SPHENOID BONE

Hello everyone, in this video we are going to discuss the sphenoid. Now the sphenoid is an unpaired bone that is found at the floor or base of the skull and it is housing air sinuses and so it is also classified under the title of pneumatic bones. It is irregular in outline and it has a body at its center and a pair of lesser wings and a greater wings on both sides. Anteroinferiorly it has pterygoid processes. So in gross it looks like a bat with a body and wings extending all around and these pterygoid processes represent its legs. So this is the outline of the sphenoid. Now when you compare it with a disarticulated skull, you can see this is a superior view of the sphenoid and this is how it would look like. This is the body and here would be the greater wings. Lesser wings and from below you can make out the pterygoid processes. Now it articulates with the frontal bone and the orbital plate of the ethmoid and posteriorly it articulates with the petrous part of the temporal bones on both sides and here it articulates with the parietal bones with the superior squamous part. So this is how it articulates with the other bones of the skull around it. Now let's look at the individual parts of the sphenoid. As I mentioned it has a body at its center and two lesser wings on both sides. Below and to the sides are two greater wings. Obviously named according to the size of the wings. And from the anterior side are two pterygoid processes. Now when you look at the body, the body looks like a cube or it is cuboid in shape and it has six surfaces, namely the superior, anterior, inferior, posterior, and lateral surfaces. Now the superior surface, most of the anterior part of it is showing an ethmoidal spine. Now this part articulates with the posterior aspect of the ethmoid. Let me show you the ethmoid. This is the ethmoid and this is its superior surface and this is the crista galli, this is the cribriform plate of the ethmoid and here is the posterior part of the cribriform plate. And the anterior most part of the superior surface of the body of the sphenoid is the ethmoidal spine. They lie like this. So this is how it is oriented. Now let's see how it looks in a disarticulated skull. So here you can clearly make out this is the superior surface and most of its anterior part is the ethmoidal spine and this articulates with this cribriform plate of the ethmoid. This is a superior view of the ethmoid. So this is the ethmoidal spine. Lateral to it is the jugum sphenoidale. Let's look at the separate bone. Here look, this part is the jugum sphenoidale and it forms part of the floor of the anterior cranial fossa along with the superior surface of the lesser wing. Look at the same thing here in the lesser wing. This is the jugum sphenoidale and along with the superior surface of the lesser wing with the orbital plate of the frontal bone. These bones together contribute to the formation of the anterior cranial fossa. Now behind the jugum sphenoidale, there is a sulcus and this sulcus is called the sulcus chiasmaticus. Look at this. Now this is another aspect of it. It leads to the optic canal. Now above and behind this sulcus chiasmaticus, here it articulates with the anterior part of the optic chiasma which is now still behind. Along the posterior margin of the sulcus chiasmaticus, there is an elevated area which is now called the tuberculum sellae. Let me bring it closer. Look, this is called the tuberculum sellae. And on either side of this tuberculum sellae, there are two bony elevations and these are called the middle. Clinoid processes. Now these middle clinoid processes are connected to the anterior clinoid processes which are part of the lesser wing of the sphenoid. And pars. So this bony elevation is referred to as the anterior clinoid process. Now the middle and anterior clinoid processes are connected by the carotido-clinoid ligament. In the course of this tuberculum sellae, it will provide attachment to the anterior margin of the diaphragm sellae which is bridging this gap here. And in between this gap is the pituitary gland. Okay. So behind this tuberculum sellae, there is a depressed area and this is called the hypophyseal fossa or pituitary fossa which houses the pituitary gland. And this is demarcated by the diaphragm sellae which is a dural shelf that runs from the tuberculum sellae posteriorly to the dorsum sellae. So the posterior boundary of the diaphragm sellae is attached here. So this is a quadrilateral bony plate called the dorsum sellae and we have discussed. It will get attachment of the diaphragm sellae. Now on either side of it, this dorsum sellae shows 2 tubercles which are referred to as the posterior clinoid processes. Now these posterior clinoid processes are connected to the anterior clinoid processes by a ligament. This is called the interclinoid ligament. Now inferiorly and lateral to the posterior clinoid processes, it shows a bony spine, this is called the petrosal spine. Look at this. Now this is attached to the anterior aspect of the petrous part of the temporal bone by the petro-sphenoidal ligament. Let me show you the separate temporal bone. This is the temporal bone, the left temporal bone and this is the petrous part of the temporal bone. This is the anterior aspect of the petrous temporal bone providing attachment to the petro-sphenoidal ligament. Now below this ligament, the depression allows nerves to cross. This area perforates the dura and enters the cavernous sinus which is located somewhere here. Now the superior border of this petrous temporal bone and these posterior clinoid processes. Okay. This is the part that provides attachment for the margin of the tentorium cerebelli. Obviously the attachment runs into the transverse sinus. So let me show you a disarticulated skull. So this is the dorsum sellae and here would be the posterior clinoid processes and it has a continuous attachment. To the attached margin of the tentorium cerebelli like this. This is the transverse sinus. This is the internal occipital protuberance. So this is how completely the attached margin of the tentorium cerebelli is oriented. Now the posterior aspect of the dorsum sellae forms a continuous sloping surface that leads inferiorly and posteriorly and it articulates with the superior surface of the basiocciput. So this is the occipital bone. This is the basiocciput. This is the superior surface. And these two together form like this and they form a continuous sloping surface called the clivus. So here it articulates with the pons, medulla oblongata, basilar artery, its branches. Okay. So this is the clivus. So this is related to the superior surface. Now let's look at the posterior surface. Now this posterior aspect articulates with the anterior surface of the basiocciput through a hyaline cartilage. There is a plate of hyaline cartilage that connects these two and they are united by a primary cartilaginous joint and which will contribute to the anteroposterior length growth of this skull up to 25 years of age. So initially there is a synchondrosis of the joint which fuses after 25 years and this is called synostosis. So fusion will occur after 25 years. So this is related to the posterior surface. Now let's look at the inferior surface. So this is the region of the inferior surface. Look at this. And it shows 3 features. In the midline there is a bony crest and this is referred to as the sphenoidal rostrum. And this sphenoidal rostrum articulates with the superior notched margin of the vomer. So this is the separate vomer. These two are the alae and the notched part in the center. So this part articulates with the sphenoidal rostrum. Joined by a syndesmosis type of fibrous joint just like these two. Now let me show you the same in the clear skull. Look here. And this is the rostrum. These are the alae. And here is the inferior aspect of the sphenoid. So here would be the sphenoidal rostrum and these two are joined by a fibrous joint. So you can establish the correlation between the same vomer. Listen like this. Look at this. This is how they are joined. Now on either side of the sphenoidal rostrum, there are some parts of the sphenoidal concha. When you look at it from below and anteriorly, these 2 sphenoidal conchae, which look like a triangular bony plate. Now these sphenoidal conchae have an upper vertical part and a lower horizontal part. So this lower horizontal part is seen on the inferior surface on either side of the sphenoidal rostrum. This is the sphenoidal rostrum and these two are the lower horizontal parts of the sphenoidal conchae. Now these sphenoidal conchae, obviously they lie on either side of the sphenoidal rostrum. So these two articulate with the superior surface of the alae of the vomer. So similarly when we join it again, you can clearly understand that these are the alae of the vomer will articulate with the lower horizontal part of the sphenoidal conchae. Like this. Okay. Now the third feature of the inferior surface is the vaginal process of the medial pterygoid plate. Now these two pterygoid processes and they give rise to two bony plates, the medial and lateral pterygoid plates. Now this medial pterygoid plate, along its medial aspect, it shows a shelf, like a bony projection that hangs from the medial aspect of the medial pterygoid plate and this articulates with the inferior aspect of the body of the sphenoid. These are the vaginal processes. Look at this vaginal process of the medial pterygoid plate. Now this vaginal process articulates with two bones. Its superior part, it articulates with the ala of the vomer and together they form a canal called the vomerovaginal canal. So here these sphenoidal conchae articulate with the alae of the vomer. And this ala of the vomer and this vaginal process will overlap each other. The superior surface of this vaginal process articulates with the lateral aspect of the ala of the vomer and together they form a canal here. This is called the vomerovaginal canal. No significant structures pass through it. And the inferior aspect of this vaginal process articulates. With the sphenoidal process of the palatine bone and together they form the palatino-vaginal canal which will allow passage of pharyngeal vessels and nerves. Now there is a separate video for this palatino-vaginal canal and you can see it there. But for now, let me show you how these two articulate. With each other. So here I have another sphenoid bone and I will show you how this palatino-vaginal canal is formed. So this is the inferior surface. This is again the sphenoidal rostrum. And these are the medial pterygoid plates. Here you can see these two vaginal processes. Okay. Now the anterior and inferior part of this vaginal process articulates with the sphenoidal process of the palatine bone. As we have discussed. So this is the articulated palatine bone with the maxilla. And this is the horizontal plate. This is the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone. The sphenoidal process. Now this sphenoidal process will come in contact with the anterior and inferior part of this vaginal process. Now let's join these two together. So this is the pyramidal process of the palatine bone and it will fit in between the medial and lateral pterygoid plates. Referred to as the pterygoid fissure. So here these two will fit. And you have to focus on this sphenoidal process and this vaginal process. So when I join these two together, look here. A canal will be formed between the palatine bone and the vaginal process. So it is named the palatino-vaginal canal. Projection vaginal process. So here you can see a small aperture. And this is the palatino-vaginal canal. As we have discussed, it will allow passage of pharyngeal vessels and pharyngeal nerve. So this is about the inferior surface. Now let's look at the anterior surface. It has 3 features, similar to the inferior surface. In the midline there is a bony projection, this is called the sphenoidal crest. On either side of it, you can see the superior vertical part of the sphenoidal concha. And further laterally there is a rough area which is broken here. So these three bony features are observed. Now in the center, as I mentioned, it has a sphenoidal crest. Now this sphenoidal crest will articulate with the posterior aspect of the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid. And together they form part of the bony nasal septum. Let me join these two together. Here look, the ethmoid and these two labyrinths. And in the center you can see a thin perpendicular plate. Okay. Now its posterior part. This is the anterior part. This is the posterior part. So here this part articulates with this sphenoidal crest. Like this. If you join them together, look. This is how the articulation will occur. And together they form part of the bony nasal septum. Okay. The perpendicular plate is broken a bit posteriorly. But you can clearly make out that they join like this. Now as I mentioned laterally, it has a rough articular area. So obviously in the center there is articulation of the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid. So on either side, obviously there will be articulation of this ethmoidal labyrinth. Okay. So again, you can clearly make out these two labyrinths. Their posterior aspect forming this with the lateral rough area of the anterior surface. Like this. Okay. So in the center is the perpendicular plate, on either side are the labyrinths. So here we have the sphenoidal crest and on either side the rough articular areas. Now talking about the sphenoidal conchae. These two triangular bony plates are found on either side of the sphenoidal crest. So this is the superior vertical part of the sphenoidal concha. And it is continuous with the lower horizontal part. Look at this. You can see the outline of the sphenoidal concha. So on either side of the sphenoid crest, there are two sphenoidal conchae. Its vertical part. And along the medial aspect here is the sphenoidal foramen which is broken here a bit. But you can clearly make out the margin. And this is called the sphenoidal foramen. Now you can go deep inside. Look at the sphenoidal sinus on both sides. So obviously these sinuses open here into the sphenoidal foramen. And right at this place, this sphenoidal foramen opens into the spheno-ethmoidal recess which is located in the superior meatus of the lateral wall of the nose. So this is related to the anterior surface. Now let's look at the lateral surfaces which are found on either side of the body. Now these lateral surfaces articulate with the greater wings, which you can see here. These two greater wings. And this is the lateral surface. So here these are the greater wings attached to it. And anteriorly these lateral surfaces articulate with these two pterygoid processes. These two pterygoid processes. Okay. Now you know that on either side of the body, there are two hollow sinuses. So this is the region of the cavernous sinus. And you know there are specific contents. An important content of the cavernous sinus is the internal carotid artery which articulates with the medial wall of the cavernous sinus. Obviously this part, the lateral surface, articulates with the internal carotid artery which essentially indents the lateral surface and forms a sulcus. And due to the indentation of the internal carotid artery, you can see here what is called the carotid sulcus. The shape of the sulcus is an oblique letter F. And it extends from the posterior aspect of the cavernous sinus. Here the internal carotid artery enters the cavernous sinus. Which essentially comes from the carotid canal of the petrous part of the temporal bone. And then it enters. Into the cavernous sinus. So the petrous part of the carotid, into the cavernous part of the internal carotid artery. Into the cavernous part of the internal carotid artery. Now you can see this sulcus goes superiorly and here it is the anterior clinoid process which is part of the lesser wing. And pars. And here it is the tuberculum sellae. So this is the middle clinoid process. And as we have discussed that these two are connected by a ligament called the carotido-clinoid ligament. So obviously this internal carotid artery will pass through this foramen. So its opening is the internal carotid artery will emerge from this foramen. So this is related to the body. Now let's look at the greater wings. These are two triangular bony plates that are curved upwards. They are very strong and they articulate with the lateral surface of the body. Look at this. These are the greater wings. Now each greater wing has three surfaces, namely the superior or cerebral, lateral, and the 3rd is the orbital surface. What are the two borders of the greater wing? Namely the squamous border and the posterior. Look at this. This is the squamous border. This is the posterior. What is the spine of the greater wing of the sphenoid? Which is located at the junction of the posterior border and the squamous margin. Look here. This is a bony spicule. This is the spine of the sphenoid. Plus each greater wing has a tip. Look at this. This is a tip. And there is a roughly triangular area. Tip. Look at this. So for each greater wing, there are these many parts. Now let's look at the surfaces first. So as I said, it has 3 surfaces. The first is the superior surface or cerebral surface. And with the petrous temporal bone, it forms the part of the middle cranial fossa. This is here. Look. You can see. So here is the cerebral surface or superior surface of the greater wing. And this is the petrous temporal bone. So this is the region of the middle cranial fossa. Now this can accommodate the temporal lobe. And its medial aspect. Look at the specific foramina. So mainly three foramina are found along the medial aspect of each greater wing. In the front is the pterygopalatine fossa. So this is the area of the pterygopalatine fossa. And here this foramen rotundum opens. Now this carries the maxillary nerve. Postero-laterally to the foramen rotundum, there is an oval foramen. And so it is named the foramen ovale. It allows passage of four structures. And there is a mnemonic to remember. The structures that pass through the foramen ovale are MALE. M stands for mandibular nerve. A stands for accessory meningeal artery. L stands for lesser petrosal nerve. And E stands for emissary vein. Now when you look at it from below. And again in the clear skull. You can clearly make out that this foramen ovale communicates the middle cranial fossa with the infratemporal fossa. So here is a region of the infratemporal fossa. And this foramen ovale will communicate the middle cranial fossa with it. Now postero-lateral to this foramen ovale, you can see there is another foramen. And there are multiple spines on the margin. And so it is named the foramen spinosum. And there is again a mnemonic to remember the contents passing through it. And it is triple M. So the first M stands for middle meningeal artery. The second M stands for middle meningeal vein. And the 3rd M stands for meningeal branch of the mandibular nerve. It is also called nerve spinosus. So these three structures that start with the letter M pass through this foramen spinosum. So along the medial aspect of each greater wing, there are three constant foramina. Now sometimes two additional foramina are found. So less commonly you can find a foramen that is located between the foramen ovale. And the foramen spinosum. And this is called the canaliculus innominatus. And it allows passage of the lesser petrosal nerve. So whenever this canaliculus innominatus is present, the lesser petrosal nerve which usually passes through the foramen ovale will pass through this canaliculus. And the second accessory foramen. Vesalius or emissary sphenoidal foramen. And whenever it is present, it is usually found somewhere here along the medial aspect of this foramen ovale. And it will allow passage of emissary veins. And it will communicate the cavernous sinus inside this skull with the pterygoid venous plexus. Which is located in the infratemporal fossa around the lateral pterygoid muscle. So along the medial aspect of the greater wing, there are 3 constant and 2 accessory foramina. So this is related to the cerebral surface or superior surface. Now the next is the lateral surface. So obviously this is found along the lateral aspect of the greater wing. And in the middle of it, there is a bony crest. And this is called the infratemporal crest of the greater wing. And it will divide the lateral surface into an upper and a lower part. And the upper part will form the floor of the temporal fossa. And it will give origin to the temporalis muscle. Where the crest is. Plus the lower part will form the roof of the infratemporal fossa. And these two together will give origin to the heads of the lateral pterygoid muscles. Let me show you the same thing in the clear skull. So here when you look at the skull from the lateral aspect. In the normal lateral view, what you will find is the lateral surface of the greater wing. And this is the upper part. Now here you know this is the temporal fossa. And obviously it will give origin to the temporalis muscle. Deep to it, below it. And you can see it from below. This is the infratemporal crest. And below it here, this part will give origin to the lateral pterygoid muscles. This is the upper head. So this is the region of the infratemporal fossa. This is the region of the temporal fossa. So this is related to the lateral surface. Now the third surface is the orbital surface. Look at this. This is a quadrilateral bony plate which has four borders. And the surface itself forms the major part of the lateral wall of the bony orbit. Let's look at a clear skull. So here this is the bony orbit. And this is its lateral wall. Now the major part of it. This part is contributed by this orbital surface of the greater wing of the sphenoid. Look at this. You can see the sutural lines. So here you can see this is the orbital surface. Now as I mentioned, it is quadrilateral. So it has four borders. The superior and lateral borders or superior and lateral margins are articular. Look at this. Now it articulates with the frontal bone. And here it articulates with the zygomatic bone. Let me show you. So this is the frontal bone. This is the squamous part. This is the orbital plate. And this orbital plate will articulate with the superior margin of the orbital surface. Like this. Look. Okay. This is how these two articulate. Now this lateral margin will articulate with the zygomatic bone. Let me show you. Look at this. This is the left zygomatic bone. And here along the lateral margin, the articulation will occur like this. So the articulation with the frontal bone above, the orbital plate. Literally with the articulation of the zygomatic bone. Which you can appreciate in the articulated skull. So here you can see this is the zygomatic bone. And above it here, you can see the suture between these two. Where the orbital plate of the frontal bone from above comes. And you can see the line of the suture. So this is the superior margin. This is the posterior margin of the orbital surface. Now the medial margin and the inferior margin. These are non-articular. Now obviously here you can see along the superior margin. The lesser wing of the sphenoid. And the body of the sphenoid. Forming the superior orbital fissure. So this medial margin will help in the formation of the superior orbital fissure. Where the inferior margin, which is again non-articular, with the part of the maxilla and the zygomatic bone, it will contribute to the formation of the inferior orbital fissure. Look at this. Now the superior orbital fissure will communicate the orbit with the middle cranial fossa. Whereas the inferior orbital fissure will communicate the orbit with the infratemporal fossa. Now along the medial margin, somewhere in the middle, you can see a tubercle. Look here. Now these two tubercles provide attachment to the annular ligament of Zinn. And this will run across the superior orbital fissure. And here is the optic canal which is formed by the division of the lesser wing of the sphenoid. So along its superior and medial margin, there is attachment of the annular ligament. So the lateral. This tubercle medial. Articulates with the superior and medial margins of the optic canal. And this will divide the entire superior orbital fissure into medial, intermediate, and lateral compartments. And each compartment has structures passing through it. So in this diagram here, the same thing is shown. The left superior orbital fissure. And you can see this is the greater wing of the sphenoid. This is the lesser wing of the sphenoid. This will be the body. This is the retort-shaped fissure. And here is the tubercle we are talking about. And this is providing attachment to the annular ligament of Zinn. And which articulates with the superior and medial margins of the optic canal. So this will surround the optic canal. Which will allow passage of the optic nerve or the ophthalmic artery and the three meninges. Now as we have discussed about this annular ligament of Zinn. It will divide the superior orbital fissure into lateral, intermediate, and medial compartments. Now this lateral compartment will allow passage of the recurrent meningeal branch of the ophthalmic artery plus three nerves LFT. Which is a mnemonic you can remember. So L is lacrimal. F is frontal nerve. These two are branches of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve. Where this T stands for trochlear nerve. Additionally it will pass the superior ophthalmic vein.

Permission will be granted now to the intermediate compartment, mainly four nerves. The oculomotor nerve's superior and inferior divisions are crossing, and between these two, there are the nasal ciliary nerve and the abducent nerve. Now, the nasal cilia are again a branch of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve. So, mainly three branches are given from the superior division of the trigeminal nerve: lacrimal, frontal, and nasociliary. Now, the medial-most compartment will allow the entry of the ophthalmic vein. The venous ring itself will connect the four recti: superior, inferior, medial, and lateral. So, this is how the superior orbital fissure is formed. So, it is related to the orbital surface. Now, let's look at the boundaries. As I mentioned, it has two boundaries: one is the squamous border, and the other is the posterior border. Now, this squamous border will articulate with the antero-inferior margin of the squamous temporal bone. Now, let me show you the temporal bone. See, this is the temporal bone, this is the squamous temporal, and this is its antero-inferior margin. So, here, here, how the articulation will occur, exactly like this. And so that you can relate it to the articulated skull, it is the same thing that you can appreciate. This is the squamous border, and this is the squamous part of the temporal bone. So, see the articulation here. Now, the next border, here you can see, it is a posterior border. Now, medially, it is non-articular; laterally, it is articular. So, medially, this non-articular area forms the anterior boundary of the foramen lacerum. I will show you the same on the articulated skull. So, here you can see this is the foramen lacerum, this is the posterior border, and this is the medial non-articular part. So, this is the anterior margin of the foramen lacerum, which is formed by the posterior border, and at its anterior end, there is the opening of the pterygoid canal. So, the same thing you can appreciate here. See this is the posterior border, and along its anterior end, you can see this is the pterygoid canal. Now, this will now allow the passage of the nerve of the pterygoid canal, or Vidian nerve, and it is formed by the contribution of the greater petrosal nerve and the deep petrosal nerve. So, the greater petrosal nerve belongs to the parasympathetic component, and the deep petrosal nerve belongs to the sympathetic component. They together form the nerve of the pterygoid canal, and anteriorly, it opens into the pterygopalatine fossa. For a detailed description, you can watch my separate video on the boundaries of the pterygopalatine fossa. So, here it is now. Its region is posteriorly. This foramen lacerum is bounded by the tip of the petrous part of the temporal bone. So, again, this is the temporal bone, and this is the petrous part, this is its tip. So, when we join these two together like this, you can now appreciate the formation of the foramen lacerum. See this, this is the foramen lacerum. So, as I mentioned, the posterior part is contributed by the tip of the petrous temporal bone, and when you see it anteriorly, we will appreciate the opening of the carotid canal. So, the tip will allow the passage of the carotid canal, which starts from the inferior surface and, obviously, it allows the internal carotid artery to pass with sympathetic plexuses around it. So, the internal carotid artery will emerge from this carotid canal, and we will see it temporarily in the upper part of the foramen lacerum, and then it enters into the cavernous sinus in the carotid sulcus. So, this is what we have already discussed. So, this is the medial non-articular part of the posterior border. Now, the lateral part is articular. And this part will articulate with the petrous part of the temporal bone. So, again, the same thing, these two bones have to join together, and see, this is how the articulation will occur, and when you see it, you can appreciate the articulation from below. Here, now this part is forming a sulcus, and it is called the sulcus tubae. Now, this will introduce the cartilaginous part of the auditory tube. So, this is related to the posterior border. Now, the next is the tip. So, this is a tip. Now, it will come in contact with the anterior bone, the parietal bone, and the squamous part of the temporal bone, specifically the antero-inferior angle of the parietal bone. I will show you clearly on the articulated skull as well. So, here you can clearly appreciate this is the greater wing of the sphenoid, this is its anterior part, and this is the frontal bone, this is the parietal bone, entering at the inferior angle, this is the squamous part of the temporal bone. So, these four bones collectively join at this point by an edge-shaped suture. Now, this point is called the asterion. Now, medially to the anterior part, there is a rough triangular