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Why Success Is A Trap… And How to Achieve It: Philosopher & Author, Alain De Botton

Giant Ideas44:29

Transcription

[音乐] 好的,欢迎来到我们的节目。非常感谢您今天加入我们。很高兴。嗯,今天我们想从谈论传统的成功观念开始,就像它们通常被理解的那样。嗯,那么,在当今社会,您会如何定义传统的成功观念呢?嗯,您正在使用“传统”这个词,而且您知道,现在嗯,这立刻告诉我们,嗯,成功的观念在历史上一直在变化。我的意思是,如果您在嗯,您知道,16世纪的英格兰,嗯,一个成功的人与商业毫无关系。如果,如果您不得不将您的手伸入商业的污浊之中,您会被立即认为是一个失败者。嗯,重要的是,嗯,作为土地贵族的一员,您需要在战斗中展现勇气。嗯,您还需要是基督徒,并且通过各种善行等方式非常虔诚地侍奉上帝。但如果您是因纽特人,嗯,您知道,成功意味着嗯,狩猎的成功,嗯,以及您知道的追踪动物等等。所以,您知道,它一直在变化,我认为这是非常重要的观念,因为它为讨论带来了空间。嗯,因为我们经常会遇到我们自己社会对成功的定义。嗯,我应该补充的是,没有任何社会曾经完全达成一致。我的意思是,让我们回到16世纪的英格兰。嗯,王国里会有牧师,嗯,在嗯,在嗯,王国里,他们会认为骑士的愿景,军事的成功愿景是亵渎神明的,实际上违背了您知道的基督的神圣原则,嗯,他,您知道,和平地走遍世界,而这实际上是一种非常不符合基督教的观念。所以,您知道,每个社会都有围绕其成功概念的争论。我们可以谈论一种主导观念,每种社会可能都有一个主导观念,但是,嗯,但是,让我们不要忘记,这是一个思想的民主,嗯,在那里涌动着。许多利益集团在推动他们的观念。所以,开始认识到这一点非常重要,因为您开始解开它。它为讨论创造了一些空间。就像,好吧,我在这环境中长大。我正在吸收什么作为成功的观念?嗯,它们从何而来?嗯,我同意吗?还有其他的吗?嗯,但是,但是,我想,重点在于选择的观念,嗯,您不必不加批判地接受它。您会如何概括占主导地位的现代西方成功观念?嗯,我认为我们不得不说,它是商业性的,它本质上嗯,与嗯,商业上的成功有关。嗯,这就是主导观念,嗯,您将在某种程度上通过抓住机会来实现价值,嗯,财务价值,财务价值。嗯,企业家可能占据了您知道的,骑士在军事社会中曾经占据的角色。这是一个象征性的人物。嗯,正如我所说,还有其他的,但这可能是嗯,主导的。如果您是马克思主义者,嗯,我认为我们在这件事上都可以是马克思主义者,我认为卡尔·马克思对知识分子嗯,理论做出了巨大的贡献,在这个非常基本的观念上,嗯,正如他所说,每个时代的领先思想都是嗯,物质力量的结果。换句话说,社会中最富有、最有权势的人不仅仅控制物质资源,就像人们一直理解的那样。嗯,更有趣的是,他们还控制着精神领域。他们是思想的商人,而不仅仅是商品的商人。而且,嗯,所以,您知道,以这种方式颠倒过来是好的。是的。这就是我们今天在美国以及更广泛的现代政治中看到的吗?围绕成功的观念展开的思想之战?嗯,是的。尽管,您知道,我认为嗯,辩论已经相当确定,因为有很多相互竞争的观念,关于如何创造价值以及如何积累和分配资本。但这些都是次要的,与团结左右两派的核心共识相比,那就是资本很重要。您知道,关于如何到达那里可能存在争议,但关于那就是,那就是目的地的观念,绝对没有争议。如果我们想到一些来到这个节目的人,他们是传统意义上的成功人士。他们建立了非常大的科技公司,这些公司真正塑造了文化。他们是体育界的传奇人物。他们是政治领袖,以某种方式以他们自己的思维方式塑造了社会。您认为这些非常成功的人之间共享的一些特质是什么?嗯,我的意思是,您,您嗯,聚集了一群相当不同的人。