Transcription
Now look at part one. Part one. You will hear a science student inquiring about English courses at a university language center. You now have 30 seconds to read questions 1 to 7.
Now listen carefully and answer questions 1 to 7.
Hi, I've come to ask about the English courses you run for international students.
Oh, right. I assume you're a student at the university.
Yes, I've just started.
Okay. Well, we've got a range of courses. It depends what you think you need and how much.
Um, we can't run everything at the same time though. So, for example, in this first term, we are just doing a writing course.
I see. That sounds quite useful. What else is there? Um, some of the courses only run for single terms and we tend to focus on what students have difficulty with. That means we don't usually do speaking courses, but next term you can do listening. That'll help you with lectures and things. Our provision is all based on what the majority of our international students need.
So, is everything turn-based? There's nothing that you run all year.
Well, let's have a look. Yes, there is a class for vocabulary and grammar every term. That's for everybody, but it's split into three or four levels.
And what about in the holidays?
We don't do anything during the winter or spring break.
But over the summer, there's just general classes because that's what most students want.
A bit of everything.
Mhm. Okay. Quite a variety. Then I'll uh have a think about what I really need because I haven't got much time. Do you have about 20 students in each class? The same as our science seminars.
We try to keep it at about 12 and certainly not more than 15.
It's important for language classes. They're very different from your normal courses.
Right. And how much are the classes? The rate varies depending on how many hours you attend, but you shouldn't have to pay. Usually, the department will fund you and even sort out which classes you need.
Brilliant. It would be quite useful for me to have a certificate to take back to my country. Do you put us in for exams?
Yes, but we don't like them to clash with your main course exams in June. So, we run them in May.
Oh, that leaves you time for revision. Do I have to sign up for something now? I'm not quite sure what I want.
Classes haven't quite started yet, so you've got time to decide what you do. All we insist is that you sign up before week five. That gives you about 3 weeks to decide.
Okay. You now have some time to read questions 8 to 10.
Listen carefully and answer questions 8 to 10.
Then when you've made up your mind, you need to come back here to the administration office to enroll. What do I need to bring with me when I enroll? My identity card, I guess.
Yes. Or your passport.
Uhhuh.
Then you'll be given a registration form which you'll have to show to the teacher when you have your first class.
Okay. And um should I ask my tutor about which classes I should do then?
Yes. Then you get a note from him and give that to the desk when you register.
Can I use the computers here as well?
Yes. You'll be given a password when you go to your first class. So, remember to bring a disc with you to save your work on as you won't be allowed to save it on the hard drive.
Okay. Will I need anything else? Dictionary.
We've got loads of those here that you can borrow. But you'll need a notebook as we don't provide paper or files.
Okay. Thanks. That is the end of part one.
You now have half a minute to check your answers. Now it turns to part two. Part two.
You will hear a discussion between two psychology students and their tutor. First look at questions 11 to 14.
Listen carefully and answer questions 11 to 14.
So, how did you find the lecture yesterday?
Reasonably interesting, but he sort of rushed through Maslow's work, which considering it's been covered before, is fine for everyone else except me who missed the last lesson.
Why don't you fill him in then, Tina?
Me? Oh, okay. Well, basically it's simple enough. We all have certain needs. And what Maslow did was group them into categories. Depending on how successful your life has been or what stage of life you are at, your needs change and you shift from one of Maslow's categories into another. First, there's your basic needs.
Physiological needs, the professor said. Is that right?
Very good. These needs are pretty obvious. There are most basic ones. things every human needs to survive and function like air, water, food, clothing, and shelter. It's not rocket science this bit. Maslow just points out that until we have satisfied those basic needs, our desires don't evolve into anything more complex and we don't seek any greater form of fulfillment.
Isn't that a bit irrelevant today?
Not really. Millions of people in the developing world are still fighting to fulfill these needs, fighting for their very lives every day.
Good point.
So anyway, Maslow represented what he called his hierarchy of needs on a pyramid or in 2D a triangle with physiological being at the base presumably.
Yes, it's obvious, isn't it?
What's at the other end of the spectrum then?
Well, to be at the pinnacle, you've got to have mastered the other levels of need. Then you are in the self-actualization zone. This is a place where you are very at one with yourself and looking to make the absolute most of your skills, talent, and potential. You can only focus on maximizing these though, of course, if as Maslow reminds us, you're fulfilled in every other sense.
And what are these in between levels then?
Well, after you've found food and water and shelter and so on, the next step is to fulfill your safety requirements. Safety does not just mean your physical safety though. That's far too simplistic. It's also about your emotional safety, your job security and so on.
And let me guess, after that it's the need for esteem.
No, Maslow reasoned that after your physiological and safety needs are fulfilled, the next most urgent requirement is for friendship, intimacy, companionship, and so on. You know, on an emotional level, building a family, having relationships, etc. Only then after you have found a sense of belonging does the need for esteem take precedence. He argues.
