Transcription
So now the question is, so we know this. Okay, now I also mentioned, I remember this, that there are two NADH which producing cytosol because that's glycolysis, right here, that's glycolysis, which produce inside result. So this two NADH, that's why I put a red ink right there, at the red font. So these two NADH, I wrote down here, pay attention. In some cases, NADH are produced in the cytosol during glycolysis, resulting in two ATP per NADH rather than three. It's a very straightforward sentence. As I said earlier, NADH makes three ATP, but some are not, which are the one that producing cytosol. In what cases? In some cells. You don't need to know that, which cell does it. In some, your body, even some cell does it. Some cell care. So the some cell, that's why I said in some cases. In some cases, meaning in some cell, these two NADH cannot make three ATP each. Instead, they make two ATP. So obviously, cannot get three, we get two ATP because two will be less because instead of three, they make two. So itself making three times two, six, they're going to make two times two, four. So two ATP will be less. So that number will be instead of 38 will be 28. So 28 plus four is 32, plus four is 36. This number should be 36. I did a mistake in my slide. So if you have the slide in front of you, just cross 34, write down 36. And on the bottom, I wrote down about three ATP per NADH and two ATP per FADH2, which you should not forget. Good.
So that's all about glycolysis, in like pyruvate oxidation, Krebs, second burnings, glucose breakdown. Now comes up big topic, meaning the people. This is the male chapter. The rest is ten minutes, bro. So what if there is no oxygen? What if there is no oxygen? What happened? Then look at this. This reaction cannot takes place, like pyruvate oxidation, cycle. This is not going to happen. Electron transport chain, not going to happen. They will stop right at glycolysis. So at the end of glycolysis, if there is no oxygen, body will stop right there. So instead, they go for anaerobic respiration, meaning no oxygen. So without oxygen, this is not going to happen. The ETC cannot function. Cycle cannot run. So what happened to the pyruvic acid? That question you have to know. The pyruvic acid is still producing because glycolysis does not require oxygen. So pyruvic acid is still generated. Okay, glycolysis does not require oxygen. Glycolysis is that which can happen in anaerobic condition as well. So what we do with the pyruvic acid? So this pyruvic acid, then they go into, I'm going to, I'm going to talk about this whole thing, talk about this whole slide. It's like that we're referring to from this picture, okay? Sure.
The glycolysis produce pyruvic acid. In this particular slide, pay attention. Glucose, they are showing one pyruvic acid molecule. It's actually two. In this picture, they're showing one. That doesn't mean it's one. It's actually two. So two of this is going to convert to two of these. So in human, in us, in human, in our muscle cell, for example, this will take place. And right after this, the NADH that will produce two of them will run through here and go to make lactic acid. So in our case, in our case, pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid. And some bacteria can do that. Plant can do that. So our muscle can do that. So this is known as lactic fermentation. Why body will do that? Body will do that because at least remember, in glycolysis, we are two ATP net gain. So two is better than nothing. That's why body will do that. So and they don't have oxygen. Instead of getting in a waiting for oxygen and I say, hey, I'm going to make 36 or 38. Body decided, you know what? Why not two? Because we don't have oxygen. Let's get two. So in absence of oxygen, this is what happened to your body. We make a lactic acid.
But back, some bacteria and some fungi, such as yeast. I think you heard about baker's yeast. Like we use, use the yeast for baking industry. What they can do? They can produce from glucose, they can produce alcohol. They can produce ethyl alcohol right there. Same method they are using. That NADH, they're going to produce ethyl alcohol. And they also produce carbon dioxide. This carbon dioxide, you know, in baker, in baker's yeast, like when you do baking, to the bread, like rises because this carbon dioxide is releasing. That's why bread all the sorts and the alcohol at that temperature. Immaculate. Anyway, so at the end, you just have a riced like a soiled or big mug bread instead of like a flat some flour on the bottom because that this is called leveling up bread and carbon dioxide pushed on up. Okay, this phenomena we call fermentation. That's why we keep them to name like lactic acid fermentation or alcoholic fermentation. So microorganisms such as yeast and bacteria would do alcoholic fermentation. And human body, we do lactic acid fermentation. This is what happened when we don't have oxygen. We do not have oxygen. This is exactly what's going on.