您是指心理特质吗?心理,他们成功的心理驱动因素。那些,您知道,建立大公司或基本上做到他们所能做到的最好的人,无论是在商业、体育、创业还是政治领域,嗯,他们可能不像我们稍后会谈到的那样快乐,但他们肯定已经满足了传统意义上的成功标准。我的意思是,我认为,您知道,起点是这样的观念,嗯,人类塑造他们的环境,而环境是为了被个体能动性所塑造的。所以我可以想象,这些人都会醒来,然后想,人类创造了这个世界。不是神。没有什么东西是注定要如此的。为什么我们不做得有点不同呢?嗯,这不仅仅是,您知道,贵族和女士们,我们的长辈,我们的上级在管理事物。学校里可能有人认为,只是老师在制定规则。但是,您知道,这是一个由人类制定的世界。嗯,所以有人会说,这些人并没有将超自然的色彩强加或应用于当前的事物状态。他们认为人们现在做事情是出于相当随意的理由,而我们也许可以改变它们。他们在这里购物,但为什么他们不在别处购物等等。所以,这是一个根本性的创造性思维。我不是指艺术上的创造力。我是指,您知道,意识形态上的创造力。我认为这是第一个特质。嗯,我还想象,嗯,一种自信的特质,嗯,通过这种特质,一个人真的意味着,嗯,他们会准备好将相当多的反对意见视为没有什么特别值得恐慌的,他们可能不会让所有人都支持他们的想法不会吓到他们。他们会非常愿意认为自己有敌人、怀疑者和质疑者,但仍然可以合乎逻辑地站在正确的一方。这再次需要一种特定的思维方式,嗯,在某种程度上,这是一种反民主的思维方式。再次,我指的是心理上,而不是政治上。换句话说,他们不介意有20个人不同意他们。他们认为有3000个人不同意他们也是完全可能的,但仍然认为,嗯,我可能是对的,所以,嗯,我们可以推测这种相反思维的起源,但它是一种非常强大的工具,当然,它,您知道,它可能已经退化成一种版本,即某人坚持不观察现实的真实信号,嗯,而且这通常是会发生的事情,您有时会在那些以某种方式取得成功的人的后期职业生涯中观察到这一点,他们已经习惯了不听某些信号,尤其是他们越成功,然后,嗯,然后它似乎几乎成为他们正确的标志,每个人都告诉他们他们错了,当然,这不是一个逻辑推论,但如果运气好,它可能会变得非常诱人。您刚才谈到了起源。卡梅隆和我,当我们对企业家进行尽职调查时,我们会深入研究他们的童年。我们一贯看到的是,创伤可以是真正驱动非凡创业精神的因素。然后是另一个并非总是如此,但偶尔会出现的因素是,企业家在童年时曾见过父母做了一些非凡的事情,也许他们自己真的以某种方式取得了巨大的成功。也许他们是一位出色的运动员。嗯,也许他们自己就在商业的顶端,所以孩子只是看到了可能性。如果我们谈论童年,您认为童年发生了什么才能造就这些超级成功人士?嗯,首先,我的意思是,我认为关注童年是非常明智的,因为,您知道,还能去哪里,您知道,可以解释人类之间巨大的差异,就他们的,这不是他们的原始智力能力,因为实际上,嗯,它相当可预测地聚集在平均值周围,嗯,但结果的巨大差异确实,嗯,而且,您知道,我们必须超越,比如说,某人的原始材料。那么问题是,童年有什么特别之处,如果我们必须编程一个机器人来,您知道,来计算一个成功的童年是什么样的,什么可能很快就会到来。是的。正是如此。嗯,我的意思是,您提到了“创伤”这个词。您知道,那不是一个好词,它涵盖了各种各样的事情。所以,如果我们试图更具体一点,我们可能是什么意思?嗯,我认为,嗯,人类对激励做出反应,而人们对激励做出反应的一个方面是,嗯,被怀疑,嗯,在他们原始状态下不被爱,您知道,如果有人不被相信,如果有人不被钦佩,嗯,这往往会引发巨大的努力来赢得青睐。您知道,人类出生时非常无助,他们知道,您知道,我们都被编程为知道,除非我们获得身边人的爱,否则我们将处于巨大的危险之中。现在,有些人出生在一个仅仅存在就足够的世界里。嗯,我们的存在本身似乎就足以让我们的照顾者非常满意。他们只是,他们只是很高兴我们加入了。