Presumably that's the need to feel accepted and valued.
Yes, but more on that later. Do you feel more comfortable now?
Yes. Thank you both.
Before the broadcast continues, look at questions 15 to 20. You will now listen to the second part of the talk.
Listen carefully and answer questions 15 to 20.
Okay. Now that you are both familiar with Maslow's hierarchy of needs, let's look at a few cases in point. Case one, uh, crime boss in the slums of Mumbai. What do you think?
Surely very low physiological, I'd have said, but he has food and shelter.
A shed is hardly shelter. And how is living from hand to mouth every day adequate from a nutritional perspective? Of course, you're right if you look at it objectively, but remember that human psychology is far more complicated than that. When quizzed, this person surprised researchers. First of all, he regarded his shed as adequate shelter and was completely content there. Secondly, he generally felt satisfied with his level of food intake. Thirdly, being the crime boss of the slums, he felt very safe, arguing that no one would ever touch him. He had no self-esteem issues either since he had the respect of his fellow slum dwellers. It may have been fear, but he perceived it as respect. That is all that matters and was quite content with who he was.
I see. So, it's not just about the reality of your situation, but also how you perceive that reality.
Exactly. Most people would be very low on the hierarchy in his position, feeling like they wanted and needed much more. He did not. Now, what about case two, a multi-millionaire rockstar? Well, you'd naturally assume he's fulfilled his physiological and safety needs. But when you read on through his profile, look here. He's plagued by paranoia and thinks someone is trying to kill him. On that basis, given his state of mind, he must believe that his safety is compromised. So safety must be his primary concern. Really good.
And look here at case three. A property magnet. Having suffered badly during the recession, his portfolio of properties is in danger of being repossessed. In fact, look, he's in danger of losing everything and being left without even enough to support himself. Wow. So, I guess he's gone from very high up right down to the bottom.
Exactly. Even his basic needs are no longer secure. An excellent example of how there can be movement both ways on the pyramid.
Case four, a housewife. She must have some esteem issues, surely.
Read on. She is quite content and well respected and loved by her friends and family. What's more, being a housewife is all she ever wanted to do, and she has excelled at the task. Therefore, forget esteem. This lady has maximized her potential in her eyes. She's right at the top.
And case five, a very sad case. It is what it is. There are always innocent victims of war. And he was left with nothing. Not even a home over his head. Every day is a struggle to survive. How sad. And last but not least, case six. Another rockstar, though a different story. He says the only thing he craves is friendship. He has everything but is awfully lonely. I think it's obvious where he is on Maslow's hierarchy.
Indeed, that is the end of part two.
You now have half a minute to check your answers. Now it turns to part three. Part three.
Hear a conversation between Mrs. Lamb, a member of the staff in a large hospital, and Andrew, who is a student in the nursing school. Mrs. Lamb is explaining the rules about visiting hours in the hospital. First, you have some time to look at questions 21 to 24.
Now listen carefully and answer questions 21 to 24.
Hello Andrew. I believe you want to know about visiting hours.
Yes, I do, Mrs. Lamb. I have to fill this form out and I'd like to have some idea why the different parts of the hospital have different times for visiting.
I see. Well, let's start with an obvious one. Intensive care. People in intensive care are very sick indeed. And for that reason, we say that visitors can come between 6:00 a.m. and midnight.
I can understand that.
At the other end of the scale, our maternity patients are usually quite well, but we restrict their visiting hours from 8:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m. We find they get very tired if we permit visitors all the time.
I see. What about the surgical wards?
The doctors prefer to do their rounds early in surgical. So, visiting hours are 9:00 a.m. to 9:00 p.m. Surgical patients are often on very heavy painkillers, and they aren't really very good company for their visitors.
But surely the visitors come to cheer up the patient, not the other way round.
Of course. And often the visitors are able to help the patient a lot. That's why we allow visitors all day, the full 24 hours in the emergency ward. They help comfort the patient while they're waiting to be diagnosed. Of course, it's not just everyone who can visit a sick patient. People in intensive care can only be visited by their immediate family. What's more, we only allow two people in at any time. We let children of the immediate family in to visit people in intensive care, but we don't like to do it. It's very hard on the children and it may distress the patient. However, if the patient asks for the child and the family agrees, that's okay.
What about children in maternity?
Of course, we let them in. They're very pleased to see their mothers. The rule in maternity is everyone may visit up to six people at a time. The maternity ward is quite sociable after all.
The surgical ward must be different.
It is indeed. We don't allow children in the surgical ward because of the danger of infection and as you know we restrict the hours. There are a lot of procedures which must be carried out on surgical patients and we only let two visitors come in at a time.