area, and this part articulates with the frontal bone. I will show you similarly here. You can see this is rough, a similar rough triangular area, and these two will articulate together like this. See, this is how the articulation will take place. So, this is the orbital plate of the frontal bone, this is the squamous part of the frontal bone, and here this rough triangular area articulates with the sphenoid, just medially from the tip. Now, the last bony feature of the greater wing is the spine of the sphenoid. See, this is a bony spicule located at the junction of the posterior border and the squamous border. Here, see. Now, this provides attachment to two muscles and three ligaments. The muscles are tensor tympani, tensor veli palatini, whereas the ligaments are the sphenomandibular ligament, anterior ligament of the malleus, and the pterygospinous ligament. Now, this is the lateral pterygoid plate, this is its anterior border, this is the posterior border, and along the posterior border, there is a tubercle. Now, this tubercle is connected with this spine of the sphenoid through this pterygospinous ligament. The second is the sphenomandibular ligament, which attaches below to the lingula of the mandible. Now, this is the mandible, this is the ramus, and this is the mandibular foramen, which is protected by the protrusion of the tongue, this lingula. Now, this is attached to this sphenomandibular ligament, and the third is the anterior ligament of the malleus, which goes behind the middle ear, and it is attached to the malleus through the petro-tympanic fissure. For detailed description, you can watch my separate video on the temporal bone. So, these three ligaments, namely the pterygospinous ligament, sphenomandibular ligament, and anterior ligament of the malleus, are attached, and two muscles, tensor tympani and tensor veli palatini. Additionally, there is the medial muscle. The spine of the sphenoid is related to the cartilaginous part of the auditory tube and the chorda tympani nerve, whereas laterally, it is related to the auriculotemporal nerve. So, this is related to the spine of the sphenoid. Now, the next are the lesser wings. They are triangular bony plates that articulate with the anterior and superior part of the lateral surface of the body. Here, see. Now, the separate lesser wings will divide into two roots, anterior and posterior, surrounding the optic canal. Now, this optic canal will allow the passage of the optic nerve, ophthalmic artery, and three meninges, the dura, which we have already discussed. Now, the individual lesser wing has anterior and posterior borders and two surfaces: superior and inferior. Now, this anterior border will articulate with the posterior border of the orbital plate of the frontal bone. So, this is the squamous part, this is the orbital plate of the frontal bone, and here this anterior border. Okay, okay. Now, the same thing you can appreciate on the articulated skull. I will show you. So, here you can see these are the lesser wings, and this is the orbital plate of the frontal bone. Now, here you can see the joint or connection between these two. Now, the posterior border is sharp, it is free, and it forms the boundary of the floor of the anterior and middle cranial fossae. Now, this sharp border is located at the stem of the small sulcus of the cerebral hemisphere, and below, it is related to the sphenoparietal sinus, which is one of the dural venous sinuses. Now, when we identify this sharp posterior border, it forms a bony projection, and it is called the anterior clinoid process. Now, this anterior clinoid process is connected with the carotido-clinoid ligament, which we have already discussed that it is a ligament connecting the anterior and middle clinoid processes. The second is the interclinoid ligament. It is a ligament that connects the anterior clinoid process to the posterior clinoid process. And the third is the anterior free margin of the tentorium cerebelli, which is attached to the anterior clinoid process. The third structure. See here in the diagram, you can see this is the tentorium cerebelli, and this is the attached margin that is connected to the posterior clinoid process, and this is the U-shaped free margin that is attached here to the anterior clinoid process. Now, the smooth orbital plate along the superior surface will form the floor of the anterior cranial fossa, and here it is related to the orbital surface of the frontal lobe. Now, the next is the inferior surface, which you can see from the front, and here you can see this is the inferior surface of the lesser wing, which forms the posterior part of the roof of the bony orbit. For the boundaries of the bony orbit, you can watch my separate video. Now, as we have discussed, this lesser wing will divide to form the optic canal. So, obviously, it will be on the roof of the bony orbit and in the figure. Regarding the superior orbital fissure, we have already discussed that the tubercle along the orbit of the greater wing and the superior and medial margins of this optic canal will provide attachment to the annulus of Zinn, as well as attachment to the annulus of Zinn. The inferior surface of the lesser wing here will provide attachment to the levator part of the superioris, and medially, it will provide attachment to the superior oblique muscle of the eyeball. So, this is about the lesser wing. At the junction of this lateral surface with the greater wing, you can see here these are the pterygoid processes. Now, below, these pterygoid processes will divide to form the medial and lateral pterygoid plates. So, this is the medial pterygoid plate, this is the lateral pterygoid plate. Now, posteriorly, these pterygoid plates are separated by the pterygoid fossa. Okay, this is the pterygoid fossa. Where anteriorly they fuse, at the inferior part they separate, and it is called the pterygoid fissure. Now, this will articulate with the pyramidal process of the palatine bone. I will show you. So, these are the palatine bones, and here you can see this is the horizontal plate, this is the perpendicular plate, and at the posterior junction is the pyramidal process, which we are discussing. And this will enter the pterygoid fissure. Here you can see how these two are joined like this. And subsequently, this pyramidal process will fill the space of this pterygoid fossa. Let me show you between another sphenoid and palatine bone. So, this is another sphenoid, and this is the maxilla articulated with the palatine bone. So, this is the perpendicular plate, this is the horizontal plate, and here is the pyramidal process. Now, here is the pterygoid fissure, and it will be filed by this pyramidal process. So, this is how they will join, and subsequently, as you have discussed, this pyramidal process will fill the gap of this pterygoid fossa. So, this is how the articulation will be. Now, on the superior border, as you have discussed, these two plates fuse, and here it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygopalatine fossa. Now, in the case of the pterygoid plate, first, the lateral pterygoid plate, which is quadrilateral, and it deviates laterally. It has two surfaces: lateral and medial, plus it has anterior and posterior two borders. The anterior border is free, and it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygomaxillary fissure. I will show you clearly on the skull. So, here you can see this is the lateral pterygoid plate, and this is the pterygomaxillary fissure. Now, this pterygomaxillary fissure communicates the infratemporal fossa with the pterygopalatine fossa. See this. It is a fissure between the anterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate and posteriorly this maxilla. See this. Now, this posterior border is again free, and in the middle, it shows a bony process, and it will articulate with the spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. The same thing we have already discussed with this spine of the sphenoid, but let me show you again. So, this is the posterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate, and here is the bony process that you will articulate with this spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. Now, this lateral surface forms the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. So, this is the region of the infratemporal fossa. And here you can see this lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will form the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. For detailed description of the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa, you can watch my separate video. Besides that, it also provides the main attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Whereas the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will provide the main attachment of the medial pterygoid muscle. So, you can say that on both sides of the lateral pterygoid plate, the lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid muscles are attached. Now, the next is the medial pterygoid plate, similar to the lateral pterygoid plate. It has two borders: anterior and posterior, plus two surfaces: medial and lateral. This entire border will articulate along its posterior border with the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone. So, here is the right palatine bone I have, and this is its horizontal plate, this is the perpendicular plate, and at its posterior junction is the pyramidal process, which we are discussing. And this will enter the pterygoid fissure. Here you can see this is the right palatine bone. I have, and this is its horizontal plate, this is the perpendicular plate, and at its posterior junction is the pyramidal process. Now, here is the pterygoid fissure, and it will be filed by this pyramidal process. So, this is how they will join, and subsequently, as you have discussed, this pyramidal process will fill the gap of this pterygoid fossa. So, this is how the articulation will be. Now, on the superior border, as you have discussed, these two plates fuse, and here it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygopalatine fossa. Now, in the case of the pterygoid plate, first, the lateral pterygoid plate, which is quadrilateral, and it deviates laterally. It has two surfaces: lateral and medial, plus it has anterior and posterior two borders. The anterior border is free, and it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygomaxillary fissure. I will show you clearly on the skull. So, here you can see this is the lateral pterygoid plate, and this is the pterygomaxillary fissure. Now, this pterygomaxillary fissure communicates the infratemporal fossa with the pterygopalatine fossa. See this. It is a fissure between the anterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate and posteriorly this maxilla. See this. Now, this posterior border is again free, and in the middle, it shows a bony process, and it will articulate with the spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. The same thing we have already discussed with this spine of the sphenoid, but let me show you again. So, this is the posterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate, and here is the bony process that you will articulate with this spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. Now, this lateral surface forms the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. So, this is the region of the infratemporal fossa. And here you can see this lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will form the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. For detailed description of the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa, you can watch my separate video. Besides that, it also provides the main attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Whereas the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will provide the main attachment of the medial pterygoid muscle. So, you can say that on both sides of the lateral pterygoid plate, the lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid muscles are attached. Now, the next is the medial pterygoid plate, similar to the lateral pterygoid plate. It has two borders: anterior and posterior, plus two surfaces: medial and lateral. This entire border will articulate along its posterior border with the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone. So, here is the right palatine bone I have, and this is its horizontal plate, this is the perpendicular plate, and at its posterior junction is the pyramidal process, which we are discussing. And this will enter the pterygoid fissure. Here you can see how these two are joined like this. And subsequently, this pyramidal process will fill the space of this pterygoid fossa. Let me show you between another sphenoid and palatine bone. So, this is another sphenoid, and this is the maxilla articulated with the palatine bone. So, this is the perpendicular plate, this is the horizontal plate, and here is the pyramidal process. Now, here is the pterygoid fissure, and it will be filed by this pyramidal process. So, this is how they will join, and subsequently, as you have discussed, this pyramidal process will fill the gap of this pterygoid fossa. So, this is how the articulation will be. Now, on the superior border, as you have discussed, these two plates fuse, and here it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygopalatine fossa. Now, in the case of the pterygoid plate, first, the lateral pterygoid plate, which is quadrilateral, and it deviates laterally. It has two surfaces: lateral and medial, plus it has anterior and posterior two borders. The anterior border is free, and it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygomaxillary fissure. I will show you clearly on the skull. So, here you can see this is the lateral pterygoid plate, and this is the pterygomaxillary fissure. Now, this pterygomaxillary fissure communicates the infratemporal fossa with the pterygopalatine fossa. See this. It is a fissure between the anterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate and posteriorly this maxilla. See this. Now, this posterior border is again free, and in the middle, it shows a bony process, and it will articulate with the spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. The same thing we have already discussed with this spine of the sphenoid, but let me show you again. So, this is the posterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate, and here is the bony process that you will articulate with this spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. Now, this lateral surface forms the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. So, this is the region of the infratemporal fossa. And here you can see this lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will form the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. For detailed description of the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa, you can watch my separate video. Besides that, it also provides the main attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Whereas the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will provide the main attachment of the medial pterygoid muscle. So, you can say that on both sides of the lateral pterygoid plate, the lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid muscles are attached. Now, the next is the medial pterygoid plate, similar to the lateral pterygoid plate. It has two borders: anterior and posterior, plus two surfaces: medial and lateral. This entire border will articulate along its posterior border with the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone. So, here is the right palatine bone I have, and this is its horizontal plate, this is the perpendicular plate, and at its posterior junction is the pyramidal process, which we are discussing. And this will enter the pterygoid fissure. Here you can see how these two are joined like this. And subsequently, this pyramidal process will fill the space of this pterygoid fossa. Let me show you between another sphenoid and palatine bone. So, this is another sphenoid, and this is the maxilla articulated with the palatine bone. So, this is the perpendicular plate, this is the horizontal plate, and here is the pyramidal process. Now, here is the pterygoid fissure, and it will be filed by this pyramidal process. So, this is how they will join, and subsequently, as you have discussed, this pyramidal process will fill the gap of this pterygoid fossa. So, this is how the articulation will be. Now, on the superior border, as you have discussed, these two plates fuse, and here it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygopalatine fossa. Now, in the case of the pterygoid plate, first, the lateral pterygoid plate, which is quadrilateral, and it deviates laterally. It has two surfaces: lateral and medial, plus it has anterior and posterior two borders. The anterior border is free, and it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygomaxillary fissure. I will show you clearly on the skull. So, here you can see this is the lateral pterygoid plate, and this is the pterygomaxillary fissure. Now, this pterygomaxillary fissure communicates the infratemporal fossa with the pterygopalatine fossa. See this. It is a fissure between the anterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate and posteriorly this maxilla. See this. Now, this posterior border is again free, and in the middle, it shows a bony process, and it will articulate with the spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. The same thing we have already discussed with this spine of the sphenoid, but let me show you again. So, this is the posterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate, and here is the bony process that you will articulate with this spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. Now, this lateral surface forms the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. So, this is the region of the infratemporal fossa. And here you can see this lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will form the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. For detailed description of the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa, you can watch my separate video. Besides that, it also provides the main attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Whereas the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will provide the main attachment of the medial pterygoid muscle. So, you can say that on both sides of the lateral pterygoid plate, the lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid muscles are attached. Now, the next is the medial pterygoid plate, similar to the lateral pterygoid plate. It has two borders: anterior and posterior, plus two surfaces: medial and lateral. This entire border will articulate along its posterior border with the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone. So, here is the right palatine bone I have, and this is its horizontal plate, this is the perpendicular plate, and at its posterior junction is the pyramidal process, which we are discussing. And this will enter the pterygoid fissure. Here you can see how these two are joined like this. And subsequently, this pyramidal process will fill the space of this pterygoid fossa. Let me show you between another sphenoid and palatine bone. So, this is another sphenoid, and this is the maxilla articulated with the palatine bone. So, this is the perpendicular plate, this is the horizontal plate, and here is the pyramidal process. Now, here is the pterygoid fissure, and it will be filed by this pyramidal process. So, this is how they will join, and subsequently, as you have discussed, this pyramidal process will fill the gap of this pterygoid fossa. So, this is how the articulation will be. Now, on the superior border, as you have discussed, these two plates fuse, and here it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygopalatine fossa. Now, in the case of the pterygoid plate, first, the lateral pterygoid plate, which is quadrilateral, and it deviates laterally. It has two surfaces: lateral and medial, plus it has anterior and posterior two borders. The anterior border is free, and it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygomaxillary fissure. I will show you clearly on the skull. So, here you can see this is the lateral pterygoid plate, and this is the pterygomaxillary fissure. Now, this pterygomaxillary fissure communicates the infratemporal fossa with the pterygopalatine fossa. See this. It is a fissure between the anterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate and posteriorly this maxilla. See this. Now, this posterior border is again free, and in the middle, it shows a bony process, and it will articulate with the spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. The same thing we have already discussed with this spine of the sphenoid, but let me show you again. So, this is the posterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate, and here is the bony process that you will articulate with this spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. Now, this lateral surface forms the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. So, this is the region of the infratemporal fossa. And here you can see this lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will form the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. For detailed description of the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa, you can watch my separate video. Besides that, it also provides the main attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Whereas the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will provide the main attachment of the medial pterygoid muscle. So, you can say that on both sides of the lateral pterygoid plate, the lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid muscles are attached. Now, the next is the medial pterygoid plate, similar to the lateral pterygoid plate. It has two borders: anterior and posterior, plus two surfaces: medial and lateral. This entire border will articulate along its posterior border with the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone. So, here is the right palatine bone I have, and this is its horizontal plate, this is the perpendicular plate, and at its posterior junction is the pyramidal process, which we are discussing. And this will enter the pterygoid fissure. Here you can see how these two are joined like this. And subsequently, this pyramidal process will fill the space of this pterygoid fossa. Let me show you between another sphenoid and palatine bone. So, this is another sphenoid, and this is the maxilla articulated with the palatine bone. So, this is the perpendicular plate, this is the horizontal plate, and here is the pyramidal process. Now, here is the pterygoid fissure, and it will be filed by this pyramidal process. So, this is how they will join, and subsequently, as you have discussed, this pyramidal process will fill the gap of this pterygoid fossa. So, this is how the articulation will be. Now, on the superior border, as you have discussed, these two plates fuse, and here it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygopalatine fossa. Now, in the case of the pterygoid plate, first, the lateral pterygoid plate, which is quadrilateral, and it deviates laterally. It has two surfaces: lateral and medial, plus it has anterior and posterior two borders. The anterior border is free, and it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygomaxillary fissure. I will show you clearly on the skull. So, here you can see this is the lateral pterygoid plate, and this is the pterygomaxillary fissure. Now, this pterygomaxillary fissure communicates the infratemporal fossa with the pterygopalatine fossa. See this. It is a fissure between the anterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate and posteriorly this maxilla. See this. Now, this posterior border is again free, and in the middle, it shows a bony process, and it will articulate with the spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. The same thing we have already discussed with this spine of the sphenoid, but let me show you again. So, this is the posterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate, and here is the bony process that you will articulate with this spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. Now, this lateral surface forms the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. So, this is the region of the infratemporal fossa. And here you can see this lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will form the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. For detailed description of the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa, you can watch my separate video. Besides that, it also provides the main attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Whereas the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will provide the main attachment of the medial pterygoid muscle. So, you can say that on both sides of the lateral pterygoid plate, the lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid muscles are attached. Now, the next is the medial pterygoid plate, similar to the lateral pterygoid plate. It has two borders: anterior and posterior, plus two surfaces: medial and lateral. This entire border will articulate along its posterior border with the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone. So, here is the right palatine bone I have, and this is its horizontal plate, this is the perpendicular plate, and at its posterior junction is the pyramidal process, which we are discussing. And this will enter the pterygoid fissure. Here you can see how these two are joined like this. And subsequently, this pyramidal process will fill the space of this pterygoid fossa. Let me show you between another sphenoid and palatine bone. So, this is another sphenoid, and this is the maxilla articulated with the palatine bone. So, this is the perpendicular plate, this is the horizontal plate, and here is the pyramidal process. Now, here is the pterygoid fissure, and it will be filed by this pyramidal process. So, this is how they will join, and subsequently, as you have discussed, this pyramidal process will fill the gap of this pterygoid fossa. So, this is how the articulation will be. Now, on the superior border, as you have discussed, these two plates fuse, and here it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygopalatine fossa. Now, in the case of the pterygoid plate, first, the lateral pterygoid plate, which is quadrilateral, and it deviates laterally. It has two surfaces: lateral and medial, plus it has anterior and posterior two borders. The anterior border is free, and it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygomaxillary fissure. I will show you clearly on the skull. So, here you can see this is the lateral pterygoid plate, and this is the pterygomaxillary fissure. Now, this pterygomaxillary fissure communicates the infratemporal fossa with the pterygopalatine fossa. See this. It is a fissure between the anterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate and posteriorly this maxilla. See this. Now, this posterior border is again free, and in the middle, it shows a bony process, and it will articulate with the spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. The same thing we have already discussed with this spine of the sphenoid, but let me show you again. So, this is the posterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate, and here is the bony process that you will articulate with this spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. Now, this lateral surface forms the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. So, this is the region of the infratemporal fossa. And here you can see this lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will form the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. For detailed description of the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa, you can watch my separate video. Besides that, it also provides the main attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Whereas the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will provide the main attachment of the medial pterygoid muscle. So, you can say that on both sides of the lateral pterygoid plate, the lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid muscles are attached. Now, the next is the medial pterygoid plate, similar to the lateral pterygoid plate. It has two borders: anterior and posterior, plus two surfaces: medial and lateral. This entire border will articulate along its posterior border with the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone. So, here is the right palatine bone I have, and this is its horizontal plate, this is the perpendicular plate, and at its posterior junction is the pyramidal process, which we are discussing. And this will enter the pterygoid fissure. Here you can see how these two are joined like this. And subsequently, this pyramidal process will fill the space of this pterygoid fossa. Let me show you between another sphenoid and palatine bone. So, this is another sphenoid, and this is the maxilla articulated with the palatine bone. So, this is the perpendicular plate, this is the horizontal plate, and here is the pyramidal process. Now, here is the pterygoid fissure, and it will be filed by this pyramidal process. So, this is how they will join, and subsequently, as you have discussed, this pyramidal process will fill the gap of this pterygoid fossa. So, this is how the articulation will be. Now, on the superior border, as you have discussed, these two plates fuse, and here it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygopalatine fossa. Now, in the case of the pterygoid plate, first, the lateral pterygoid plate, which is quadrilateral, and it deviates laterally. It has two surfaces: lateral and medial, plus it has anterior and posterior two borders. The anterior border is free, and it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygomaxillary fissure. I will show you clearly on the skull. So, here you can see this is the lateral pterygoid plate, and this is the pterygomaxillary fissure. Now, this pterygomaxillary fissure communicates the infratemporal fossa with the pterygopalatine fossa. See this. It is a fissure