So what happened now is, if you look at the food as a whole, you have mainly three different type of food that we are interested in our body. Polysaccharide like starch, carbohydrate, fare to eat and wheat, proteins. So when you eat polysaccharide, we just finished studying that it breaks down to glucose. And then we have glycolysis, as a little coil, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain. We make tons of ATP. So this, you know, this is our main artery of road. So this is, for example, just just an example. This is like Long Island Expressway. That's the main road in Long Island. If you want to go from Suffolk to the city. So now, that doesn't mean, let's say you live in Suffolk and ironing in Nassau. I can also go to the city. I will join anywhere in between. That's how our body does. Your body, instead of going starting from here to make energy, they can join to make energy anywhere in that rope. They will make a little bit less, but still a lot of energy. So how fare and protein join that pathway? That is what we are going to study.
So fat, I have a slide. I'm going to use this like later on. Fat, when they break down, they mainly break down like a regular triglycerol. Mainly big break down in glycerol and fatty acid. Fatty acid at those long-chain acid molecule. Glycerol, they can literally convert into pyruvic acid and they can follow this. But what happened to fatty acid? Fatty acid, what they do? They break down and from tons of acetyl coenzyme A. This is a two carbon molecule. This two carbon molecule, which is a coenzyme A, then can go into the citric acid cycle. And rest can happen. So this is the part when fatty acid breaks down to a signal coenzyme A. We call it beta oxidation. When fatty acid breaks down classical coenzyme A, we call it. This is the word beta oxidation. So this is the one, beta oxidation. So fatty acid, look at that, convert fatty acid to acetyl coenzyme A, called beta oxidation. And then as it will come and Ramaiya can go into the TCA cycle, citric acid cycle. On the other hand, glycerol that produced from the breakdown of fat, they can go into the, they can convert into pyruvic acid. And then part of pyruvic acid can go the same way. So we can make energy from fat, just by using the same exact equation that we learn. So lipid breakdown or lipid catabolism, sometimes also we use this word called lipolysis. Lysis means breaking down. So lipolysis or lipid breaks down lipid. So general lipids breaks down into pile, you know, plays role and fatty acid. Glycerol can convert into pyruvic acid, then channel into ATP, citric acid cycle. On the other hand, variously like fatty acid molecules can convert into acetyl coenzyme A and channel into the same cycle. We are going to know a little bit more about this, which is called beta oxidation, that we are going to do a little bit more.
Now, this, let me explain this slide. So please pay attention a lot, otherwise you cannot follow me here. So please pay attention. This is the only thing you have to pay attention here. That's a fatty acid molecule, carbon, carbon, carbon, carbon, carbon, carbon, and so on. We have 18 carbons. She'll at the end, we have COOH. When we have COOH, we call them acid. We learned that long time ago in organic chemistry class, remember macromolecules, we learned that functional group. So that's a functional group, COOH. COOH is an acid functional group. Acid or carboxylic acid. That's why it's called fatty acid. Okay. So this is an 18 carbon fatty acid. You don't have to memorize this part. It's like carbon, carbon, carbon chain. So 18 carbon fatty acid. So what do we do with fatty acid? Whether it is 18 carbon, 16 carbon, or 20 carbon, what do we do with the fatty acid? We add a coenzyme A into it. So that's a coenzyme A molecule. We have plenty in our body. That's like a kind of liquor. They come from like a Vitamix. So coenzyme A added right here. And ATP breaks down here. That's ATP. We need exactly like glycolysis. We need that ATP.