And in emergency people are allowed to visit all the time.
Oh yes, we rely on patients' relatives to be there for them and we permit everyone to visit the emergency department at all hours. However, we restrict it to three visitors for each patient. Otherwise, the room just gets totally crowded. Before you hear the rest of the talk, you have some time to look at questions 25 to 30.
Now listen and answer questions 25 to 30.
Now I have your schedule for the next week's observation sessions. Are you ready?
Yes. Where do I start?
On Monday, you'll be in male surgical in the morning and in female surgical in the afternoon. You'll be following Dr. Shay on her rounds.
Thank you. And on Tuesday?
On Tuesday, you'll be with Dr. Thomas in the morning and Dr. Robertson in the afternoon.
No, that can't be right. You're with Dr. Thomas in the afternoon and Dr. Robertson in the morning.
Do I ever get to see Dr. Kim?
Yes, you'll be with Dr. Kim on Thursday and Friday. She'll take you through the children's ward and through our new teenage ward for 12 to 15 year olds.
Great. I've read a lot about that new ward. Will I see the school room?
Maybe another time.
And what will I do on Wednesday?
On Wednesday, you'll join the other students for lectures. You'll be in the Redmore lecture room between 8 and 10:00 a.m. and later between 2 and 3:00 p.m.
Thank you. Do you know how big my class is?
The intake this term is 200 first-year students. I'm pleased to say about 1/3 are men, which is good. Nursing used to be an almost entirely female occupation.
I know. My father trained as a nurse and he was considered very unusual.
Is he still working as a nurse?
Yes, he's working in a hospital in the country. I guess I just wanted to follow his example.
That is the end of part three.
You now have half a minute to check your answers. Now it turns to part four. Part four.
First you have some time to look at questions 31 to 40.
Now listen carefully and answer questions 31 to 40.
Today I'm going to talk about the city of Barcelona and its architecture. First the city. Barcelona is a city of some 1 and a half million people. It is a port situated on the northeast coast of Spain in the province of Catalonia. The people speak Catalan as their native language, but most are also fluent in Castellian Spanish and some speak English too. The city center is surrounded by a ring road which encloses a grid with two major roads running diagonally across it. These are the Avenidas Diagonal and Meridiana. Probably the most famous street in Barcelona is La Rambla which connects the Pla de Catalunya in the town center to the statue of Columbus on the water's edge. All along the center of this wide boulevard are stalls selling flowers and artistic works. Barcelona was founded by the Carthaginians from modern-day Tunisia in North Africa. It grew under the influence of the Roman Empire, later becoming the capital of Spain. Under strong government, it expanded its trade, exporting cloth to other Mediterranean ports and establishing itself as a financial center. It went into decline after 1400 and in 1640 it was the center of the Catalan revolution against King Philip IV of Spain. Now it is considered by many to be the cultural center of Spain and the Olympic Games were held there in 1992.
Now to the architecture. Throughout the city there are many fine buildings, churches, cathedrals, markets and squares which date back to the 13th century. One very fine square which can be entered from La Rambla is the Plaça Reial or Royal Square. This was built by Molina in the 19th century. Seven narrow passages lead into a large central area which is surrounded by two-story buildings. Most of the ground floor is occupied by restaurants and bars and it is traditionally a place of music and entertainment. It is impossible to talk about the architecture of Barcelona without mentioning Gaudí who dominated the scene from the 1880s until his death in 1926. His style was unique, a decorative form of Art Nouveau, the style of the 1920s and 30s in Europe. It was based on organic natural forms which often seem to defy the qualities of the materials they are made from. I will mention just three of his best-known works today. The first is Güell Palace. This was built for the Count of Güell, one of Gaudí's main supporters. The building features two arched gates which lead into the stable area. Inside are two circular staircases, one for people and the other for horses. The ground floor is built of brick, but there is also much natural stone used in the construction. The roof is quite fantastic with brightly colored sculptures built around the chimneys and ventilation shafts. Another project commissioned by Güell is the park named after him. This was meant to be a garden city with 50 houses, but in fact, only two were ever finished. The influence of nature is strong in the cave-like spaces and animal figures. And again, much use has been made of brilliantly colored surfaces. But the greatest of Gaudí's works is still under construction, and it is not expected to be finished until 2041. He began work on this cathedral known as La Sagrada Familia, Church of the Holy Family in 1882, which means that it will have taken 159 years to complete. The finished building will have 18 towers, the highest being 170 m high. The building will be 95 m long by 60 m wide, and it will hold 13,000 people, a truly impressive monument to Gaudí's great genius. And that's all we have time for today. Next week we'll look at some of Gaudí's smaller projects and also his furniture designs. Please make sure that you complete your assignment on Le Corbusier by this coming Friday.
That is the end of part four.
You now have half a minute to check your answers.