嗯,而其他人则长时间地非常不满意。他们不喜欢我们很小,没有什么特别值得说的。我们可能有大大的可爱的眼睛,但这根本不吸引我们的照顾者。他们就像,他们很忙,他们心烦意乱,他们沮丧,他们酗酒,他们死了。他们可能死了。而且,我的意思是,死亡是一种非常非常不令人印象深刻的存在方式。孩子是这么理解的。就像,嗯,我的父母没有留下来。他们死了。嗯,为什么?嗯,我不值得他们留下来。所以,嗯,所以所有这些不相信、忽视,嗯,都会产生巨大的努力来赢得这些怀疑者的青睐。嗯,怀疑越大,为这个,嗯,这个父母付出的努力就越大。现在,我们必须区分,因为,您知道,两件事会发生,嗯,您可能会试图引起注意,通过非常具有破坏性,这经常发生。您知道,您会看到孩子们向警察局的窗户扔石头。他们想做什么?他们想引起注意。他们试图将犯罪行为作为一种地位奖励系统。嗯,它可以被使用。您知道,这是扭曲的,但它确实发生了。人们会考试不及格,在学校乱涂乱画等等。这是对爱的、对帮助的绝望的呼唤。嗯,偷窃是另一个经典的例子,偷窃。您知道,如果您觉得您被抢劫了,被剥夺了爱,被剥夺了关怀,被剥夺了关注,您就会想要伤害那个,嗯,那个对您这样做的世界,您就会想要非常具有破坏性。所以,这是,您知道,这是其中一件事。而且,而且,有趣的是,也许来到您节目的一些人,他们在成长的某些阶段可能表现出犯罪行为,即使是很小的行为,但往往存在联系。您可能在8岁时偷窃,但在12岁时在体育方面表现出色,但那是同一个人。我们最近刚请索菲亚·阿马鲁索上节目,她谈到了在她创业生涯开始之前偷窃的事情。嗯,所以,所以,也许童年时某种被遗弃的感觉或缺乏爱会导致非常富有成效的动力,试图,您知道,让您的父母,我想,用弗洛伊德的方式说,“看着我,看看我做了什么”,或者反之,可能导致非常具有破坏性的倾向,但当然,这里有一个,您知道,一个可怕的悖论,那就是,如果您需要为本应是您的与生俱来的权利而奋斗,当您得到它时,它只会提醒您您最初的伤害和您最初的盗窃,对吧?嗯,它不会满足您真正拥有的那种,您知道,那种痛苦,这就是为什么它永远不够。嗯,a,它永远不够。而且,b,您知道,当人们说不要退休时,他们对企业家说,“不要退休”。我认为他们真正想说的心理学意思是,不要停止,因为如果您停止了,您就会注意到,您一直在试图填补一个无法填补的洞,您将遭受如此的绝望和如此的痛苦,以至于它可能会杀死您。不是退休杀死您。您知道,那种说法,哦,您会感到无聊,不,您会感到悲伤,您会意识到您存在的悲剧。嗯,嗯,所以,在这种情况下,也许最好继续奔跑,但当然,它,您知道,它变得非常徒劳。您知道,有人拥有1亿美元,然后他们拥有2亿美元,然后4亿美元,您知道,然后想,发生了什么?而且,您知道,许多这些非常成功的人会发明一种徒劳的伪必要性,他们会说,“我必须为我的员工这样做”,或者“我必须这样做,我只是在努力,您知道,瞄准一个基准。我只是在跟上别人,您知道”,而且,它听起来几乎是明智的,直到您看看它。您经营着生命学校。嗯,也许我们可以谈谈。我们如何抚养孩子?我们都是两个孩子的父亲。那么,我们如何抚养那些生活中没有那种轮回动态的孩子呢?嗯,您知道,这是一个巨大的问题,因为您想要动力,但您不想要那种病态的动力。您不想要那种最终会导致,您知道,绝望等等的悖论式动力。嗯,所以,我认为建议您的孩子两件事,首先,他们是被爱的。其次,有些事情他们可以做得更好,那就是,他们现在是谁并不是他们可能成为的一切的总和,还有其他事情可以追求。嗯,问题是,一个人,您知道,可以追求什么?嗯,我认为,这就是父母对生命意义的理解很重要的地方。我的意思是,如果您对有意义的生活有自己的理解,我们可以讨论一下。嗯,这是您可以在厨房餐桌上讨论的事情,嗯,过上美好的生活意味着什么?嗯,是的。好吧,让我们这样做。让我们这样做。是的。我曾经为我写的一本书采访了80位首席执行官,我认为其中78位对我来说似乎相当不快乐。