between the anterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate and posteriorly this maxilla. See this. Now, this posterior border is again free, and in the middle, it shows a bony process, and it will articulate with the spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. The same thing we have already discussed with this spine of the sphenoid, but let me show you again. So, this is the posterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate, and here is the bony process that you will articulate with this spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. Now, this lateral surface forms the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. So, this is the region of the infratemporal fossa. And here you can see this lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will form the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. For detailed description of the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa, you can watch my separate video. Besides that, it also provides the main attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Whereas the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will provide the main attachment of the medial pterygoid muscle. So, you can say that on both sides of the lateral pterygoid plate, the lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid muscles are attached. Now, the next is the medial pterygoid plate, similar to the lateral pterygoid plate. It has two borders: anterior and posterior, plus two surfaces: medial and lateral. This entire border will articulate along its posterior border with the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone. So, here is the right palatine bone I have, and this is its horizontal plate, this is the perpendicular plate, and at its posterior junction is the pyramidal process, which we are discussing. And this will enter the pterygoid fissure. Here you can see how these two are joined like this. And subsequently, this pyramidal process will fill the space of this pterygoid fossa. Let me show you between another sphenoid and palatine bone. So, this is another sphenoid, and this is the maxilla articulated with the palatine bone. So, this is the perpendicular plate, this is the horizontal plate, and here is the pyramidal process. Now, here is the pterygoid fissure, and it will be filed by this pyramidal process. So, this is how they will join, and subsequently, as you have discussed, this pyramidal process will fill the gap of this pterygoid fossa. So, this is how the articulation will be. Now, on the superior border, as you have discussed, these two plates fuse, and here it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygopalatine fossa. Now, in the case of the pterygoid plate, first, the lateral pterygoid plate, which is quadrilateral, and it deviates laterally. It has two surfaces: lateral and medial, plus it has anterior and posterior two borders. The anterior border is free, and it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygomaxillary fissure. I will show you clearly on the skull. So, here you can see this is the lateral pterygoid plate, and this is the pterygomaxillary fissure. Now, this pterygomaxillary fissure communicates the infratemporal fossa with the pterygopalatine fossa. See this. It is a fissure between the anterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate and posteriorly this maxilla. See this. Now, this posterior border is again free, and in the middle, it shows a bony process, and it will articulate with the spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. The same thing we have already discussed with this spine of the sphenoid, but let me show you again. So, this is the posterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate, and here is the bony process that you will articulate with this spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. Now, this lateral surface forms the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. So, this is the region of the infratemporal fossa. And here you can see this lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will form the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. For detailed description of the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa, you can watch my separate video. Besides that, it also provides the main attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Whereas the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will provide the main attachment of the medial pterygoid muscle. So, you can say that on both sides of the lateral pterygoid plate, the lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid muscles are attached. Now, the next is the medial pterygoid plate, similar to the lateral pterygoid plate. It has two borders: anterior and posterior, plus two surfaces: medial and lateral. This entire border will articulate along its posterior border with the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone. So, here is the right palatine bone I have, and this is its horizontal plate, this is the perpendicular plate, and at its posterior junction is the pyramidal process, which we are discussing. And this will enter the pterygoid fissure. Here you can see how these two are joined like this. And subsequently, this pyramidal process will fill the space of this pterygoid fossa. Let me show you between another sphenoid and palatine bone. So, this is another sphenoid, and this is the maxilla articulated with the palatine bone. So, this is the perpendicular plate, this is the horizontal plate, and here is the pyramidal process. Now, here is the pterygoid fissure, and it will be filed by this pyramidal process. So, this is how they will join, and subsequently, as you have discussed, this pyramidal process will fill the gap of this pterygoid fossa. So, this is how the articulation will be. Now, on the superior border, as you have discussed, these two plates fuse, and here it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygopalatine fossa. Now, in the case of the pterygoid plate, first, the lateral pterygoid plate, which is quadrilateral, and it deviates laterally. It has two surfaces: lateral and medial, plus it has anterior and posterior two borders. The anterior border is free, and it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygomaxillary fissure. I will show you clearly on the skull. So, here you can see this is the lateral pterygoid plate, and this is the pterygomaxillary fissure. Now, this pterygomaxillary fissure communicates the infratemporal fossa with the pterygopalatine fossa. See this. It is a fissure between the anterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate and posteriorly this maxilla. See this. Now, this posterior border is again free, and in the middle, it shows a bony process, and it will articulate with the spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. The same thing we have already discussed with this spine of the sphenoid, but let me show you again. So, this is the posterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate, and here is the bony process that you will articulate with this spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. Now, this lateral surface forms the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. So, this is the region of the infratemporal fossa. And here you can see this lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will form the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. For detailed description of the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa, you can watch my separate video. Besides that, it also provides the main attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Whereas the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will provide the main attachment of the medial pterygoid muscle. So, you can say that on both sides of the lateral pterygoid plate, the lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid muscles are attached. Now, the next is the medial pterygoid plate, similar to the lateral pterygoid plate. It has two borders: anterior and posterior, plus two surfaces: medial and lateral. This entire border will articulate along its posterior border with the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone. So, here is the right palatine bone I have, and this is its horizontal plate, this is the perpendicular plate, and at its posterior junction is the pyramidal process, which we are discussing. And this will enter the pterygoid fissure. Here you can see how these two are joined like this. And subsequently, this pyramidal process will fill the space of this pterygoid fossa. Let me show you between another sphenoid and palatine bone. So, this is another sphenoid, and this is the maxilla articulated with the palatine bone. So, this is the perpendicular plate, this is the horizontal plate, and here is the pyramidal process. Now, here is the pterygoid fissure, and it will be filed by this pyramidal process. So, this is how they will join, and subsequently, as you have discussed, this pyramidal process will fill the gap of this pterygoid fossa. So, this is how the articulation will be. Now, on the superior border, as you have discussed, these two plates fuse, and here it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygopalatine fossa. Now, in the case of the pterygoid plate, first, the lateral pterygoid plate, which is quadrilateral, and it deviates laterally. It has two surfaces: lateral and medial, plus it has anterior and posterior two borders. The anterior border is free, and it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygomaxillary fissure. I will show you clearly on the skull. So, here you can see this is the lateral pterygoid plate, and this is the pterygomaxillary fissure. Now, this pterygomaxillary fissure communicates the infratemporal fossa with the pterygopalatine fossa. See this. It is a fissure between the anterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate and posteriorly this maxilla. See this. Now, this posterior border is again free, and in the middle, it shows a bony process, and it will articulate with the spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. The same thing we have already discussed with this spine of the sphenoid, but let me show you again. So, this is the posterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate, and here is the bony process that you will articulate with this spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. Now, this lateral surface forms the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. So, this is the region of the infratemporal fossa. And here you can see this lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will form the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. For detailed description of the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa, you can watch my separate video. Besides that, it also provides the main attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Whereas the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will provide the main attachment of the medial pterygoid muscle. So, you can say that on both sides of the lateral pterygoid plate, the lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid muscles are attached. Now, the next is the medial pterygoid plate, similar to the lateral pterygoid plate. It has two borders: anterior and posterior, plus two surfaces: medial and lateral. This entire border will articulate along its posterior border with the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone. So, here is the right palatine bone I have, and this is its horizontal plate, this is the perpendicular plate, and at its posterior junction is the pyramidal process, which we are discussing. And this will enter the pterygoid fissure. Here you can see how these two are joined like this. And subsequently, this pyramidal process will fill the space of this pterygoid fossa. Let me show you between another sphenoid and palatine bone. So, this is another sphenoid, and this is the maxilla articulated with the palatine bone. So, this is the perpendicular plate, this is the horizontal plate, and here is the pyramidal process. Now, here is the pterygoid fissure, and it will be filed by this pyramidal process. So, this is how they will join, and subsequently, as you have discussed, this pyramidal process will fill the gap of this pterygoid fossa. So, this is how the articulation will be. Now, on the superior border, as you have discussed, these two plates fuse, and here it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygopalatine fossa. Now, in the case of the pterygoid plate, first, the lateral pterygoid plate, which is quadrilateral, and it deviates laterally. It has two surfaces: lateral and medial, plus it has anterior and posterior two borders. The anterior border is free, and it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygomaxillary fissure. I will show you clearly on the skull. So, here you can see this is the lateral pterygoid plate, and this is the pterygomaxillary fissure. Now, this pterygomaxillary fissure communicates the infratemporal fossa with the pterygopalatine fossa. See this. It is a fissure between the anterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate and posteriorly this maxilla. See this. Now, this posterior border is again free, and in the middle, it shows a bony process, and it will articulate with the spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. The same thing we have already discussed with this spine of the sphenoid, but let me show you again. So, this is the posterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate, and here is the bony process that you will articulate with this spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. Now, this lateral surface forms the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. So, this is the region of the infratemporal fossa. And here you can see this lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will form the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. For detailed description of the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa, you can watch my separate video. Besides that, it also provides the main attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Whereas the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will provide the main attachment of the medial pterygoid muscle. So, you can say that on both sides of the lateral pterygoid plate, the lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid muscles are attached. Now, the next is the medial pterygoid plate, similar to the lateral pterygoid plate. It has two borders: anterior and posterior, plus two surfaces: medial and lateral. This entire border will articulate along its posterior border with the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone. So, here is the right palatine bone I have, and this is its horizontal plate, this is the perpendicular plate, and at its posterior junction is the pyramidal process, which we are discussing. And this will enter the pterygoid fissure. Here you can see how these two are joined like this. And subsequently, this pyramidal process will fill the space of this pterygoid fossa. Let me show you between another sphenoid and palatine bone. So, this is another sphenoid, and this is the maxilla articulated with the palatine bone. So, this is the perpendicular plate, this is the horizontal plate, and here is the pyramidal process. Now, here is the pterygoid fissure, and it will be filed by this pyramidal process. So, this is how they will join, and subsequently, as you have discussed, this pyramidal process will fill the gap of this pterygoid fossa. So, this is how the articulation will be. Now, on the superior border, as you have discussed, these two plates fuse, and here it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygopalatine fossa. Now, in the case of the pterygoid plate, first, the lateral pterygoid plate, which is quadrilateral, and it deviates laterally. It has two surfaces: lateral and medial, plus it has anterior and posterior two borders. The anterior border is free, and it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygomaxillary fissure. I will show you clearly on the skull. So, here you can see this is the lateral pterygoid plate, and this is the pterygomaxillary fissure. Now, this pterygomaxillary fissure communicates the infratemporal fossa with the pterygopalatine fossa. See this. It is a fissure between the anterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate and posteriorly this maxilla. See this. Now, this posterior border is again free, and in the middle, it shows a bony process, and it will articulate with the spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. The same thing we have already discussed with this spine of the sphenoid, but let me show you again. So, this is the posterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate, and here is the bony process that you will articulate with this spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. Now, this lateral surface forms the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. So, this is the region of the infratemporal fossa. And here you can see this lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will form the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. For detailed description of the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa, you can watch my separate video. Besides that, it also provides the main attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Whereas the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will provide the main attachment of the medial pterygoid muscle. So, you can say that on both sides of the lateral pterygoid plate, the lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid muscles are attached. Now, the next is the medial pterygoid plate, similar to the lateral pterygoid plate. It has two borders: anterior and posterior, plus two surfaces: medial and lateral. This entire border will articulate along its posterior border with the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone. So, here is the right palatine bone I have, and this is its horizontal plate, this is the perpendicular plate, and at its posterior junction is the pyramidal process, which we are discussing. And this will enter the pterygoid fissure. Here you can see how these two are joined like this. And subsequently, this pyramidal process will fill the space of this pterygoid fossa. Let me show you between another sphenoid and palatine bone. So, this is another sphenoid, and this is the maxilla articulated with the palatine bone. So, this is the perpendicular plate, this is the horizontal plate, and here is the pyramidal process. Now, here is the pterygoid fissure, and it will be filed by this pyramidal process. So, this is how they will join, and subsequently, as you have discussed, this pyramidal process will fill the gap of this pterygoid fossa. So, this is how the articulation will be. Now, on the superior border, as you have discussed, these two plates fuse, and here it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygopalatine fossa. Now, in the case of the pterygoid plate, first, the lateral pterygoid plate, which is quadrilateral, and it deviates laterally. It has two surfaces: lateral and medial, plus it has anterior and posterior two borders. The anterior border is free, and it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygomaxillary fissure. I will show you clearly on the skull. So, here you can see this is the lateral pterygoid plate, and this is the pterygomaxillary fissure. Now, this pterygomaxillary fissure communicates the infratemporal fossa with the pterygopalatine fossa. See this. It is a fissure between the anterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate and posteriorly this maxilla. See this. Now, this posterior border is again free, and in the middle, it shows a bony process, and it will articulate with the spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. The same thing we have already discussed with this spine of the sphenoid, but let me show you again. So, this is the posterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate, and here is the bony process that you will articulate with this spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. Now, this lateral surface forms the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. So, this is the region of the infratemporal fossa. And here you can see this lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will form the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. For detailed description of the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa, you can watch my separate video. Besides that, it also provides the main attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Whereas the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will provide the main attachment of the medial pterygoid muscle. So, you can say that on both sides of the lateral pterygoid plate, the lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid muscles are attached. Now, the next is the medial pterygoid plate, similar to the lateral pterygoid plate. It has two borders: anterior and posterior, plus two surfaces: medial and lateral. This entire border will articulate along its posterior border with the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone. So, here is the right palatine bone I have, and this is its horizontal plate, this is the perpendicular plate, and at its posterior junction is the pyramidal process, which we are discussing. And this will enter the pterygoid fissure. Here you can see how these two are joined like this. And subsequently, this pyramidal process will fill the space of this pterygoid fossa. Let me show you between another sphenoid and palatine bone. So, this is another sphenoid, and this is the maxilla articulated with the palatine bone. So, this is the perpendicular plate, this is the horizontal plate, and here is the pyramidal process. Now, here is the pterygoid fissure, and it will be filed by this pyramidal process. So, this is how they will join, and subsequently, as you have discussed, this pyramidal process will fill the gap of this pterygoid fossa. So, this is how the articulation will be. Now, on the superior border, as you have discussed, these two plates fuse, and here it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygopalatine fossa. Now, in the case of the pterygoid plate, first, the lateral pterygoid plate, which is quadrilateral, and it deviates laterally. It has two surfaces: lateral and medial, plus it has anterior and posterior two borders. The anterior border is free, and it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygomaxillary fissure. I will show you clearly on the skull. So, here you can see this is the lateral pterygoid plate, and this is the pterygomaxillary fissure. Now, this pterygomaxillary fissure communicates the infratemporal fossa with the pterygopalatine fossa. See this. It is a fissure between the anterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate and posteriorly this maxilla. See this. Now, this posterior border is again free, and in the middle, it shows a bony process, and it will articulate with the spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. The same thing we have already discussed with this spine of the sphenoid, but let me show you again. So, this is the posterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate, and here is the bony process that you will articulate with this spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. Now, this lateral surface forms the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. So, this is the region of the infratemporal fossa. And here you can see this lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will form the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. For detailed description of the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa, you can watch my separate video. Besides that, it also provides the main attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Whereas the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will provide the main attachment of the medial pterygoid muscle. So, you can say that on both sides of the lateral pterygoid plate, the lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid muscles are attached. Now, the next is the medial pterygoid plate, similar to the lateral pterygoid plate. It has two borders: anterior and posterior, plus two surfaces: medial and lateral. This entire border will articulate along its posterior border with the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone. So, here is the right palatine bone I have, and this is its horizontal plate, this is the perpendicular plate, and at its posterior junction is the pyramidal process, which we are discussing. And this will enter the pterygoid fissure. Here you can see how these two are joined like this. And subsequently, this pyramidal process will fill the space of this pterygoid fossa. Let me show you between another sphenoid and palatine bone. So, this is another sphenoid, and this is the maxilla articulated with the palatine bone. So, this is the perpendicular plate, this is the horizontal plate, and here is the pyramidal process. Now, here is the pterygoid fissure, and it will be filed by this pyramidal process. So, this is how they will join, and subsequently, as you have discussed, this pyramidal process will fill the gap of this pterygoid fossa. So, this is how the articulation will be. Now, on the superior border, as you have discussed, these two plates fuse, and here it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygopalatine fossa. Now, in the case of the pterygoid plate, first, the lateral pterygoid plate, which is quadrilateral, and it deviates laterally. It has two surfaces: lateral and medial, plus it has anterior and posterior two borders. The anterior border is free, and it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygomaxillary fissure. I will show you clearly on the skull. So, here you can see this is the lateral pterygoid plate, and this is the pterygomaxillary fissure. Now, this pterygomaxillary fissure communicates the infratemporal fossa with the pterygopalatine fossa. See this. It is a fissure between the anterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate and posteriorly this maxilla. See this. Now, this posterior border is again free, and in the middle, it shows a bony process, and it will articulate with the spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. The same thing we have already discussed with this spine of the sphenoid, but let me show you again. So, this is the posterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate, and here is the bony process that you will articulate with this spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. Now, this lateral surface forms the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. So, this is the region of the infratemporal fossa. And here you can see this lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will form the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. For detailed description of the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa, you can watch my separate video. Besides that, it also provides the main attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Whereas the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will provide the main attachment of the medial pterygoid muscle. So, you can say that on both sides of the lateral pterygoid plate, the lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid muscles are attached. Now, the next is the medial pterygoid plate, similar to the lateral pterygoid plate. It has two borders: anterior and posterior, plus two surfaces: medial and lateral. This entire border will articulate along its posterior border with the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone. So, here is the right palatine bone I have, and this is its horizontal plate, this is the perpendicular plate, and at its posterior junction is the pyramidal process, which we are discussing. And this will enter the pterygoid fissure. Here you can see how these two are joined like this. And subsequently, this pyramidal process will fill the space of this pterygoid fossa. Let me show you between another sphenoid and palatine bone. So, this is another sphenoid, and this is the maxilla articulated with the palatine bone. So, this is the perpendicular plate, this is the horizontal plate, and here is the pyramidal process. Now, here is the pterygoid fissure, and it will be filed by this pyramidal process. So, this is how they will join, and subsequently, as you have discussed, this pyramidal process will fill the gap of this pterygoid fossa. So, this is how the articulation will be. Now, on the superior border, as you have discussed, these two plates fuse, and here it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygopalatine fossa. Now, in the case of the pterygoid plate, first, the lateral pterygoid plate, which is quadrilateral, and it deviates laterally. It has two surfaces: lateral and medial, plus it has anterior and posterior two borders. The anterior border is free, and it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygomaxillary fissure. I will show you clearly on the skull. So, here you can see this is the lateral pterygoid plate, and this is the pterygomaxillary fissure. Now, this pterygomaxillary fissure communicates the infratemporal fossa with the pterygopalatine fossa. See this. It is a fissure between the anterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate and posteriorly this maxilla. See this. Now, this posterior border is again free, and in the middle, it shows a bony process, and it will articulate with the spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. The same thing we have already discussed with this spine of the sphenoid, but let me show you again. So, this is the posterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate, and here is the bony process that you will articulate with this spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. Now, this lateral surface forms the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. So, this is the region of the infratemporal fossa. And here you can see this lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will form