Now pay attention here. There is a big difference. In glycolysis, when you study ATP, ATP becomes ADP and you know, same diphosphate. Here, ATP becomes AMP and inosine monophosphate. Meaning ATP molecule. Let me show you something. Hang on one second. You said it. I'll try this because this not, this is not the greatest whiteboard because it is very difficult writing on the laptop, but I'm going to try. So ATP when ATP breaks down, they produce normally ADP and one phosphate. One phosphate. So this is what they produce. One phosphate. But that's called inorganic phosphate. That's why we put an i on the bottom. So ATP in the breakdown, they produce ADP plus one phosphate and inorganic phosphate. But in this reaction, we are producing AMP. AMP, monophosphate. So that's a big difference. They produce two phosphate group. They produce two phosphate on the side. So what is AMP? It's adenosine monophosphate. So we broke down ATP to us. So that means we use two times more energy than the first one. So we use two times more energy than compared to the first one. This is twice as much. So when we calculate in our ATP terminology, we are going to say the first step of beta oxidation that we are studying use two ATP. Instead of saying ATP breaks down into AMP, just make it easy. We will say two ATP. So this is what I'm going to. You can write down here instead of here, you can write down here, used to ATP. Why this is important? Because at the end, if we get certain amount of ATP, we'll subtract that two to calculate the net rate. So write down that first step of first type of fatty acid metabolism use two ATP or just write down here, asterisk, two ATP. Good.
Now pay attention to the second one. The second one, fatty acid, we prepared this coenzyme A with right here. We are going to basically break that sec, two carbon at a time. So we count from this carbon, follows from the functional group side. So this is alpha carbon, that is called beta carbon. One, two, three, four, five, six. We count this way. So we call alpha, beta, gamma, delta, epsilon. That's how we count in organic chemistry. You don't need to know them. You just need to know one. The second carbon is called beta carbon. That's why the name beta oxidation. The second carbon is beta, beta carbon. Okay, that's why it's called beta oxidation. Beta can become a Greek word. Let me clear. Alpha, beta. So that's beta. What we are going to do? We are going to break it down. These two. We are going to break down these two. I'm going to just break those two carbon separate. So how many carbon you remaining? We remaining 14 carbon because you're sorry, 16 carbon because the 18 carbon compound. So if we get rid of the two, we still have 16 carbon left. That's exactly what they're. So they're 16 carbon left. And they have two carbon. They produced that two carbon compound is called acetyl coenzyme A. Two carbon coenzyme A. It's called acetyl coenzyme A, which then is going to directly. They are going to directly go into the TCA cycle. In TCA cycle, we just finished studying. Right down here, I'm sure you forgot. In TCA cycle, we produce right down now, one ATP directly in the cycle. One ATP. How many NADH? Anybody? One TCA cycle produce how many NADH? We just studied five minutes ago. Any? One? Three? Good. So three NADH. Now tell me one more time. Each NADH makes how many ATP in the electron transport chain? I said memorize that. Three. Three. The three NADH will make together how many? Nine. Nine. Thank you. So we have nine ATP plus one already. So ten. How many FADH2 we make in a TCA cycle? That's a z question again. One TCA cycle makes how many ATP? How many FADH2? Before that, see, this is why. Two. Let's go back. You have to memorize this. You cannot forget these things. Look at this. Inside the mitochondria, a little quieter. Citric acid cycle, one ATP molecule generated, three NADH generated, one FADH2 generated. Each cycle. So one ATP, three NADH, one FADH2. Three NADH is equals to nine ATP. One FADH2 equals to two ATP because each FADH2, two ATP. Each NADH is three ATP. You learned that. So nine plus two, eleven plus one, twelve. Write down. Each TCA cycle. Write down this because you're going to forget again. Each TCA cycle results in each TCA cycle results in 12 ATP. Each TCA cycle results in 12 ATP. We need that to remember this.
So now let's come back here. So we had 18 carbon compound. We had 18 carbon compound. We broke off two, which produced 12 ATP. Then we have 16. We have 16. Can we break them one more time to make another two? Yes or no? Can you just break right here, produce another two? Put up anyone? Give me something here. We have this is the question I'm asking. Let's say we have $10. Can we make only one $2 or we can make multiple $2 bills? Wow. So from $10, we can just get $2. So you mean to say $10 and $2 say how many? Eight $2. I'm confused. Ask the question one more time. $10 can make how many $2? Five. Thank you. That's a simple thing. A $10 can make five $2. So I 18 carbon fatty acid can make how many two carbon? All right, nine. So that we can produce nine acetyl coenzyme A from 18 carbon copper because every time we can repeat this process multiple times. So you can just break every time. We break two, break two, break two. So we can make nine two carbon compound. Each two carbon is making 12 ATP. I already gave you that. So nine two carbon is going to make how many ATP? Can anybody do that? Each, each two carbon compound which enter into the TCA cycle can make 12 ATP. If you learn that, nine of them can make how many ATP? How many? 108. Okay, kind of late. How did you? Thank you.