他们普遍感到满足。我认为他们发挥了自己的潜力。他们非常富有。他们是,您知道,他们是自己宇宙的掌控者,但他们基本上并不快乐。我觉得您在职业生涯中谈了很多关于幸福是什么,成功是什么。我们刚刚谈论了一群人,他们,您知道,在某些人看来非常成功。他们建立了大公司或成为顶级政治家,无论是什么。告诉我们您目前对成功的看法。嗯,我认为我们所有人可能在我们还没有表现出能力之前,就已经对自己的能力有了一种感觉,也就是说,在我们还没有在世界上展现出能力之前。我们有一种潜在潜力的感觉。所以,您知道,我可能会对您说,嗯,当画家怎么样?您怎么看?您会说,嗯,您知道,我欣赏画家。那些画很棒,但那是,那是我的事。我感觉不到,我就是,我不知道。这很有趣,因为您可能在没有画过多少画的情况下就得出了这个结论,但您就是觉得那不是您的能力所在。但如果我对您说,我不知道,金融工程,您会想,哦,是的,这有点像,是的,有些人认为它就像一个金属探测器在地面上扫过,然后,嗯,在某个时刻会发出哔哔声。您会想,是的,这里有些东西。有些东西。而且,我认为我们所有人,当我们开始职业生涯时,都会在不同领域感受到这种“哔哔声”,而问题是,嗯,就像考古学一样,它与考古学有相似之处。您需要开始挖掘,然后说,好吧,有些东西,有些东西在“哔哔”作响,但这并不意味着我还不了解它。所以,我必须跪下来开始挖掘。而且,您知道,如果您幸运,但也很勤奋,并且非常深思熟虑,您就会开始捡起一点陶器或一块破碎的银器或一个磨损品,然后开始从模糊的直觉中组装出,您知道,是什么满足了那种潜力。而且,我认为人们在这里会非常不顺利,因为他们没有给自己足够的时间,没有做心理上的工作。嗯,我遇到的人中,很多人说,“我只想有创造力”,然后我说,“好吧,您能多告诉我一些吗?”他们说,“我就是不知道。也许我应该在杂志社工作。”然后您会想,“哦,我的天哪,他们真的太匆忙了。”您就像,“是什么让他们兴奋?是什么,您知道?”而且,当然,您越了解是什么让您兴奋和感兴趣,您就越有选择,因为您对您兴趣的起源有了更细致的了解。而且,您可能会发现,您认为在杂志社令人兴奋的东西,这是一个正在衰落的领域,在,我不知道,软件生成中甚至更强大,它更有利可图,或者其他任何东西。所以,所以继续下去,嗯,以及对您真正欲望的探索,我认为是,嗯,一个充实生活的真正重要部分。嗯,而且,我认为,我们还必须触及真实与虚假的区别。您知道,您是被外部力量还是内部力量所吸引?嗯,我的意思是,我们都知道,您知道,社交上,有人,您知道,您来到一个聚会,有人给您讲个笑话,您会做什么?嗯,您可能会笑起来,然后问自己,这好笑吗?不,它不太好笑,但您还是笑了。所以,您知道,我们人类总是朝两个方向前进。向外,向内,我们的一些反应更多地是为了讨好外部观众,一些是为了讨好内部观众,而且,我认为,嗯,您知道,一个充实的生活,已经非常关注了内部观众,仅仅是因为那是我们在凌晨3点面对的观众。那是我们最终必须负责的观众。我,我本想说,这听起来相当内向。这听起来像是“认识你自己”的现代版本,或者,是的,但您如何,而且,这就是我的旅程,非常倾听那个内在的声音,但您如何防止它变得有些自我中心,并且只是确保它必须与现实进行谈判。否则,您就会走上我们称之为“疯狂”的道路。换句话说,您的内在锚点,您与任何外部事物都脱节了。所以,是的,您必须与外界核对。嗯,而且,您知道,我认为一个真正成功快乐的生活是,嗯,内心深处非常深刻和个人的东西,能够满足世界的需求,嗯,以一种,嗯,可观察的,嗯,物质上令人满意的方式。我们可以更多地思考物质成功意味着什么,以及它,您知道,这是一个很大的话题,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但,但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