the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. For detailed description of the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa, you can watch my separate video. Besides that, it also provides the main attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Whereas the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will provide the main attachment of the medial pterygoid muscle. So, you can say that on both sides of the lateral pterygoid plate, the lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid muscles are attached. Now, the next is the medial pterygoid plate, similar to the lateral pterygoid plate. It has two borders: anterior and posterior, plus two surfaces: medial and lateral. This entire border will articulate along its posterior border with the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone. So, here is the right palatine bone I have, and this is its horizontal plate, this is the perpendicular plate, and at its posterior junction is the pyramidal process, which we are discussing. And this will enter the pterygoid fissure. Here you can see how these two are joined like this. And subsequently, this pyramidal process will fill the space of this pterygoid fossa. Let me show you between another sphenoid and palatine bone. So, this is another sphenoid, and this is the maxilla articulated with the palatine bone. So, this is the perpendicular plate, this is the horizontal plate, and here is the pyramidal process. Now, here is the pterygoid fissure, and it will be filed by this pyramidal process. So, this is how they will join, and subsequently, as you have discussed, this pyramidal process will fill the gap of this pterygoid fossa. So, this is how the articulation will be. Now, on the superior border, as you have discussed, these two plates fuse, and here it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygopalatine fossa. Now, in the case of the pterygoid plate, first, the lateral pterygoid plate, which is quadrilateral, and it deviates laterally. It has two surfaces: lateral and medial, plus it has anterior and posterior two borders. The anterior border is free, and it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygomaxillary fissure. I will show you clearly on the skull. So, here you can see this is the lateral pterygoid plate, and this is the pterygomaxillary fissure. Now, this pterygomaxillary fissure communicates the infratemporal fossa with the pterygopalatine fossa. See this. It is a fissure between the anterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate and posteriorly this maxilla. See this. Now, this posterior border is again free, and in the middle, it shows a bony process, and it will articulate with the spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. The same thing we have already discussed with this spine of the sphenoid, but let me show you again. So, this is the posterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate, and here is the bony process that you will articulate with this spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. Now, this lateral surface forms the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. So, this is the region of the infratemporal fossa. And here you can see this lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will form the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. For detailed description of the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa, you can watch my separate video. Besides that, it also provides the main attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Whereas the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will provide the main attachment of the medial pterygoid muscle. So, you can say that on both sides of the lateral pterygoid plate, the lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid muscles are attached. Now, the next is the medial pterygoid plate, similar to the lateral pterygoid plate. It has two borders: anterior and posterior, plus two surfaces: medial and lateral. This entire border will articulate along its posterior border with the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone. So, here is the right palatine bone I have, and this is its horizontal plate, this is the perpendicular plate, and at its posterior junction is the pyramidal process, which we are discussing. And this will enter the pterygoid fissure. Here you can see how these two are joined like this. And subsequently, this pyramidal process will fill the space of this pterygoid fossa. Let me show you between another sphenoid and palatine bone. So, this is another sphenoid, and this is the maxilla articulated with the palatine bone. So, this is the perpendicular plate, this is the horizontal plate, and here is the pyramidal process. Now, here is the pterygoid fissure, and it will be filed by this pyramidal process. So, this is how they will join, and subsequently, as you have discussed, this pyramidal process will fill the gap of this pterygoid fossa. So, this is how the articulation will be. Now, on the superior border, as you have discussed, these two plates fuse, and here it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygopalatine fossa. Now, in the case of the pterygoid plate, first, the lateral pterygoid plate, which is quadrilateral, and it deviates laterally. It has two surfaces: lateral and medial, plus it has anterior and posterior two borders. The anterior border is free, and it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygomaxillary fissure. I will show you clearly on the skull. So, here you can see this is the lateral pterygoid plate, and this is the pterygomaxillary fissure. Now, this pterygomaxillary fissure communicates the infratemporal fossa with the pterygopalatine fossa. See this. It is a fissure between the anterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate and posteriorly this maxilla. See this. Now, this posterior border is again free, and in the middle, it shows a bony process, and it will articulate with the spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. The same thing we have already discussed with this spine of the sphenoid, but let me show you again. So, this is the posterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate, and here is the bony process that you will articulate with this spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. Now, this lateral surface forms the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. So, this is the region of the infratemporal fossa. And here you can see this lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will form the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. For detailed description of the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa, you can watch my separate video. Besides that, it also provides the main attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Whereas the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will provide the main attachment of the medial pterygoid muscle. So, you can say that on both sides of the lateral pterygoid plate, the lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid muscles are attached. Now, the next is the medial pterygoid plate, similar to the lateral pterygoid plate. It has two borders: anterior and posterior, plus two surfaces: medial and lateral. This entire border will articulate along its posterior border with the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone. So, here is the right palatine bone I have, and this is its horizontal plate, this is the perpendicular plate, and at its posterior junction is the pyramidal process, which we are discussing. And this will enter the pterygoid fissure. Here you can see how these two are joined like this. And subsequently, this pyramidal process will fill the space of this pterygoid fossa. Let me show you between another sphenoid and palatine bone. So, this is another sphenoid, and this is the maxilla articulated with the palatine bone. So, this is the perpendicular plate, this is the horizontal plate, and here is the pyramidal process. Now, here is the pterygoid fissure, and it will be filed by this pyramidal process. So, this is how they will join, and subsequently, as you have discussed, this pyramidal process will fill the gap of this pterygoid fossa. So, this is how the articulation will be. Now, on the superior border, as you have discussed, these two plates fuse, and here it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygopalatine fossa. Now, in the case of the pterygoid plate, first, the lateral pterygoid plate, which is quadrilateral, and it deviates laterally. It has two surfaces: lateral and medial, plus it has anterior and posterior two borders. The anterior border is free, and it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygomaxillary fissure. I will show you clearly on the skull. So, here you can see this is the lateral pterygoid plate, and this is the pterygomaxillary fissure. Now, this pterygomaxillary fissure communicates the infratemporal fossa with the pterygopalatine fossa. See this. It is a fissure between the anterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate and posteriorly this maxilla. See this. Now, this posterior border is again free, and in the middle, it shows a bony process, and it will articulate with the spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. The same thing we have already discussed with this spine of the sphenoid, but let me show you again. So, this is the posterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate, and here is the bony process that you will articulate with this spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. Now, this lateral surface forms the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. So, this is the region of the infratemporal fossa. And here you can see this lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will form the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. For detailed description of the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa, you can watch my separate video. Besides that, it also provides the main attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Whereas the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will provide the main attachment of the medial pterygoid muscle. So, you can say that on both sides of the lateral pterygoid plate, the lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid muscles are attached. Now, the next is the medial pterygoid plate, similar to the lateral pterygoid plate. It has two borders: anterior and posterior, plus two surfaces: medial and lateral. This entire border will articulate along its posterior border with the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone. So, here is the right palatine bone I have, and this is its horizontal plate, this is the perpendicular plate, and at its posterior junction is the pyramidal process, which we are discussing. And this will enter the pterygoid fissure. Here you can see how these two are joined like this. And subsequently, this pyramidal process will fill the space of this pterygoid fossa. Let me show you between another sphenoid and palatine bone. So, this is another sphenoid, and this is the maxilla articulated with the palatine bone. So, this is the perpendicular plate, this is the horizontal plate, and here is the pyramidal process. Now, here is the pterygoid fissure, and it will be filed by this pyramidal process. So, this is how they will join, and subsequently, as you have discussed, this pyramidal process will fill the gap of this pterygoid fossa. So, this is how the articulation will be. Now, on the superior border, as you have discussed, these two plates fuse, and here it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygopalatine fossa. Now, in the case of the pterygoid plate, first, the lateral pterygoid plate, which is quadrilateral, and it deviates laterally. It has two surfaces: lateral and medial, plus it has anterior and posterior two borders. The anterior border is free, and it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygomaxillary fissure. I will show you clearly on the skull. So, here you can see this is the lateral pterygoid plate, and this is the pterygomaxillary fissure. Now, this pterygomaxillary fissure communicates the infratemporal fossa with the pterygopalatine fossa. See this. It is a fissure between the anterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate and posteriorly this maxilla. See this. Now, this posterior border is again free, and in the middle, it shows a bony process, and it will articulate with the spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. The same thing we have already discussed with this spine of the sphenoid, but let me show you again. So, this is the posterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate, and here is the bony process that you will articulate with this spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. Now, this lateral surface forms the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. So, this is the region of the infratemporal fossa. And here you can see this lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will form the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. For detailed description of the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa, you can watch my separate video. Besides that, it also provides the main attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Whereas the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will provide the main attachment of the medial pterygoid muscle. So, you can say that on both sides of the lateral pterygoid plate, the lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid muscles are attached. Now, the next is the medial pterygoid plate, similar to the lateral pterygoid plate. It has two borders: anterior and posterior, plus two surfaces: medial and lateral. This entire border will articulate along its posterior border with the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone. So, here is the right palatine bone I have, and this is its horizontal plate, this is the perpendicular plate, and at its posterior junction is the pyramidal process, which we are discussing. And this will enter the pterygoid fissure. Here you can see how these two are joined like this. And subsequently, this pyramidal process will fill the space of this pterygoid fossa. Let me show you between another sphenoid and palatine bone. So, this is another sphenoid, and this is the maxilla articulated with the palatine bone. So, this is the perpendicular plate, this is the horizontal plate, and here is the pyramidal process. Now, here is the pterygoid fissure, and it will be filed by this pyramidal process. So, this is how they will join, and subsequently, as you have discussed, this pyramidal process will fill the gap of this pterygoid fossa. So, this is how the articulation will be. Now, on the superior border, as you have discussed, these two plates fuse, and here it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygopalatine fossa. Now, in the case of the pterygoid plate, first, the lateral pterygoid plate, which is quadrilateral, and it deviates laterally. It has two surfaces: lateral and medial, plus it has anterior and posterior two borders. The anterior border is free, and it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygomaxillary fissure. I will show you clearly on the skull. So, here you can see this is the lateral pterygoid plate, and this is the pterygomaxillary fissure. Now, this pterygomaxillary fissure communicates the infratemporal fossa with the pterygopalatine fossa. See this. It is a fissure between the anterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate and posteriorly this maxilla. See this. Now, this posterior border is again free, and in the middle, it shows a bony process, and it will articulate with the spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. The same thing we have already discussed with this spine of the sphenoid, but let me show you again. So, this is the posterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate, and here is the bony process that you will articulate with this spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. Now, this lateral surface forms the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. So, this is the region of the infratemporal fossa. And here you can see this lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will form the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. For detailed description of the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa, you can watch my separate video. Besides that, it also provides the main attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Whereas the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will provide the main attachment of the medial pterygoid muscle. So, you can say that on both sides of the lateral pterygoid plate, the lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid muscles are attached. Now, the next is the medial pterygoid plate, similar to the lateral pterygoid plate. It has two borders: anterior and posterior, plus two surfaces: medial and lateral. This entire border will articulate along its posterior border with the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone. So, here is the right palatine bone I have, and this is its horizontal plate, this is the perpendicular plate, and at its posterior junction is the pyramidal process, which we are discussing. And this will enter the pterygoid fissure. Here you can see how these two are joined like this. And subsequently, this pyramidal process will fill the space of this pterygoid fossa. Let me show you between another sphenoid and palatine bone. So, this is another sphenoid, and this is the maxilla articulated with the palatine bone. So, this is the perpendicular plate, this is the horizontal plate, and here is the pyramidal process. Now, here is the pterygoid fissure, and it will be filed by this pyramidal process. So, this is how they will join, and subsequently, as you have discussed, this pyramidal process will fill the gap of this pterygoid fossa. So, this is how the articulation will be. Now, on the superior border, as you have discussed, these two plates fuse, and here it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygopalatine fossa. Now, in the case of the pterygoid plate, first, the lateral pterygoid plate, which is quadrilateral, and it deviates laterally. It has two surfaces: lateral and medial, plus it has anterior and posterior two borders. The anterior border is free, and it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygomaxillary fissure. I will show you clearly on the skull. So, here you can see this is the lateral pterygoid plate, and this is the pterygomaxillary fissure. Now, this pterygomaxillary fissure communicates the infratemporal fossa with the pterygopalatine fossa. See this. It is a fissure between the anterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate and posteriorly this maxilla. See this. Now, this posterior border is again free, and in the middle, it shows a bony process, and it will articulate with the spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. The same thing we have already discussed with this spine of the sphenoid, but let me show you again. So, this is the posterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate, and here is the bony process that you will articulate with this spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. Now, this lateral surface forms the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. So, this is the region of the infratemporal fossa. And here you can see this lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will form the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. For detailed description of the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa, you can watch my separate video. Besides that, it also provides the main attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Whereas the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will provide the main attachment of the medial pterygoid muscle. So, you can say that on both sides of the lateral pterygoid plate, the lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid muscles are attached. Now, the next is the medial pterygoid plate, similar to the lateral pterygoid plate. It has two borders: anterior and posterior, plus two surfaces: medial and lateral. This entire border will articulate along its posterior border with the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone. So, here is the right palatine bone I have, and this is its horizontal plate, this is the perpendicular plate, and at its posterior junction is the pyramidal process, which we are discussing. And this will enter the pterygoid fissure. Here you can see how these two are joined like this. And subsequently, this pyramidal process will fill the space of this pterygoid fossa. Let me show you between another sphenoid and palatine bone. So, this is another sphenoid, and this is the maxilla articulated with the palatine bone. So, this is the perpendicular plate, this is the horizontal plate, and here is the pyramidal process. Now, here is the pterygoid fissure, and it will be filed by this pyramidal process. So, this is how they will join, and subsequently, as you have discussed, this pyramidal process will fill the gap of this pterygoid fossa. So, this is how the articulation will be. Now, on the superior border, as you have discussed, these two plates fuse, and here it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygopalatine fossa. Now, in the case of the pterygoid plate, first, the lateral pterygoid plate, which is quadrilateral, and it deviates laterally. It has two surfaces: lateral and medial, plus it has anterior and posterior two borders. The anterior border is free, and it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygomaxillary fissure. I will show you clearly on the skull. So, here you can see this is the lateral pterygoid plate, and this is the pterygomaxillary fissure. Now, this pterygomaxillary fissure communicates the infratemporal fossa with the pterygopalatine fossa. See this. It is a fissure between the anterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate and posteriorly this maxilla. See this. Now, this posterior border is again free, and in the middle, it shows a bony process, and it will articulate with the spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. The same thing we have already discussed with this spine of the sphenoid, but let me show you again. So, this is the posterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate, and here is the bony process that you will articulate with this spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. Now, this lateral surface forms the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. So, this is the region of the infratemporal fossa. And here you can see this lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will form the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. For detailed description of the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa, you can watch my separate video. Besides that, it also provides the main attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Whereas the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will provide the main attachment of the medial pterygoid muscle. So, you can say that on both sides of the lateral pterygoid plate, the lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid muscles are attached. Now, the next is the medial pterygoid plate, similar to the lateral pterygoid plate. It has two borders: anterior and posterior, plus two surfaces: medial and lateral. This entire border will articulate along its posterior border with the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone. So, here is the right palatine bone I have, and this is its horizontal plate, this is the perpendicular plate, and at its posterior junction is the pyramidal process, which we are discussing. And this will enter the pterygoid fissure. Here you can see how these two are joined like this. And subsequently, this pyramidal process will fill the space of this pterygoid fossa. Let me show you between another sphenoid and palatine bone. So, this is another sphenoid, and this is the maxilla articulated with the palatine bone. So, this is the perpendicular plate, this is the horizontal plate, and here is the pyramidal process. Now, here is the pterygoid fissure, and it will be filed by this pyramidal process. So, this is how they will join, and subsequently, as you have discussed, this pyramidal process will fill the gap of this pterygoid fossa. So, this is how the articulation will be. Now, on the superior border, as you have discussed, these two plates fuse, and here it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygopalatine fossa. Now, in the case of the pterygoid plate, first, the lateral pterygoid plate, which is quadrilateral, and it deviates laterally. It has two surfaces: lateral and medial, plus it has anterior and posterior two borders. The anterior border is free, and it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygomaxillary fissure. I will show you clearly on the skull. So, here you can see this is the lateral pterygoid plate, and this is the pterygomaxillary fissure. Now, this pterygomaxillary fissure communicates the infratemporal fossa with the pterygopalatine fossa. See this. It is a fissure between the anterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate and posteriorly this maxilla. See this. Now, this posterior border is again free, and in the middle, it shows a bony process, and it will articulate with the spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. The same thing we have already discussed with this spine of the sphenoid, but let me show you again. So, this is the posterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate, and here is the bony process that you will articulate with this spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. Now, this lateral surface forms the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. So, this is the region of the infratemporal fossa. And here you can see this lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will form the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. For detailed description of the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa, you can watch my separate video. Besides that, it also provides the main attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Whereas the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will provide the main attachment of the medial pterygoid muscle. So, you can say that on both sides of the lateral pterygoid plate, the lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid muscles are attached. Now, the next is the medial pterygoid plate, similar to the lateral pterygoid plate. It has two borders: anterior and posterior, plus two surfaces: medial and lateral. This entire border will articulate along its posterior border with the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone. So, here is the right palatine bone I have, and this is its horizontal plate, this is the perpendicular plate, and at its posterior junction is the pyramidal process, which we are discussing. And this will enter the pterygoid fissure. Here you can see how these two are joined like this. And subsequently, this pyramidal process will fill the space of this pterygoid fossa. Let me show you between another sphenoid and palatine bone. So, this is another sphenoid, and this is the maxilla articulated with the palatine bone. So, this is the perpendicular plate, this is the horizontal plate, and here is the pyramidal process. Now, here is the pterygoid fissure, and it will be filed by this pyramidal process. So, this is how they will join, and subsequently, as you have discussed, this pyramidal process will fill the gap of this pterygoid fossa. So, this is how the articulation will be. Now, on the superior border, as you have discussed, these two plates fuse, and here it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygopalatine fossa. Now, in the case of the pterygoid plate, first, the lateral pterygoid plate, which is quadrilateral, and it deviates laterally. It has two surfaces: lateral and medial, plus it has anterior and posterior two borders. The anterior border is free, and it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygomaxillary fissure. I will show you clearly on the skull. So, here you can see this is the lateral pterygoid plate, and this is the pterygomaxillary fissure. Now, this pterygomaxillary fissure communicates the infratemporal fossa with the pterygopalatine fossa. See this. It is a fissure between the anterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate and posteriorly this maxilla. See this. Now, this posterior border is again free, and in the middle, it shows a bony process, and it will articulate with the spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. The same thing we have already discussed with this spine of the sphenoid, but let me show you again. So, this is the posterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate, and here is the bony process that you will articulate with this spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. Now, this lateral surface forms the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. So, this is the region of the infratemporal fossa. And here you can see this lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will form the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. For detailed description of the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa, you can watch my separate video. Besides that, it also provides the main attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Whereas the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will provide the main attachment of the medial pterygoid muscle. So, you can say that on both sides of the lateral pterygoid plate, the lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid muscles are attached. Now, the next is the medial pterygoid plate, similar to the lateral pterygoid plate. It has two borders: anterior and posterior, plus two surfaces: medial and lateral. This entire border will articulate along its posterior border with the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone. So, here