, which is called the [Music] compound. The compound subject. Now, what's a compound subject? A compound subject is a subject which consists of two or more simple subjects. It means two or more single nouns or single pronouns joined together by usually "and" or "or," okay, "and" or "or." I form to me this third type, which we call number three here. Number three, right. [Music] Compound. Compound subject. What do we have here? I have simple subject. It means what? It means noun or pronoun alone, clear? Noun or pronoun. Joined to another simple subject. Always, noun or pronoun. All right. Here we write [Music] Ali and Ali. He and she. Right. So, two simple subjects, or even more, joined usually by "and" or "or." All right. Or "or." All right. They form to me this type, all right, this type of subject, which is the compound subject. Compound subject. Only as a also about the compound subject increase. Okay, we have two cases here to form a compound. Either we use these two conjunctions of coordination, and even if we use the conjunctions or correlative conjunctions. The correlative conjunctions like either Ali, either Ali or both Ali and, neither Ali nor. Here also, okay, as we have two simple subjects, clear, joined by this correlative conjunction, either or, both and, neither nor, here also it is a compound subject. Compound subject. But usually, we have two, okay, single nouns and pronouns joined by "or" or "and," clear, "or" and "and." Here also, we can simplify this structure by writing here simply. Simplify, okay, this structure. Now, clear, our pronoun joined by another noun or pronoun by means of, okay, "and" or "or," clear, "or" and "or."
Now, here are the three types, okay, of the English, uh, subject. But we usually find in any sentence. If it is only a single noun alone or single pronoun alone, it's called simple subject. If we find this single or simple subject, okay, uh, modified or plus other elements or modifiers which come to modify it, usually adjectives or phrases, we call it this group, all of it, complete subject. If we find or we have two single nouns or more, or two single pronouns or more, all right, joined by, uh, "or" or "and," or even the correlative conjunctions, we call it compound subject. Compound because it has, okay, uh, a series of elements, okay, series of elements, a series of simple subjects, okay, together joined by these coordinators.
So, thanks so much for your attention, okay, and attentiveness for our first lesson. Please, okay, uh, follow us, okay, with our next series of lessons. Next time, we'll try to identify and explore, okay, the second major part, which is the predicate, with its also three counterpart types. See you then. Uh, now, as you remark about, okay, the simple subject, now this, it can be either singular noun or even plural noun, clear? What matters is that it should be one single unit, clear? If you write "children," but clear "teachers," said here "children" and "teacher" also represent simple subject. Here also, what we say "they" or "he," both of them are single, okay, units. So, here also, it is simple subject. All right. Simple subject. So, the simple subject is a single noun, whether this noun is singular or even plural, clear, female or male, doesn't matter. What matters, but it must be one, uh, single, okay, noun or pronoun alone without any modifiers. Thank you.