So now you got a choice E. So 108 ATP they can make just from each two carbon compound. Now one more thing, that's not all. Now one more thing. Pay attention of one worker. Pay attention this one. Every time they break, every time they break right here, every time they break, did you get one NADH and one FADH2? One more time. Every time they break, they produce one NADH and one FADH2. One NADH, three ATP. One FADH2, two ATP. Look at this. One NADH, three ATP. One FADH2, two ATP. Together, five ATP. In other words, right now, right now, each time, each time fatty acid undergo beta oxidation, which is in bracket, write down break. Each time fatty acid break, it generate five ATP molecules. Each time fatty acid undergo beta oxidation, break, with parentheses, eat, generate five ATP molecules. Each time. So now I have a question for you. Think before you answer, but you have to answer this. 18 carbon fatty acid. Pay attention to the question, please. 18 carbon fatty acid, right here. 18 carbon fatty acid. 18 carbon fatty acid. I want to break two, two, two. And so how many times I have to break to make all twos? How many times I have to break? Nine. Nine. Is that correct, everybody? Leaves? Anybody has any other answer? Nine? Say something. Anyone? Okay. So now let me give you an example. First, pay attention to that. She said nine times. Basically, 18 divided by two, nine. I understand that. But that's a very common mistake. Let me give you an example. If you have $4, just imagine you have $4. Be how many times you have to break in order to make two $2 bills? One time. Thank you. Because once you have four dollars, you break one time. Boom. Yep. Two $2 bills. Now think about you have $6. Be how many times you have to break to make three $2 bills? You have a $6. You have five plus one, six dollars. Two. So first two. So we are not breaking half times. We're making one half, two, one. I, one less time. So write down that we break one half minus one. Five. So for 18 carbon fatty acid, we need to break nine times. Nine minus one, eight times. So one half minus one. So answer this question, everyone. Try this. If you have a fatty acid which is 30 carbon long, I just made up this. If you have a fatty acid which is 30 carbon long, how many times you can break? Fourteen times. Thank you. That's it. That's so simple. See that?
So now in this math, in this particular equation, so how many times you are breaking in this one? Your 18 carbon fatty acid. How many times you are breaking? Eight. And every time it makes five. So eight times will make how many ATP? Every time it makes five. So eight times will make 40 ATP. So you already had 108. Now you have 40. So total you have a huge number of ATP. That's why fat give so much energy. You have 148 ATP. You can generate 148 ATP. You can generate from an 18 carbon compound. Because you have to step to make energy. One half minus one time times five. The other one is half times 12. And you add them. You have 148 of them. Now do not forget that in the beginning, we said we need two ATP. So if I ask you, what is the net gain? Body land shall be 148 minus 246. So let's do this one more time. I'm going to try again with that with that arrow. Now with that whiteboard, okay? So we have nine times we break. We multiply that by 12 ATP because each time they go to TCA cycle, we make 108 ATP. Then we break eight times because this is nine two carbon compound. This is eight times you bring. Remember one half minus one, one half minus one time that we break because we do not need to break all the way. We produce eight times. Every time they break, we make oh my god, we make five ATP and we get total 40 ATP in this second part. So together we have 148 ATP. But then when it's a net gain, minus two, then we have 146. So that's a net gain. That net gain. This one. So if you have an 18 carbon, you have a 18 carbon fatty acid. This is the math. So we need to know this. I'm going to ask you one question on this particular topics on it. 18 carbon. So you have a 18 carbon fatty acid. This is the math. So you have of them times 12, whatever you get. One half minus one times five, whatever you get. You add them. Minus two. That you need to get not.