is the right palatine bone I have, and this is its horizontal plate, this is the perpendicular plate, and at its posterior junction is the pyramidal process, which we are discussing. And this will enter the pterygoid fissure. Here you can see how these two are joined like this. And subsequently, this pyramidal process will fill the space of this pterygoid fossa. Let me show you between another sphenoid and palatine bone. So, this is another sphenoid, and this is the maxilla articulated with the palatine bone. So, this is the perpendicular plate, this is the horizontal plate, and here is the pyramidal process. Now, here is the pterygoid fissure, and it will be filed by this pyramidal process. So, this is how they will join, and subsequently, as you have discussed, this pyramidal process will fill the gap of this pterygoid fossa. So, this is how the articulation will be. Now, on the superior border, as you have discussed, these two plates fuse, and here it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygopalatine fossa. Now, in the case of the pterygoid plate, first, the lateral pterygoid plate, which is quadrilateral, and it deviates laterally. It has two surfaces: lateral and medial, plus it has anterior and posterior two borders. The anterior border is free, and it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygomaxillary fissure. I will show you clearly on the skull. So, here you can see this is the lateral pterygoid plate, and this is the pterygomaxillary fissure. Now, this pterygomaxillary fissure communicates the infratemporal fossa with the pterygopalatine fossa. See this. It is a fissure between the anterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate and posteriorly this maxilla. See this. Now, this posterior border is again free, and in the middle, it shows a bony process, and it will articulate with the spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. The same thing we have already discussed with this spine of the sphenoid, but let me show you again. So, this is the posterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate, and here is the bony process that you will articulate with this spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. Now, this lateral surface forms the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. So, this is the region of the infratemporal fossa. And here you can see this lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will form the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. For detailed description of the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa, you can watch my separate video. Besides that, it also provides the main attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Whereas the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will provide the main attachment of the medial pterygoid muscle. So, you can say that on both sides of the lateral pterygoid plate, the lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid muscles are attached. Now, the next is the medial pterygoid plate, similar to the lateral pterygoid plate. It has two borders: anterior and posterior, plus two surfaces: medial and lateral. This entire border will articulate along its posterior border with the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone. So, here is the right palatine bone I have, and this is its horizontal plate, this is the perpendicular plate, and at its posterior junction is the pyramidal process, which we are discussing. And this will enter the pterygoid fissure. Here you can see how these two are joined like this. And subsequently, this pyramidal process will fill the space of this pterygoid fossa. Let me show you between another sphenoid and palatine bone. So, this is another sphenoid, and this is the maxilla articulated with the palatine bone. So, this is the perpendicular plate, this is the horizontal plate, and here is the pyramidal process. Now, here is the pterygoid fissure, and it will be filed by this pyramidal process. So, this is how they will join, and subsequently, as you have discussed, this pyramidal process will fill the gap of this pterygoid fossa. So, this is how the articulation will be. Now, on the superior border, as you have discussed, these two plates fuse, and here it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygopalatine fossa. Now, in the case of the pterygoid plate, first, the lateral pterygoid plate, which is quadrilateral, and it deviates laterally. It has two surfaces: lateral and medial, plus it has anterior and posterior two borders. The anterior border is free, and it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygomaxillary fissure. I will show you clearly on the skull. So, here you can see this is the lateral pterygoid plate, and this is the pterygomaxillary fissure. Now, this pterygomaxillary fissure communicates the infratemporal fossa with the pterygopalatine fossa. See this. It is a fissure between the anterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate and posteriorly this maxilla. See this. Now, this posterior border is again free, and in the middle, it shows a bony process, and it will articulate with the spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. The same thing we have already discussed with this spine of the sphenoid, but let me show you again. So, this is the posterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate, and here is the bony process that you will articulate with this spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. Now, this lateral surface forms the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. So, this is the region of the infratemporal fossa. And here you can see this lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will form the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. For detailed description of the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa, you can watch my separate video. Besides that, it also provides the main attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Whereas the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will provide the main attachment of the medial pterygoid muscle. So, you can say that on both sides of the lateral pterygoid plate, the lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid muscles are attached. Now, the next is the medial pterygoid plate, similar to the lateral pterygoid plate. It has two borders: anterior and posterior, plus two surfaces: medial and lateral. This entire border will articulate along its posterior border with the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone. So, here is the right palatine bone I have, and this is its horizontal plate, this is the perpendicular plate, and at its posterior junction is the pyramidal process, which we are discussing. And this will enter the pterygoid fissure. Here you can see how these two are joined like this. And subsequently, this pyramidal process will fill the space of this pterygoid fossa. Let me show you between another sphenoid and palatine bone. So, this is another sphenoid, and this is the maxilla articulated with the palatine bone. So, this is the perpendicular plate, this is the horizontal plate, and here is the pyramidal process. Now, here is the pterygoid fissure, and it will be filed by this pyramidal process. So, this is how they will join, and subsequently, as you have discussed, this pyramidal process will fill the gap of this pterygoid fossa. So, this is how the articulation will be. Now, on the superior border, as you have discussed, these two plates fuse, and here it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygopalatine fossa. Now, in the case of the pterygoid plate, first, the lateral pterygoid plate, which is quadrilateral, and it deviates laterally. It has two surfaces: lateral and medial, plus it has anterior and posterior two borders. The anterior border is free, and it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygomaxillary fissure. I will show you clearly on the skull. So, here you can see this is the lateral pterygoid plate, and this is the pterygomaxillary fissure. Now, this pterygomaxillary fissure communicates the infratemporal fossa with the pterygopalatine fossa. See this. It is a fissure between the anterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate and posteriorly this maxilla. See this. Now, this posterior border is again free, and in the middle, it shows a bony process, and it will articulate with the spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. The same thing we have already discussed with this spine of the sphenoid, but let me show you again. So, this is the posterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate, and here is the bony process that you will articulate with this spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. Now, this lateral surface forms the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. So, this is the region of the infratemporal fossa. And here you can see this lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will form the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. For detailed description of the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa, you can watch my separate video. Besides that, it also provides the main attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Whereas the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will provide the main attachment of the medial pterygoid muscle. So, you can say that on both sides of the lateral pterygoid plate, the lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid muscles are attached. Now, the next is the medial pterygoid plate, similar to the lateral pterygoid plate. It has two borders: anterior and posterior, plus two surfaces: medial and lateral. This entire border will articulate along its posterior border with the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone. So, here is the right palatine bone I have, and this is its horizontal plate, this is the perpendicular plate, and at its posterior junction is the pyramidal process, which we are discussing. And this will enter the pterygoid fissure. Here you can see how these two are joined like this. And subsequently, this pyramidal process will fill the space of this pterygoid fossa. Let me show you between another sphenoid and palatine bone. So, this is another sphenoid, and this is the maxilla articulated with the palatine bone. So, this is the perpendicular plate, this is the horizontal plate, and here is the pyramidal process. Now, here is the pterygoid fissure, and it will be filed by this pyramidal process. So, this is how they will join, and subsequently, as you have discussed, this pyramidal process will fill the gap of this pterygoid fossa. So, this is how the articulation will be. Now, on the superior border, as you have discussed, these two plates fuse, and here it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygopalatine fossa. Now, in the case of the pterygoid plate, first, the lateral pterygoid plate, which is quadrilateral, and it deviates laterally. It has two surfaces: lateral and medial, plus it has anterior and posterior two borders. The anterior border is free, and it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygomaxillary fissure. I will show you clearly on the skull. So, here you can see this is the lateral pterygoid plate, and this is the pterygomaxillary fissure. Now, this pterygomaxillary fissure communicates the infratemporal fossa with the pterygopalatine fossa. See this. It is a fissure between the anterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate and posteriorly this maxilla. See this. Now, this posterior border is again free, and in the middle, it shows a bony process, and it will articulate with the spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. The same thing we have already discussed with this spine of the sphenoid, but let me show you again. So, this is the posterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate, and here is the bony process that you will articulate with this spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. Now, this lateral surface forms the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. So, this is the region of the infratemporal fossa. And here you can see this lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will form the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. For detailed description of the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa, you can watch my separate video. Besides that, it also provides the main attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Whereas the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will provide the main attachment of the medial pterygoid muscle. So, you can say that on both sides of the lateral pterygoid plate, the lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid muscles are attached. Now, the next is the medial pterygoid plate, similar to the lateral pterygoid plate. It has two borders: anterior and posterior, plus two surfaces: medial and lateral. This entire border will articulate along its posterior border with the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone. So, here is the right palatine bone I have, and this is its horizontal plate, this is the perpendicular plate, and at its posterior junction is the pyramidal process, which we are discussing. And this will enter the pterygoid fissure. Here you can see how these two are joined like this. And subsequently, this pyramidal process will fill the space of this pterygoid fossa. Let me show you between another sphenoid and palatine bone. So, this is another sphenoid, and this is the maxilla articulated with the palatine bone. So, this is the perpendicular plate, this is the horizontal plate, and here is the pyramidal process. Now, here is the pterygoid fissure, and it will be filed by this pyramidal process. So, this is how they will join, and subsequently, as you have discussed, this pyramidal process will fill the gap of this pterygoid fossa. So, this is how the articulation will be. Now, on the superior border, as you have discussed, these two plates fuse, and here it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygopalatine fossa. Now, in the case of the pterygoid plate, first, the lateral pterygoid plate, which is quadrilateral, and it deviates laterally. It has two surfaces: lateral and medial, plus it has anterior and posterior two borders. The anterior border is free, and it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygomaxillary fissure. I will show you clearly on the skull. So, here you can see this is the lateral pterygoid plate, and this is the pterygomaxillary fissure. Now, this pterygomaxillary fissure communicates the infratemporal fossa with the pterygopalatine fossa. See this. It is a fissure between the anterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate and posteriorly this maxilla. See this. Now, this posterior border is again free, and in the middle, it shows a bony process, and it will articulate with the spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. The same thing we have already discussed with this spine of the sphenoid, but let me show you again. So, this is the posterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate, and here is the bony process that you will articulate with this spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. Now, this lateral surface forms the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. So, this is the region of the infratemporal fossa. And here you can see this lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will form the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. For detailed description of the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa, you can watch my separate video. Besides that, it also provides the main attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Whereas the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will provide the main attachment of the medial pterygoid muscle. So, you can say that on both sides of the lateral pterygoid plate, the lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid muscles are attached. Now, the next is the medial pterygoid plate, similar to the lateral pterygoid plate. It has two borders: anterior and posterior, plus two surfaces: medial and lateral. This entire border will articulate along its posterior border with the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone. So, here is the right palatine bone I have, and this is its horizontal plate, this is the perpendicular plate, and at its posterior junction is the pyramidal process, which we are discussing. And this will enter the pterygoid fissure. Here you can see how these two are joined like this. And subsequently, this pyramidal process will fill the space of this pterygoid fossa. Let me show you between another sphenoid and palatine bone. So, this is another sphenoid, and this is the maxilla articulated with the palatine bone. So, this is the perpendicular plate, this is the horizontal plate, and here is the pyramidal process. Now, here is the pterygoid fissure, and it will be filed by this pyramidal process. So, this is how they will join, and subsequently, as you have discussed, this pyramidal process will fill the gap of this pterygoid fossa. So, this is how the articulation will be. Now, on the superior border, as you have discussed, these two plates fuse, and here it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygopalatine fossa. Now, in the case of the pterygoid plate, first, the lateral pterygoid plate, which is quadrilateral, and it deviates laterally. It has two surfaces: lateral and medial, plus it has anterior and posterior two borders. The anterior border is free, and it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygomaxillary fissure. I will show you clearly on the skull. So, here you can see this is the lateral pterygoid plate, and this is the pterygomaxillary fissure. Now, this pterygomaxillary fissure communicates the infratemporal fossa with the pterygopalatine fossa. See this. It is a fissure between the anterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate and posteriorly this maxilla. See this. Now, this posterior border is again free, and in the middle, it shows a bony process, and it will articulate with the spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. The same thing we have already discussed with this spine of the sphenoid, but let me show you again. So, this is the posterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate, and here is the bony process that you will articulate with this spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. Now, this lateral surface forms the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. So, this is the region of the infratemporal fossa. And here you can see this lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will form the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. For detailed description of the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa, you can watch my separate video. Besides that, it also provides the main attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Whereas the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will provide the main attachment of the medial pterygoid muscle. So, you can say that on both sides of the lateral pterygoid plate, the lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid muscles are attached. Now, the next is the medial pterygoid plate, similar to the lateral pterygoid plate. It has two borders: anterior and posterior, plus two surfaces: medial and lateral. This entire border will articulate along its posterior border with the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone. So, here is the right palatine bone I have, and this is its horizontal plate, this is the perpendicular plate, and at its posterior junction is the pyramidal process, which we are discussing. And this will enter the pterygoid fissure. Here you can see how these two are joined like this. And subsequently, this pyramidal process will fill the space of this pterygoid fossa. Let me show you between another sphenoid and palatine bone. So, this is another sphenoid, and this is the maxilla articulated with the palatine bone. So, this is the perpendicular plate, this is the horizontal plate, and here is the pyramidal process. Now, here is the pterygoid fissure, and it will be filed by this pyramidal process. So, this is how they will join, and subsequently, as you have discussed, this pyramidal process will fill the gap of this pterygoid fossa. So, this is how the articulation will be. Now, on the superior border, as you have discussed, these two plates fuse, and here it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygopalatine fossa. Now, in the case of the pterygoid plate, first, the lateral pterygoid plate, which is quadrilateral, and it deviates laterally. It has two surfaces: lateral and medial, plus it has anterior and posterior two borders. The anterior border is free, and it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygomaxillary fissure. I will show you clearly on the skull. So, here you can see this is the lateral pterygoid plate, and this is the pterygomaxillary fissure. Now, this pterygomaxillary fissure communicates the infratemporal fossa with the pterygopalatine fossa. See this. It is a fissure between the anterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate and posteriorly this maxilla. See this. Now, this posterior border is again free, and in the middle, it shows a bony process, and it will articulate with the spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. The same thing we have already discussed with this spine of the sphenoid, but let me show you again. So, this is the posterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate, and here is the bony process that you will articulate with this spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. Now, this lateral surface forms the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. So, this is the region of the infratemporal fossa. And here you can see this lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will form the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. For detailed description of the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa, you can watch my separate video. Besides that, it also provides the main attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Whereas the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will provide the main attachment of the medial pterygoid muscle. So, you can say that on both sides of the lateral pterygoid plate, the lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid muscles are attached. Now, the next is the medial pterygoid plate, similar to the lateral pterygoid plate. It has two borders: anterior and posterior, plus two surfaces: medial and lateral. This entire border will articulate along its posterior border with the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone. So, here is the right palatine bone I have, and this is its horizontal plate, this is the perpendicular plate, and at its posterior junction is the pyramidal process, which we are discussing. And this will enter the pterygoid fissure. Here you can see how these two are joined like this. And subsequently, this pyramidal process will fill the space of this pterygoid fossa. Let me show you between another sphenoid and palatine bone. So, this is another sphenoid, and this is the maxilla articulated with the palatine bone. So, this is the perpendicular plate, this is the horizontal plate, and here is the pyramidal process. Now, here is the pterygoid fissure, and it will be filed by this pyramidal process. So, this is how they will join, and subsequently, as you have discussed, this pyramidal process will fill the gap of this pterygoid fossa. So, this is how the articulation will be. Now, on the superior border, as you have discussed, these two plates fuse, and here it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygopalatine fossa. Now, in the case of the pterygoid plate, first, the lateral pterygoid plate, which is quadrilateral, and it deviates laterally. It has two surfaces: lateral and medial, plus it has anterior and posterior two borders. The anterior border is free, and it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygomaxillary fissure. I will show you clearly on the skull. So, here you can see this is the lateral pterygoid plate, and this is the pterygomaxillary fissure. Now, this pterygomaxillary fissure communicates the infratemporal fossa with the pterygopalatine fossa. See this. It is a fissure between the anterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate and posteriorly this maxilla. See this. Now, this posterior border is again free, and in the middle, it shows a bony process, and it will articulate with the spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. The same thing we have already discussed with this spine of the sphenoid, but let me show you again. So, this is the posterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate, and here is the bony process that you will articulate with this spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. Now, this lateral surface forms the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. So, this is the region of the infratemporal fossa. And here you can see this lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will form the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. For detailed description of the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa, you can watch my separate video. Besides that, it also provides the main attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Whereas the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will provide the main attachment of the medial pterygoid muscle. So, you can say that on both sides of the lateral pterygoid plate, the lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid muscles are attached. Now, the next is the medial pterygoid plate, similar to the lateral pterygoid plate. It has two borders: anterior and posterior, plus two surfaces: medial and lateral. This entire border will articulate along its posterior border with the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone. So, here is the right palatine bone I have, and this is its horizontal plate, this is the perpendicular plate, and at its posterior junction is the pyramidal process, which we are discussing. And this will enter the pterygoid fissure. Here you can see how these two are joined like this. And subsequently, this pyramidal process will fill the space of this pterygoid fossa. Let me show you between another sphenoid and palatine bone. So, this is another sphenoid, and this is the maxilla articulated with the palatine bone. So, this is the perpendicular plate, this is the horizontal plate, and here is the pyramidal process. Now, here is the pterygoid fissure, and it will be filed by this pyramidal process. So, this is how they will join, and subsequently, as you have discussed, this pyramidal process will fill the gap of this pterygoid fossa. So, this is how the articulation will be. Now, on the superior border, as you have discussed, these two plates fuse, and here it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygopalatine fossa. Now, in the case of the pterygoid plate, first, the lateral pterygoid plate, which is quadrilateral, and it deviates laterally. It has two surfaces: lateral and medial, plus it has anterior and posterior two borders. The anterior border is free, and it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygomaxillary fissure. I will show you clearly on the skull. So, here you can see this is the lateral pterygoid plate, and this is the pterygomaxillary fissure. Now, this pterygomaxillary fissure communicates the infratemporal fossa with the pterygopalatine fossa. See this. It is a fissure between the anterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate and posteriorly this maxilla. See this. Now, this posterior border is again free, and in the middle, it shows a bony process, and it will articulate with the spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. The same thing we have already discussed with this spine of the sphenoid, but let me show you again. So, this is the posterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate, and here is the bony process that you will articulate with this spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. Now, this lateral surface forms the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. So, this is the region of the infratemporal fossa. And here you can see this lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will form the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. For detailed description of the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa, you can watch my separate video. Besides that, it also provides the main attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Whereas the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will provide the main attachment of the medial pterygoid muscle. So, you can say that on both sides of the lateral pterygoid plate, the lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid muscles are attached. Now, the next is the medial pterygoid plate, similar to the lateral pterygoid plate. It has two borders: anterior and posterior, plus two surfaces: medial and lateral. This entire border will articulate along its posterior border with the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone. So, here is the right palatine bone I have, and this is its horizontal plate, this is the perpendicular plate, and at its posterior junction is the pyramidal process, which we are discussing. And this will enter the pterygoid fissure. Here you can see how these two are joined like this. And subsequently, this pyramidal process will fill the space of this pterygoid fossa. Let me show you between another sphenoid and palatine bone. So, this is another sphenoid, and this is the maxilla articulated with the palatine bone. So, this is the perpendicular plate, this is the horizontal plate, and here is the pyramidal process. Now, here is the pterygoid fissure, and it will be filed by this pyramidal process. So, this is how they will join, and subsequently, as you have discussed, this pyramidal process will fill the gap of this pterygoid fossa. So, this is how the articulation will be. Now, on the superior border, as you have discussed, these two plates fuse, and here it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygopalatine fossa. Now, in the case of the pterygoid plate, first, the lateral pterygoid plate, which is quadrilateral, and it deviates laterally. It has two surfaces: lateral and medial, plus it has anterior and posterior two borders. The anterior border is free, and it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygomaxillary fissure. I will show you clearly on the skull. So, here you can see this is the lateral pterygoid plate, and this is the pterygomaxillary fissure. Now, this pterygomaxillary fissure communicates the infratemporal fossa with the pterygopalatine fossa. See this. It is a fissure between the anterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate and posteriorly this maxilla. See this. Now, this posterior border is again free, and in the middle, it shows a bony process, and it will articulate with the spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. The same thing we have already discussed with this spine of the sphenoid, but let me show you again. So, this is the posterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate, and here is the bony process that you will articulate with this spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. Now, this lateral surface forms the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. So, this is the region of the infratemporal fossa. And here you can see this lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will form the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. For detailed description of the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa, you can watch my separate video. Besides that, it also provides the main attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Whereas the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will provide the main attachment of the medial pterygoid muscle. So, you can say that on both sides of the lateral pterygoid plate, the lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid muscles are attached. Now, the next is the medial pterygoid plate, similar to the lateral pterygoid plate. It has two borders: anterior and posterior, plus two surfaces: medial and lateral. This entire border will articulate along its posterior border with the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone. So, here is the right palatine bone I have, and this is its horizontal plate, this is the perpendicular plate, and at its posterior junction is the pyramidal process, which we are discussing. And this will enter the pterygoid fissure. Here you can see how these two are joined like this. And subsequently, this pyramidal process will fill the space of this pterygoid fossa. Let me show you between another sphenoid and palatine bone. So, this is another sphenoid, and this is the maxilla articulated with the palatine bone. So, this is the perpendicular plate, this is the horizontal plate, and here is the pyramidal process. Now, here is the pterygoid fissure, and it will be filed by this pyramidal process. So, this is how they will join, and subsequently, as you have discussed, this pyramidal process will fill the gap of this pterygoid fossa. So, this is how the articulation will be. Now, on the superior border, as you have discussed, these two plates fuse, and here it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygopalatine fossa. Now, in the case of the pterygoid plate, first, the lateral pterygoid plate, which is quadrilateral, and it deviates laterally. It has two surfaces: lateral and medial, plus it has anterior and posterior two borders. The anterior border is free, and it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygomaxillary fissure. I will show you clearly on the skull. So, here you can see this is the lateral pterygoid plate, and this is the pterygomaxillary fissure. Now, this pterygomaxillary fissure communicates the infratemporal fossa with the pterygopalatine fossa. See this. It is a fissure between the anterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate and posteriorly this maxilla. See this. Now, this posterior border is again free, and in the middle, it shows a bony process, and it will articulate with the spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. The same thing we have already discussed with this spine of the sphenoid, but let me show you again. So, this is the posterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate, and here is the bony process that you will articulate with this spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. Now, this lateral surface forms the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. So, this is the region of the infratemporal fossa. And here you can see this lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will form the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. For detailed description of the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa, you can watch my separate video. Besides that, it also provides the main attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Whereas the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will provide the main attachment of the medial pterygoid muscle. So, you can say that on both sides of the lateral pterygoid plate, the lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid muscles are attached. Now, the next is the medial pterygoid plate, similar to the lateral pterygoid plate. It has two borders: anterior and posterior, plus two surfaces: medial and lateral. This entire border will articulate along its posterior border with the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone. So, here is the right palatine bone I have, and this is its horizontal plate, this is the perpendicular plate, and at its posterior junction is the pyramidal process, which we are discussing. And this will enter the pterygoid fissure. Here you can see how these two are joined like this. And subsequently, this pyramidal process will fill the space of this pterygoid fossa. Let me show you between another sphenoid and palatine bone. So, this is another sphenoid, and this is the maxilla articulated with the palatine bone. So, this is the perpendicular plate, this is the horizontal plate, and here is the pyramidal process. Now, here is the pterygoid fissure, and it will be filed by this pyramidal process. So, this is how they will join, and subsequently, as you have discussed, this pyramidal process will fill the gap of this pterygoid fossa. So, this is how the articulation will be. Now, on the superior border, as you have discussed, these two plates fuse, and here it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygopalatine fossa. Now, in the case of the pterygoid plate, first, the lateral pterygoid plate, which is quadrilateral, and it deviates laterally. It has two surfaces: lateral and medial, plus it has anterior and posterior two borders. The anterior border is free, and it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygomaxillary fissure. I will show you clearly on the skull. So, here you can see this is the lateral pterygoid plate, and this is the pterygomaxillary fissure. Now, this pterygomaxillary fissure communicates the infratemporal fossa with the pterygopalatine fossa. See this. It is a fissure between the anterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate and posteriorly this maxilla. See this. Now, this posterior border is again free, and in the middle, it shows a bony process, and it will articulate with the spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. The same thing we have already discussed with this spine of the sphenoid, but let me show you again. So, this is the posterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate, and here is the bony process that you will articulate with this spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. Now, this lateral surface forms the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. So, this is the region of the infratemporal fossa. And here you can see this lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will form the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. For detailed description of the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa, you can watch my separate video. Besides that, it also provides the main attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Whereas the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will provide the main attachment of the medial pterygoid muscle. So, you can say that on both sides of the lateral pterygoid plate, the lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid muscles are attached. Now, the next is the medial pterygoid plate, similar to the lateral pterygoid plate. It has two borders: anterior and posterior, plus two surfaces: medial and lateral. This entire border will articulate along its posterior border with the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone. So, here is the right palatine bone I have, and this is its horizontal plate, this is the perpendicular plate, and at its posterior junction is the pyramidal process, which we are discussing. And this will enter the pterygoid fissure. Here you can see how these two are joined like this. And subsequently, this pyramidal process will fill the space of this pterygoid fossa. Let me show you between another sphenoid and palatine bone. So, this is another sphenoid, and this is the maxilla articulated with the palatine bone. So, this is the perpendicular plate, this is the horizontal plate, and here is the pyramidal process. Now, here is the pterygoid fissure, and it will be filed by this pyramidal process. So, this is how they will join, and subsequently, as you have discussed, this pyramidal process will fill the gap of this pterygoid fossa. So, this is how the articulation will be. Now, on the superior border, as you have discussed, these two plates fuse, and here it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygopalatine fossa. Now, in the case of the pterygoid plate, first, the lateral pterygoid plate, which is quadrilateral, and it deviates laterally. It has two surfaces: lateral and medial, plus it has anterior and posterior two borders. The anterior border is free, and it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygomaxillary fissure. I will show you clearly on the skull. So, here you can see this is the lateral pterygoid plate, and this is the pterygomaxillary fissure. Now, this pterygomaxillary fissure communicates the infratemporal fossa with the pterygopalatine fossa. See this. It is a fissure between the anterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate and posteriorly this maxilla. See this. Now, this posterior border is again free, and in the middle, it shows a bony process, and it will articulate with the spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. The same thing we have already discussed with this spine of the sphenoid, but let me show you again. So, this is the posterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate, and here is the bony process that you will articulate with this spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. Now, this lateral surface forms the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. So, this is the region of the infratemporal fossa. And here you can see this lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will form the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. For detailed description of the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa, you can watch my separate video. Besides that, it also provides the main attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Whereas the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will provide the main attachment of the medial pterygoid muscle. So, you can say that on both sides of the lateral pterygoid plate, the lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid muscles are attached. Now, the next is the medial pterygoid plate, similar to the lateral pterygoid plate. It has two borders: anterior and posterior, plus two surfaces: medial and lateral. This entire border will articulate along its posterior border with the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone. So, here is the right palatine bone I have, and this is its horizontal plate, this is the perpendicular plate, and at its posterior junction is the pyramidal process, which we are discussing. And this will enter the pterygoid fissure. Here you can see how these two are joined like this. And subsequently, this pyramidal process will fill the space of this pterygoid fossa. Let me show you between another sphenoid and palatine bone. So, this is another sphenoid, and this is the maxilla articulated with the palatine bone. So, this is the perpendicular plate, this is the horizontal plate, and here is the pyramidal process. Now, here is the pterygoid fissure, and it will be filed by this pyramidal process. So, this is how they will join, and subsequently, as you have discussed, this pyramidal process will fill the gap of this pterygoid fossa. So, this is how the articulation will be. Now, on the superior border, as you have discussed, these two plates fuse, and here it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygopalatine fossa. Now, in the case of the pterygoid plate, first, the lateral pterygoid plate, which is quadrilateral, and it deviates laterally. It has two surfaces: lateral and medial, plus it has anterior and posterior two borders. The anterior border is free, and it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygomaxillary fissure. I will show you clearly on the skull. So, here you can see this is the lateral pterygoid plate, and this is the pterygomaxillary fissure. Now, this pterygomaxillary fissure communicates the infratemporal fossa with the pterygopalatine fossa. See this. It is a fissure between the anterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate and posteriorly this maxilla. See this. Now, this posterior border is again free, and in the middle, it shows a bony process, and it will articulate with the spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. The same thing we have already discussed with this spine of the sphenoid, but let me show you again. So, this is the posterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate, and here is the bony process that you will articulate with this spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. Now, this lateral surface forms the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. So, this is the region of the infratemporal fossa. And here you can see this lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will form the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. For detailed description of the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa, you can watch my separate video. Besides that, it also provides the main attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Whereas the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will provide the main attachment of the medial pterygoid muscle. So, you can say that on both sides of the lateral pterygoid plate, the lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid muscles are attached. Now, the next is the medial pterygoid plate, similar to the lateral pterygoid plate. It has two borders: anterior and posterior, plus two surfaces: medial and lateral. This entire border will articulate along its posterior border with the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone. So, here is the right palatine bone I have, and this is its horizontal plate, this is the perpendicular plate, and at its posterior junction is the pyramidal process, which we are discussing. And this will enter the pterygoid fissure. Here you can see how these two are joined like this. And subsequently, this pyramidal process will fill the space of this pterygoid fossa. Let me show you between another sphenoid and palatine bone. So, this is another sphenoid, and this is the maxilla articulated with the palatine bone. So, this is the perpendicular plate, this is the horizontal plate, and here is the pyramidal process. Now, here is the pterygoid fissure, and it will be filed by this pyramidal process. So, this is how they will join, and subsequently, as you have discussed, this pyramidal process will fill the gap of this pterygoid fossa. So, this is how the articulation will be. Now, on the superior border, as you have discussed, these two plates fuse, and here it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygopalatine fossa. Now, in the case of the pterygoid plate, first, the lateral pterygoid plate, which is quadrilateral, and it deviates laterally. It has two surfaces: lateral and medial, plus it has anterior and posterior two borders. The anterior border is free, and it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygomaxillary fissure. I will show you clearly on the skull. So, here you can see this is the lateral pterygoid plate, and this is the pterygomaxillary fissure. Now, this pterygomaxillary fissure communicates the infratemporal fossa with the pterygopalatine fossa. See this. It is a fissure between the anterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate and posteriorly this maxilla. See this. Now, this posterior border is again free, and in the middle, it shows a bony process, and it will articulate with the spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. The same thing we have already discussed with this spine of the sphenoid, but let me show you again. So, this is the posterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate, and here is the bony process that you will articulate with this spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. Now, this lateral surface forms the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. So, this is the region of the infratemporal fossa. And here you can see this lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will form the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. For detailed description of the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa, you can watch my separate video. Besides that, it also provides the main attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Whereas the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will provide the main attachment of the medial pterygoid muscle. So, you can say that on both sides of the lateral pterygoid plate, the lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid muscles are attached. Now, the next is the medial pterygoid plate, similar to the lateral pterygoid plate. It has two borders: anterior and posterior, plus two surfaces: medial and lateral. This entire border will articulate along its posterior border with the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone. So, here is the right palatine bone I have, and this is its horizontal plate, this is the perpendicular plate, and at its posterior junction is the pyramidal process, which we are discussing. And this will enter the pterygoid fissure. Here you can see how these two are joined like this. And subsequently, this pyramidal process will fill the space of this pterygoid fossa. Let me show you between another sphenoid and palatine bone. So, this is another sphenoid, and this is the maxilla articulated with the palatine bone. So, this is the perpendicular plate, this is the horizontal plate, and here is the pyramidal process. Now, here is the pterygoid fissure, and it will be filed by this pyramidal process. So, this is how they will join, and subsequently, as you have discussed, this pyramidal process will fill the gap of this pterygoid fossa. So, this is how the articulation will be. Now, on the superior border, as you have discussed, these two plates fuse, and here it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygopalatine fossa. Now, in the case of the pterygoid plate, first, the lateral pterygoid plate, which is quadrilateral, and it deviates laterally. It has two surfaces: lateral and medial, plus it has anterior and posterior two borders. The anterior border is free, and it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygomaxillary fissure. I will show you clearly on the skull. So, here you can see this is the lateral pterygoid plate, and this is the pterygomaxillary fissure. Now, this pterygomaxillary fissure communicates the infratemporal fossa with the pterygopalatine fossa. See this. It is a fissure between the anterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate and posteriorly this maxilla. See this. Now, this posterior border is again free, and in the middle, it shows a bony process, and it will articulate with the spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. The same thing we have already discussed with this spine of the sphenoid, but let me show you again. So, this is the posterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate, and here is the bony process that you will articulate with this spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. Now, this lateral surface forms the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. So, this is the region of the infratemporal fossa. And here you can see this lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will form the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. For detailed description of the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa, you can watch my separate video. Besides that, it also provides the main attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Whereas the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will provide the main attachment of the medial pterygoid muscle. So, you can say that on both sides of the lateral pterygoid plate, the lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid muscles are attached. Now, the next is the medial pterygoid plate, similar to the lateral pterygoid plate. It has two borders: anterior and posterior, plus two surfaces: medial and lateral. This entire border will articulate along its posterior border with the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone. So, here is the right palatine bone I have, and this is its horizontal plate, this is the perpendicular plate, and at its posterior junction is the pyramidal process, which we are discussing. And this will enter the pterygoid fissure. Here you can see how these two are joined like this. And subsequently, this pyramidal process will fill the space of this pterygoid fossa. Let me show you between another sphenoid and palatine bone. So, this is another sphenoid, and this is the maxilla articulated with the palatine bone. So, this is the perpendicular plate, this is the horizontal plate, and here is the pyramidal process. Now, here is the pterygoid fissure, and it will be filed by this pyramidal process. So, this is how they will join, and subsequently, as you have discussed, this pyramidal process will fill the gap of this pterygoid fossa. So, this is how the articulation will be. Now, on the superior border, as you have discussed, these two plates fuse, and here it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygopalatine fossa. Now, in the case of the pterygoid plate, first, the lateral pterygoid plate, which is quadrilateral, and it deviates laterally. It has two surfaces: lateral and medial, plus it has anterior and posterior two borders. The anterior border is free, and it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygomaxillary fissure. I will show you clearly on the skull. So, here you can see this is the lateral pterygoid plate, and this is the pterygomaxillary fissure. Now, this pterygomaxillary fissure communicates the infratemporal fossa with the pterygopalatine fossa. See this. It is a fissure between the anterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate and posteriorly this maxilla. See this. Now, this posterior border is again free, and in the middle, it shows a bony process, and it will articulate with the spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. The same thing we have already discussed with this spine of the sphenoid, but let me show you again. So, this is the posterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate, and here is the bony process that you will articulate with this spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. Now, this lateral surface forms the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. So, this is the region of the infratemporal fossa. And here you can see this lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will form the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. For detailed description of the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa, you can watch my separate video. Besides that, it also provides the main attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Whereas the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will provide the main attachment of the medial pterygoid muscle. So, you can say that on both sides of the lateral pterygoid plate, the lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid muscles are attached. Now, the next is the medial pterygoid plate, similar to the lateral pterygoid plate. It has two borders: anterior and posterior, plus two surfaces: medial and lateral. This entire border will articulate along its posterior border with the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone. So, here is the right palatine bone I have, and this is its horizontal plate, this is the perpendicular plate, and at its posterior junction is the pyramidal process, which we are discussing. And this will enter the pterygoid fissure. Here you can see how these two are joined like this. And subsequently, this pyramidal process will fill the space of this pterygoid fossa. Let me show you between another sphenoid and palatine bone. So, this is another sphenoid, and this is the maxilla articulated with the palatine bone. So, this is the perpendicular plate, this is the horizontal plate, and here is the pyramidal process. Now, here is the pterygoid fissure, and it will be filed by this pyramidal process. So, this is how they will join, and subsequently, as you have discussed, this pyramidal process will fill the gap of this pterygoid fossa. So, this is how the articulation will be. Now, on the superior border, as you have discussed, these two plates fuse, and here it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygopalatine fossa. Now, in the case of the pterygoid plate, first, the lateral pterygoid plate, which is quadrilateral, and it deviates laterally. It has two surfaces: lateral and medial, plus it has anterior and posterior two borders. The anterior border is free, and it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygomaxillary fissure. I will show you clearly on the skull. So, here you can see this is the lateral pterygoid plate, and this is the pterygomaxillary fissure. Now, this pterygomaxillary fissure communicates the infratemporal fossa with the pterygopalatine fossa. See this. It is a fissure between the anterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate and posteriorly this maxilla. See this. Now, this posterior border is again free, and in the middle, it shows a bony process, and it will articulate with the spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. The same thing we have already discussed with this spine of the sphenoid, but let me show you again. So, this is the posterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate, and here is the bony process that you will articulate with this spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. Now, this lateral surface forms the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. So, this is the region of the infratemporal fossa. And here you can see this lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will form the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. For detailed description of the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa, you can watch my separate video. Besides that, it also provides the main attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Whereas the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will provide the main attachment of the medial pterygoid muscle. So, you can say that on both sides of the lateral pterygoid plate, the lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid muscles are attached. Now, the next is the medial pterygoid plate, similar to the lateral pterygoid plate. It has two borders: anterior and posterior, plus two surfaces: medial and lateral. This entire border will articulate along its posterior border with the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone. So, here is the right palatine bone I have, and this is its horizontal plate, this is the perpendicular plate, and at its posterior junction is the pyramidal process, which we are discussing. And this will enter the pterygoid fissure. Here you can see how these two are joined like this. And subsequently, this pyramidal process will fill the space of this pterygoid fossa. Let me show you between another sphenoid and palatine bone. So, this is another sphenoid, and this is the maxilla articulated with the palatine bone. So, this is the perpendicular plate, this is the horizontal plate, and here is the pyramidal process. Now, here is the pterygoid fissure, and it will be filed by this pyramidal process. So, this is how they will join, and subsequently, as you have discussed, this pyramidal process will fill the gap of this pterygoid fossa. So, this is how the articulation will be. Now, on the superior border, as you have discussed, these two plates fuse, and here it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygopalatine fossa. Now, in the case of the pterygoid plate, first, the lateral pterygoid plate, which is quadrilateral, and it deviates laterally. It has two surfaces: lateral and medial, plus it has anterior and posterior two borders. The anterior border is free, and it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygomaxillary fissure. I will show you clearly on the skull. So, here you can see this is the lateral pterygoid plate, and this is the pterygomaxillary fissure. Now, this pterygomaxillary fissure communicates the infratemporal fossa with the pterygopalatine fossa. See this. It is a fissure between the anterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate and posteriorly this maxilla. See this. Now, this posterior border is again free, and in the middle, it shows a bony process, and it will articulate with the spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. The same thing we have already discussed with this spine of the sphenoid, but let me show you again. So, this is the posterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate, and here is the bony process that you will articulate with this spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. Now, this lateral surface forms the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. So, this is the region of the infratemporal fossa. And here you can see this lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will form the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. For detailed description of the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa, you can watch my separate video. Besides that, it also provides the main attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Whereas the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will provide the main attachment of the medial pterygoid muscle. So, you can say that on both sides of the lateral pterygoid plate, the lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid muscles are attached. Now, the next is the medial pterygoid plate, similar to the lateral pterygoid plate. It has two borders: anterior and posterior, plus two surfaces: medial and lateral. This entire border will articulate along its posterior border with the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone. So, here is the right palatine bone I have, and this is its horizontal plate, this is the perpendicular plate, and at its posterior junction is the pyramidal process, which we are discussing. And this will enter the pterygoid fissure. Here you can see how these two are joined like this. And subsequently, this pyramidal process will fill the space of this pterygoid fossa. Let me show you between another sphenoid and palatine bone. So, this is another sphenoid, and this is the maxilla articulated with the palatine bone. So, this is the perpendicular plate, this is the horizontal plate, and here is the pyramidal process. Now, here is the pterygoid fissure, and it will be filed by this pyramidal process. So, this is how they will join, and subsequently, as you have discussed, this pyramidal process will fill the gap of this pterygoid fossa. So, this is how the articulation will be. Now, on the superior border, as you have discussed, these two plates fuse, and here it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygopalatine fossa. Now, in the case of the pterygoid plate, first, the lateral pterygoid plate, which is quadrilateral, and it deviates laterally. It has two surfaces: lateral and medial, plus it has anterior and posterior two borders. The anterior border is free, and it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygomaxillary fissure. I will show you clearly on the skull. So, here you can see this is the lateral pterygoid plate, and this is the pterygomaxillary fissure. Now, this pterygomaxillary fissure communicates the infratemporal fossa with the pterygopalatine fossa. See this. It is a fissure between the anterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate and posteriorly this maxilla. See this. Now, this posterior border is again free, and in the middle, it shows a bony process, and it will articulate with the spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. The same thing we have already discussed with this spine of the sphenoid, but let me show you again. So, this is the posterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate, and here is the bony process that you will articulate with this spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. Now, this lateral surface forms the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. So, this is the region of the infratemporal fossa. And here you can see this lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will form the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. For detailed description of the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa, you can watch my separate video. Besides that, it also provides the main attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Whereas the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will provide the main attachment of the medial pterygoid muscle. So, you can say that on both sides of the lateral pterygoid plate, the lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid muscles are attached. Now, the next is the medial pterygoid plate, similar to the lateral pterygoid plate. It has two borders: anterior and posterior, plus two surfaces: medial and lateral. This entire border will articulate along its posterior border with the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone. So, here is the right palatine bone I have, and this is its horizontal plate, this is the perpendicular plate, and at its posterior junction is the pyramidal process, which we are discussing. And this will enter the pterygoid fissure. Here you can see how these two are joined like this. And subsequently, this pyramidal process will fill the space of this pterygoid fossa. Let me show you between another sphenoid and palatine bone. So, this is another sphenoid, and this is the maxilla articulated with the palatine bone. So, this is the perpendicular plate, this is the horizontal plate, and here is the pyramidal process. Now, here is the pterygoid fissure, and it will be filed by this pyramidal process. So, this is how they will join, and subsequently, as you have discussed, this pyramidal process will fill the gap of this pterygoid fossa. So, this is how the articulation will be. Now, on the superior border, as you have discussed, these two plates fuse, and here it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygopalatine fossa. Now, in the case of the pterygoid plate, first, the lateral pterygoid plate, which is quadrilateral, and it deviates laterally. It has two surfaces: lateral and medial, plus it has anterior and posterior two borders. The anterior border is free, and it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygomaxillary fissure. I will show you clearly on the skull. So, here you can see this is the lateral pterygoid plate, and this is the pterygomaxillary fissure. Now, this pterygomaxillary fissure communicates the infratemporal fossa with the pterygopalatine fossa. See this. It is a fissure between the anterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate and posteriorly this maxilla. See this. Now, this posterior border is again free, and in the middle, it shows a bony process, and it will articulate with the spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. The same thing we have already discussed with this spine of the sphenoid, but let me show you again. So, this is the posterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate, and here is the bony process that you will articulate with this spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. Now, this lateral surface forms the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. So, this is the region of the infratemporal fossa. And here you can see this lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will form the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. For detailed description of the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa, you can watch my separate video. Besides that, it also provides the main attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Whereas the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will provide the main attachment of the medial pterygoid muscle. So, you can say that on both sides of the lateral pterygoid plate, the lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid muscles are attached. Now, the next is the medial pterygoid plate, similar to the lateral pterygoid plate. It has two borders: anterior and posterior, plus two surfaces: medial and lateral. This entire border will articulate along its posterior border with the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone. So, here is the right palatine bone I have, and this is its horizontal plate, this is the perpendicular plate, and at its posterior junction is the pyramidal process, which we are discussing. And this will enter the pterygoid fissure. Here you can see how these two are joined like this. And subsequently, this pyramidal process will fill the space of this pterygoid fossa. Let me show you between another sphenoid and palatine bone. So, this is another sphenoid, and this is the maxilla articulated with the palatine bone. So, this is the perpendicular plate, this is the horizontal plate, and here is the pyramidal process. Now, here is the pterygoid fissure, and it will be filed by this pyramidal process. So, this is how they will join, and subsequently, as you have discussed, this pyramidal process will fill the gap of this pterygoid fossa. So, this is how the articulation will be. Now, on the superior border, as you have discussed, these two plates fuse, and here it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygopalatine fossa. Now, in the case of the pterygoid plate, first, the lateral pterygoid plate, which is quadrilateral, and it deviates laterally. It has two surfaces: lateral and medial, plus it has anterior and posterior two borders. The anterior border is free, and it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygomaxillary fissure. I will show you clearly on the skull. So, here you can see this is the lateral pterygoid plate, and this is the pterygomaxillary fissure. Now, this pterygomaxillary fissure communicates the infratemporal fossa with the pterygopalatine fossa. See this. It is a fissure between the anterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate and posteriorly this maxilla. See this. Now, this posterior border is again free, and in the middle, it shows a bony process, and it will articulate with the spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. The same thing we have already discussed with this spine of the sphenoid, but let me show you again. So, this is the posterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate, and here is the bony process that you will articulate with this spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. Now, this lateral surface forms the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. So, this is the region of the infratemporal fossa. And here you can see this lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will form the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. For detailed description of the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa, you can watch my separate video. Besides that, it also provides the main attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Whereas the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will provide the main attachment of the medial pterygoid muscle. So, you can say that on both sides of the lateral pterygoid plate, the lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid muscles are attached. Now, the next is the medial pterygoid plate, similar to the lateral pterygoid plate. It has two borders: anterior and posterior, plus two surfaces: medial and lateral. This entire border will articulate along its posterior border with the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone. So, here is the right palatine bone I have, and this is its horizontal plate, this is the perpendicular plate, and at its posterior junction is the pyramidal process, which we are discussing. And this will enter the pterygoid fissure. Here you can see how these two are joined like this. And subsequently, this pyramidal process will fill the space of this pterygoid fossa. Let me show you between another sphenoid and palatine bone. So, this is another sphenoid, and this is the maxilla articulated with the palatine bone. So, this is the perpendicular plate, this is the horizontal plate, and here is the pyramidal process. Now, here is the pterygoid fissure, and it will be filed by this pyramidal process. So, this is how they will join, and subsequently, as you have discussed, this pyramidal process will fill the gap of this pterygoid fossa. So, this is how the articulation will be. Now, on the superior border, as you have discussed, these two plates fuse, and here it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygopalatine fossa. Now, in the case of the pterygoid plate, first, the lateral pterygoid plate, which is quadrilateral, and it deviates laterally. It has two surfaces: lateral and medial, plus it has anterior and posterior two borders. The anterior border is free, and it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygomaxillary fissure. I will show you clearly on the skull. So, here you can see this is the lateral pterygoid plate, and this is the pterygomaxillary fissure. Now, this pterygomaxillary fissure communicates the infratemporal fossa with the pterygopalatine fossa. See this. It is a fissure between the anterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate and posteriorly this maxilla. See this. Now, this posterior border is again free, and in the middle, it shows a bony process, and it will articulate with the spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. The same thing we have already discussed with this spine of the sphenoid, but let me show you again. So, this is the posterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate, and here is the bony process that you will articulate with this spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. Now, this lateral surface forms the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. So, this is the region of the infratemporal fossa. And here you can see this lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will form the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. For detailed description of the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa, you can watch my separate video. Besides that, it also provides the main attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Whereas the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will provide the main attachment of the medial pterygoid muscle. So, you can say that on both sides of the lateral pterygoid plate, the lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid muscles are attached. Now, the next is the medial pterygoid plate, similar to the lateral pterygoid plate. It has two borders: anterior and posterior, plus two surfaces: medial and lateral. This entire border will articulate along its posterior border with the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone. So, here is the right palatine bone I have, and this is its horizontal plate, this is the perpendicular plate, and at its posterior junction is the pyramidal process, which we are discussing. And this will enter the pterygoid fissure. Here you can see how these two are joined like this. And subsequently, this pyramidal process will fill the space of this pterygoid fossa. Let me show you between another sphenoid and palatine bone. So, this is another sphenoid, and this is the maxilla articulated with the palatine bone. So, this is the perpendicular plate, this is the horizontal plate, and here is the pyramidal process. Now, here is the pterygoid fissure, and it will be filed by this pyramidal process. So, this is how they will join, and subsequently, as you have discussed, this pyramidal process will fill the gap of this pterygoid fossa. So, this is how the articulation will be. Now, on the superior border, as you have discussed, these two plates fuse, and here it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygopalatine fossa. Now, in the case of the pterygoid plate, first, the lateral pterygoid plate, which is quadrilateral, and it deviates laterally. It has two surfaces: lateral and medial, plus it has anterior and posterior two borders. The anterior border is free, and it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygomaxillary fissure. I will show you clearly on the skull. So, here you can see this is the lateral pterygoid plate, and this is the pterygomaxillary fissure. Now, this pterygomaxillary fissure communicates the infratemporal fossa with the pterygopalatine fossa. See this. It is a fissure between the anterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate and posteriorly this maxilla. See this. Now, this posterior border is again free, and in the middle, it shows a bony process, and it will articulate with the spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. The same thing we have already discussed with this spine of the sphenoid, but let me show you again. So, this is the posterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate, and here is the bony process that you will articulate with this spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. Now, this lateral surface forms the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. So, this is the region of the infratemporal fossa. And here you can see this lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will form the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. For detailed description of the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa, you can watch my separate video. Besides that, it also provides the main attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Whereas the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will provide the main attachment of the medial pterygoid muscle. So, you can say that on both sides of the lateral pterygoid plate, the lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid muscles are attached. Now, the next is the medial pterygoid plate, similar to the lateral pterygoid plate. It has two borders: anterior and posterior, plus two surfaces: medial and lateral. This entire border will articulate along its posterior border with the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone. So, here is the right palatine bone I have, and this is its horizontal plate, this is the perpendicular plate, and at its posterior junction is the pyramidal process, which we are discussing. And this will enter the pterygoid fissure. Here you can see how these two are joined like this. And subsequently, this pyramidal process will fill the space of this pterygoid fossa. Let me show you between another sphenoid and palatine bone. So, this is another sphenoid, and this is the maxilla articulated with the palatine bone. So, this is the perpendicular plate, this is the horizontal plate, and here is the pyramidal process. Now, here is the pterygoid fissure, and it will be filed by this pyramidal process. So, this is how they will join, and subsequently, as you have discussed, this pyramidal process will fill the gap of this pterygoid fossa. So, this is how the articulation will be. Now, on the superior border, as you have discussed, these two plates fuse, and here it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygopalatine fossa. Now, in the case of the pterygoid plate, first, the lateral pterygoid plate, which is quadrilateral, and it deviates laterally. It has two surfaces: lateral and medial, plus it has anterior and posterior two borders. The anterior border is free, and it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygomaxillary fissure. I will show you clearly on the skull. So, here you can see this is the lateral pterygoid plate, and this is the pterygomaxillary fissure. Now, this pterygomaxillary fissure communicates the infratemporal fossa with the pterygopalatine fossa. See this. It is a fissure between the anterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate and posteriorly this maxilla. See this. Now, this posterior border is again free, and in the middle, it shows a bony process, and it will articulate with the spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. The same thing we have already discussed with this spine of the sphenoid, but let me show you again. So, this is the posterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate, and here is the bony process that you will articulate with this spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. Now, this lateral surface forms the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. So, this is the region of the infratemporal fossa. And here you can see this lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will form the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. For detailed description of the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa, you can watch my separate video. Besides that, it also provides the main attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Whereas the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will provide the main attachment of the medial pterygoid muscle. So, you can say that on both sides of the lateral pterygoid plate, the lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid muscles are attached. Now, the next is the medial pterygoid plate, similar to the lateral pterygoid plate. It has two borders: anterior and posterior, plus two surfaces: medial and lateral. This entire border will articulate along its posterior border with the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone. So, here is the right palatine bone I have, and this is its horizontal plate, this is the perpendicular plate, and at its posterior junction is the pyramidal process, which we are discussing. And this will enter the pterygoid fissure. Here you can see how these two are joined like this. And subsequently, this pyramidal process will fill the space of this pterygoid fossa. Let me show you between another sphenoid and palatine bone. So, this is another sphenoid, and this is the maxilla articulated with the palatine bone. So, this is the perpendicular plate, this is the horizontal plate, and here is the pyramidal process. Now, here is the pterygoid fissure, and it will be filed by this pyramidal process. So, this is how they will join, and subsequently, as you have discussed, this pyramidal process will fill the gap of this pterygoid fossa. So, this is how the articulation will be. Now, on the superior border, as you have discussed, these two plates fuse, and here it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygopalatine fossa. Now, in the case of the pterygoid plate, first, the lateral pterygoid plate, which is quadrilateral, and it deviates laterally. It has two surfaces: lateral and medial, plus it has anterior and posterior two borders. The anterior border is free, and it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygomaxillary fissure. I will show you clearly on the skull. So, here you can see this is the lateral pterygoid plate, and this is the pterygomaxillary fissure. Now, this pterygomaxillary fissure communicates the infratemporal fossa with the pterygopalatine fossa. See this. It is a fissure between the anterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate and posteriorly this maxilla. See this. Now, this posterior border is again free, and in the middle, it shows a bony process, and it will articulate with the spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. The same thing we have already discussed with this spine of the sphenoid, but let me show you again. So, this is the posterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate, and here is the bony process that you will articulate with this spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. Now, this lateral surface forms the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. So, this is the region of the infratemporal fossa. And here you can see this lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will form the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. For detailed description of the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa, you can watch my separate video. Besides that, it also provides the main attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Whereas the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will provide the main attachment of the medial pterygoid muscle. So, you can say that on both sides of the lateral pterygoid plate, the lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid muscles are attached. Now, the next is the medial pterygoid plate, similar to the lateral pterygoid plate. It has two borders: anterior and posterior, plus two surfaces: medial and lateral. This entire border will articulate along its posterior border with the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone. So, here is the right palatine bone I have, and this is its horizontal plate, this is the perpendicular plate, and at its posterior junction is the pyramidal process, which we are discussing. And this will enter the pterygoid fissure. Here you can see how these two are joined like this. And subsequently, this pyramidal process will fill the space of this pterygoid fossa. Let me show you between another sphenoid and palatine bone. So, this is another sphenoid, and this is the maxilla articulated with the palatine bone. So, this is the perpendicular plate, this is the horizontal plate, and here is the pyramidal process. Now, here is the pterygoid fissure, and it will be filed by this pyramidal process. So, this is how they will join, and subsequently, as you have discussed, this pyramidal process will fill the gap of this pterygoid fossa. So, this is how the articulation will be. Now, on the superior border, as you have discussed, these two plates fuse, and here it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygopalatine fossa. Now, in the case of the pterygoid plate, first, the lateral pterygoid plate, which is quadrilateral, and it deviates laterally. It has two surfaces: lateral and medial, plus it has anterior and posterior two borders. The anterior border is free, and it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygomaxillary fissure. I will show you clearly on the skull. So, here you can see this is the lateral pterygoid plate, and this is the pterygomaxillary fissure. Now, this pterygomaxillary fissure communicates the infratemporal fossa with the pterygopalatine fossa. See this. It is a fissure between the anterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate and posteriorly this maxilla. See this. Now, this posterior border is again free, and in the middle, it shows a bony process, and it will articulate with the spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. The same thing we have already discussed with this spine of the sphenoid, but let me show you again. So, this is the posterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate, and here is the bony process that you will articulate with this spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. Now, this lateral surface forms the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. So, this is the region of the infratemporal fossa. And here you can see this lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will form the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. For detailed description of the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa, you can watch my separate video. Besides that, it also provides the main attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Whereas the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will provide the main attachment of the medial pterygoid muscle. So, you can say that on both sides of the lateral pterygoid plate, the lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid muscles are attached. Now, the next is the medial pterygoid plate, similar to the lateral pterygoid plate. It has two borders: anterior and posterior, plus two surfaces: medial and lateral. This entire border will articulate along its posterior border with the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone. So, here is the right palatine bone I have, and this is its horizontal plate, this is the perpendicular plate, and at its posterior junction is the pyramidal process, which we are discussing. And this will enter the pterygoid fissure. Here you can see how these two are joined like this. And subsequently, this pyramidal process will fill the space of this pterygoid fossa. Let me show you between another sphenoid and palatine bone. So, this is another sphenoid, and this is the maxilla articulated with the palatine bone. So, this is the perpendicular plate, this is the horizontal plate, and here is the pyramidal process. Now, here is the pterygoid fissure, and it will be filed by this pyramidal process. So, this is how they will join, and subsequently, as you have discussed, this pyramidal process will fill the gap of this pterygoid fossa. So, this is how the articulation will be. Now, on the superior border, as you have discussed, these two plates fuse, and here it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygopalatine fossa. Now, in the case of the pterygoid plate, first, the lateral pterygoid plate, which is quadrilateral, and it deviates laterally. It has two surfaces: lateral and medial, plus it has anterior and posterior two borders. The anterior border is free, and it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygomaxillary fissure. I will show you clearly on the skull. So, here you can see this is the lateral pterygoid plate, and this is the pterygomaxillary fissure. Now, this pterygomaxillary fissure communicates the infratemporal fossa with the pterygopalatine fossa. See this. It is a fissure between the anterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate and posteriorly this maxilla. See this. Now, this posterior border is again free, and in the middle, it shows a bony process, and it will articulate with the spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. The same thing we have already discussed with this spine of the sphenoid, but let me show you again. So, this is the posterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate, and here is the bony process that you will articulate with this spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. Now, this lateral surface forms the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. So, this is the region of the infratemporal fossa. And here you can see this lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will form the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. For detailed description of the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa, you can watch my separate video. Besides that, it also provides the main attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Whereas the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will provide the main attachment of the medial pterygoid muscle. So, you can say that on both sides of the lateral pterygoid plate, the lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid muscles are attached. Now, the next is the medial pterygoid plate, similar to the lateral pterygoid plate. It has two borders: anterior and posterior, plus two surfaces: medial and lateral. This entire border will articulate along its posterior border with the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone. So, here is the right palatine bone I have, and this is its horizontal plate, this is the perpendicular plate, and at its posterior junction is the pyramidal process, which we are discussing. And this will enter the pterygoid fissure. Here you can see how these two are joined like this. And subsequently, this pyramidal process will fill the space of this pterygoid fossa. Let me show you between another sphenoid and palatine bone. So, this is another sphenoid, and this is the maxilla articulated with the palatine bone. So, this is the perpendicular plate, this is the horizontal plate, and here is the pyramidal process. Now, here is the pterygoid fissure, and it will be filed by this pyramidal process. So, this is how they will join, and subsequently, as you have discussed, this pyramidal process will fill the gap of this pterygoid fossa. So, this is how the articulation will be. Now, on the superior border, as you have discussed, these two plates fuse, and here it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygopalatine fossa. Now, in the case of the pterygoid plate, first, the lateral pterygoid plate, which is quadrilateral, and it deviates laterally. It has two surfaces: lateral and medial, plus it has anterior and posterior two borders. The anterior border is free, and it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygomaxillary fissure. I will show you clearly on the skull. So, here you can see this is the lateral pterygoid plate, and this is the pterygomaxillary fissure. Now, this pterygomaxillary fissure communicates the infratemporal fossa with the pterygopalatine fossa. See this. It is a fissure between the anterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate and posteriorly this maxilla. See this. Now, this posterior border is again free, and in the middle, it shows a bony process, and it will articulate with the spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. The same thing we have already discussed with this spine of the sphenoid, but let me show you again. So, this is the posterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate, and here is the bony process that you will articulate with this spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. Now, this lateral surface forms the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. So, this is the region of the infratemporal fossa. And here you can see this lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will form the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. For detailed description of the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa, you can watch my separate video. Besides that, it also provides the main attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Whereas the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will provide the main attachment of the medial pterygoid muscle. So, you can say that on both sides of the lateral pterygoid plate, the lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid muscles are attached. Now, the next is the medial pterygoid plate, similar to the lateral pterygoid plate. It has two borders: anterior and posterior, plus two surfaces: medial and lateral. This entire border will articulate along its posterior border with the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone. So, here is the right palatine bone I have, and this is its horizontal plate, this is the perpendicular plate, and at its posterior junction is the pyramidal process, which we are discussing. And this will enter the pterygoid fissure. Here you can see how these two are joined like this. And subsequently, this pyramidal process will fill the space of this pterygoid fossa. Let me show you between another sphenoid and palatine bone. So, this is another sphenoid, and this is the maxilla articulated with the palatine bone. So, this is the perpendicular plate, this is the horizontal plate, and here is the pyramidal process. Now, here is the pterygoid fissure, and it will be filed by this pyramidal process. So, this is how they will join, and subsequently, as you have discussed, this pyramidal process will fill the gap of this pterygoid fossa. So, this is how the articulation will be. Now, on the superior border, as you have discussed, these two plates fuse, and here it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygopalatine fossa. Now, in the case of the pterygoid plate, first, the lateral pterygoid plate, which is quadrilateral, and it deviates laterally. It has two surfaces: lateral and medial, plus it has anterior and posterior two borders. The anterior border is free, and it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygomaxillary fissure. I will show you clearly on the skull. So, here you can see this is the lateral pterygoid plate, and this is the pterygomaxillary fissure. Now, this pterygomaxillary fissure communicates the infratemporal fossa with the pterygopalatine fossa. See this. It is a fissure between the anterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate and posteriorly this maxilla. See this. Now, this posterior border is again free, and in the middle, it shows a bony process, and it will articulate with the spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. The same thing we have already discussed with this spine of the sphenoid, but let me show you again. So, this is the posterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate, and here is the bony process that you will articulate with this spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. Now, this lateral surface forms the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. So, this is the region of the infratemporal fossa. And here you can see this lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will form the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. For detailed description of the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa, you can watch my separate video. Besides that, it also provides the main attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Whereas the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will provide the main attachment of the medial pterygoid muscle. So, you can say that on both sides of the lateral pterygoid plate, the lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid muscles are attached. Now, the next is the medial pterygoid plate, similar to the lateral pterygoid plate. It has two borders: anterior and posterior, plus two surfaces: medial and lateral. This entire border will articulate along its posterior border with the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone. So, here is the right palatine bone I have, and this is its horizontal plate, this is the perpendicular plate, and at its posterior junction is the pyramidal process, which we are discussing. And this will enter the pterygoid fissure. Here you can see how these two are joined like this. And subsequently, this pyramidal process will fill the space of this pterygoid fossa. Let me show you between another sphenoid and palatine bone. So, this is another sphenoid, and this is the maxilla articulated with the palatine bone. So, this is the perpendicular plate, this is the horizontal plate, and here is the pyramidal process. Now, here is the pterygoid fissure, and it will be filed by this pyramidal process. So, this is how they will join, and subsequently, as you have discussed, this pyramidal process will fill the gap of this pterygoid fossa. So, this is how the articulation will be. Now, on the superior border, as you have discussed, these two plates fuse, and here it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygopalatine fossa. Now, in the case of the pterygoid plate, first, the lateral pterygoid plate, which is quadrilateral, and it deviates laterally. It has two surfaces: lateral and medial, plus it has anterior and posterior two borders. The anterior border is free, and it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygomaxillary fissure. I will show you clearly on the skull. So, here you can see this is the lateral pterygoid plate, and this is the pterygomaxillary fissure. Now, this pterygomaxillary fissure communicates the infratemporal fossa with the pterygopalatine fossa. See this. It is a fissure between the anterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate and posteriorly this maxilla. See this. Now, this posterior border is again free, and in the middle, it shows a bony process, and it will articulate with the spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. The same thing we have already discussed with this spine of the sphenoid, but let me show you again. So, this is the posterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate, and here is the bony process that you will articulate with this spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. Now, this lateral surface forms the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. So, this is the region of the infratemporal fossa. And here you can see this lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will form the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. For detailed description of the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa, you can watch my separate video. Besides that, it also provides the main attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Whereas the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will provide the main attachment of the medial pterygoid muscle. So, you can say that on both sides of the lateral pterygoid plate, the lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid muscles are attached. Now, the next is the medial pterygoid plate, similar to the lateral pterygoid plate. It has two borders: anterior and posterior, plus two surfaces: medial and lateral. This entire border will articulate along its posterior border with the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone. So, here is the right palatine bone I have, and this is its horizontal plate, this is the perpendicular plate, and at its posterior junction is the pyramidal process, which we are discussing. And this will enter the pterygoid fissure. Here you can see how these two are joined like this. And subsequently, this pyramidal process will fill the space of this pterygoid fossa. Let me show you between another sphenoid and palatine bone. So, this is another sphenoid, and this is the maxilla articulated with the palatine bone. So, this is the perpendicular plate, this is the horizontal plate, and here is the pyramidal process. Now, here is the pterygoid fissure, and it will be filed by this pyramidal process. So, this is how they will join, and subsequently, as you have discussed, this pyramidal process will fill the gap of this pterygoid fossa. So, this is how the articulation will be. Now, on the superior border, as you have discussed, these two plates fuse, and here it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygopalatine fossa. Now, in the case of the pterygoid plate, first, the lateral pterygoid plate, which is quadrilateral, and it deviates laterally. It has two surfaces: lateral and medial, plus it has anterior and posterior two borders. The anterior border is free, and it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygomaxillary fissure. I will show you clearly on the skull. So, here you can see this is the lateral pterygoid plate, and this is the pterygomaxillary fissure. Now, this pterygomaxillary fissure communicates the infratemporal fossa with the pterygopalatine fossa. See this. It is a fissure between the anterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate and posteriorly this maxilla. See this. Now, this posterior border is again free, and in the middle, it shows a bony process, and it will articulate with the spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. The same thing we have already discussed with this spine of the sphenoid, but let me show you again. So, this is the posterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate, and here is the bony process that you will articulate with this spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. Now, this lateral surface forms the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. So, this is the region of the infratemporal fossa. And here you can see this lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will form the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. For detailed description of the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa, you can watch my separate video. Besides that, it also provides the main attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Whereas the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will provide the main attachment of the medial pterygoid muscle. So, you can say that on both sides of the lateral pterygoid plate, the lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid muscles are attached. Now, the next is the medial pterygoid plate, similar to the lateral pterygoid plate. It has two borders: anterior and posterior, plus two surfaces: medial and lateral. This entire border will articulate along its posterior border with the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone. So, here is the right palatine bone I have, and this is its horizontal plate, this is the perpendicular plate, and at its posterior junction is the pyramidal process, which we are discussing. And this will enter the pterygoid fissure. Here you can see how these two are joined like this. And subsequently, this pyramidal process will fill the space of this pterygoid fossa. Let me show you between another sphenoid and palatine bone. So, this is another sphenoid, and this is the maxilla articulated with the palatine bone. So, this is the perpendicular plate, this is the horizontal plate, and here is the pyramidal process. Now, here is the pterygoid fissure, and it will be filed by this pyramidal process. So, this is how they will join, and subsequently, as you have discussed, this pyramidal process will fill the gap of this pterygoid fossa. So, this is how the articulation will be. Now, on the superior border, as you have discussed, these two plates fuse, and here it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygopalatine fossa. Now, in the case of the pterygoid plate, first, the lateral pterygoid plate, which is quadrilateral, and it deviates laterally. It has two surfaces: lateral and medial, plus it has anterior and posterior two borders. The anterior border is free, and it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygomaxillary fissure. I will show you clearly on the skull. So, here you can see this is the lateral pterygoid plate, and this is the pterygomaxillary fissure. Now, this pterygomaxillary fissure communicates the infratemporal fossa with the pterygopalatine fossa. See this. It is a fissure between the anterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate and posteriorly this maxilla. See this. Now, this posterior border is again free, and in the middle, it shows a bony process, and it will articulate with the spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. The same thing we have already discussed with this spine of the sphenoid, but let me show you again. So, this is the posterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate, and here is the bony process that you will articulate with this spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. Now, this lateral surface forms the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. So, this is the region of the infratemporal fossa. And here you can see this lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will form the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. For detailed description of the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa, you can watch my separate video. Besides that, it also provides the main attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Whereas the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will provide the main attachment of the medial pterygoid muscle. So, you can say that on both sides of the lateral pterygoid plate, the lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid muscles are attached. Now, the next is the medial pterygoid plate, similar to the lateral pterygoid plate. It has two borders: anterior and posterior, plus two surfaces: medial and lateral. This entire border will articulate along its posterior border with the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone. So, here is the right palatine bone I have, and this is its horizontal plate, this is the perpendicular plate, and at its posterior junction is the pyramidal process, which we are discussing. And this will enter the pterygoid fissure. Here you can see how these two are joined like this. And subsequently, this pyramidal process will fill the space of this pterygoid fossa. Let me show you between another sphenoid and palatine bone. So, this is another sphenoid, and this is the maxilla articulated with the palatine bone. So, this is the perpendicular plate, this is the horizontal plate, and here is the pyramidal process. Now, here is the pterygoid fissure, and it will be filed by this pyramidal process. So, this is how they will join, and subsequently, as you have discussed, this pyramidal process will fill the gap of this pterygoid fossa. So, this is how the articulation will be. Now, on the superior border, as you have discussed, these two plates fuse, and here it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygopalatine fossa. Now, in the case of the pterygoid plate, first, the lateral pterygoid plate, which is quadrilateral, and it deviates laterally. It has two surfaces: lateral and medial, plus it has anterior and posterior two borders. The anterior border is free, and it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygomaxillary fissure. I will show you clearly on the skull. So, here you can see this is the lateral pterygoid plate, and this is the pterygomaxillary fissure. Now, this pterygomaxillary fissure communicates the infratemporal fossa with the pterygopalatine fossa. See this. It is a fissure between the anterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate and posteriorly this maxilla. See this. Now, this posterior border is again free, and in the middle, it shows a bony process, and it will articulate with the spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. The same thing we have already discussed with this spine of the sphenoid, but let me show you again. So, this is the posterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate, and here is the bony process that you will articulate with this spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. Now, this lateral surface forms the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. So, this is the region of the infratemporal fossa. And here you can see this lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will form the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. For detailed description of the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa, you can watch my separate video. Besides that, it also provides the main attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Whereas the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will provide the main attachment of the medial pterygoid muscle. So, you can say that on both sides of the lateral pterygoid plate, the lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid muscles are attached. Now, the next is the medial pterygoid plate, similar to the lateral pterygoid plate. It has two borders: anterior and posterior, plus two surfaces: medial and lateral. This entire border will articulate along its posterior border with the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone. So, here is the right palatine bone I have, and this is its horizontal plate, this is the perpendicular plate, and at its posterior junction is the pyramidal process, which we are discussing. And this will enter the pterygoid fissure. Here you can see how these two are joined like this. And subsequently, this pyramidal process will fill the space of this pterygoid fossa. Let me show you between another sphenoid and palatine bone. So, this is another sphenoid, and this is the maxilla articulated with the palatine bone. So, this is the perpendicular plate, this is the horizontal plate, and here is the pyramidal process. Now, here is the pterygoid fissure, and it will be filed by this pyramidal process. So, this is how they will join, and subsequently, as you have discussed, this pyramidal process will fill the gap of this pterygoid fossa. So, this is how the articulation will be. Now, on the superior border, as you have discussed, these two plates fuse, and here it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygopalatine fossa. Now, in the case of the pterygoid plate, first, the lateral pterygoid plate, which is quadrilateral, and it deviates laterally. It has two surfaces: lateral and medial, plus it has anterior and posterior two borders. The anterior border is free, and it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygomaxillary fissure. I will show you clearly on the skull. So, here you can see this is the lateral pterygoid plate, and this is the pterygomaxillary fissure. Now, this pterygomaxillary fissure communicates the infratemporal fossa with the pterygopalatine fossa. See this. It is a fissure between the anterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate and posteriorly this maxilla. See this. Now, this posterior border is again free, and in the middle, it shows a bony process, and it will articulate with the spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. The same thing we have already discussed with this spine of the sphenoid, but let me show you again. So, this is the posterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate, and here is the bony process that you will articulate with this spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. Now, this lateral surface forms the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. So, this is the region of the infratemporal fossa. And here you can see this lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will form the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. For detailed description of the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa, you can watch my separate video. Besides that, it also provides the main attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Whereas the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will provide the main attachment of the medial pterygoid muscle. So, you can say that on both sides of the lateral pterygoid plate, the lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid muscles are attached. Now, the next is the medial pterygoid plate, similar to the lateral pterygoid plate. It has two borders: anterior and posterior, plus two surfaces: medial and lateral. This entire border will articulate along its posterior border with the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone. So, here is the right palatine bone I have, and this is its horizontal plate, this is the perpendicular plate, and at its posterior junction is the pyramidal process, which we are discussing. And this will enter the pterygoid fissure. Here you can see how these two are joined like this. And subsequently, this pyramidal process will fill the space of this pterygoid fossa. Let me show you between another sphenoid and palatine bone. So, this is another sphenoid, and this is the maxilla articulated with the palatine bone. So, this is the perpendicular plate, this is the horizontal plate, and here is the pyramidal process. Now, here is the pterygoid fissure, and it will be filed by this pyramidal process. So, this is how they will join, and subsequently, as you have discussed, this pyramidal process will fill the gap of this pterygoid fossa. So, this is how the articulation will be. Now, on the superior border, as you have discussed, these two plates fuse, and here it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygopalatine fossa. Now, in the case of the pterygoid plate, first, the lateral pterygoid plate, which is quadrilateral, and it deviates laterally. It has two surfaces: lateral and medial, plus it has anterior and posterior two borders. The anterior border is free, and it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygomaxillary fissure. I will show you clearly on the skull. So, here you can see this is the lateral pterygoid plate, and this is the pterygomaxillary fissure. Now, this pterygomaxillary fissure communicates the infratemporal fossa with the pterygopalatine fossa. See this. It is a fissure between the anterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate and posteriorly this maxilla. See this. Now, this posterior border is again free, and in the middle, it shows a bony process, and it will articulate with the spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. The same thing we have already discussed with this spine of the sphenoid, but let me show you again. So, this is the posterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate, and here is the bony process that you will articulate with this spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. Now, this lateral surface forms the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. So, this is the region of the infratemporal fossa. And here you can see this lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will form the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. For detailed description of the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa, you can watch my separate video. Besides that, it also provides the main attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Whereas the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will provide the main attachment of the medial pterygoid muscle. So, you can say that on both sides of the lateral pterygoid plate, the lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid muscles are attached. Now, the next is the medial pterygoid plate, similar to the lateral pterygoid plate. It has two borders: anterior and posterior, plus two surfaces: medial and lateral. This entire border will articulate along its posterior border with the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone. So, here is the right palatine bone I have, and this is its horizontal plate, this is the perpendicular plate, and at its posterior junction is the pyramidal process, which we are discussing. And this will enter the pterygoid fissure. Here you can see how these two are joined like this. And subsequently, this pyramidal process will fill the space of this pterygoid fossa. Let me show you between another sphenoid and palatine bone. So, this is another sphenoid, and this is the maxilla articulated with the palatine bone. So, this is the perpendicular plate, this is the horizontal plate, and here is the pyramidal process. Now, here is the pterygoid fissure, and it will be filed by this pyramidal process. So, this is how they will join, and subsequently, as you have discussed, this pyramidal process will fill the gap of this pterygoid fossa. So, this is how the articulation will be. Now, on the superior border, as you have discussed, these two plates fuse, and here it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygopalatine fossa. Now, in the case of the pterygoid plate, first, the lateral pterygoid plate, which is quadrilateral, and it deviates laterally. It has two surfaces: lateral and medial, plus it has anterior and posterior two borders. The anterior border is free, and it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygomaxillary fissure. I will show you clearly on the skull. So, here you can see this is the lateral pterygoid plate, and this is the pterygomaxillary fissure. Now, this pterygomaxillary fissure communicates the infratemporal fossa with the pterygopalatine fossa. See this. It is a fissure between the anterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate and posteriorly this maxilla. See this. Now, this posterior border is again free, and in the middle, it shows a bony process, and it will articulate with the spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. The same thing we have already discussed with this spine of the sphenoid, but let me show you again. So, this is the posterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate, and here is the bony process that you will articulate with this spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. Now, this lateral surface forms the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. So, this is the region of the infratemporal fossa. And here you can see this lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will form the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. For detailed description of the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa, you can watch my separate video. Besides that, it also provides the main attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Whereas the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will provide the main attachment of the medial pterygoid muscle. So, you can say that on both sides of the lateral pterygoid plate, the lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid muscles are attached. Now, the next is the medial pterygoid plate, similar to the lateral pterygoid plate. It has two borders: anterior and posterior, plus two surfaces: medial and lateral. This entire border will articulate along its posterior border with the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone. So, here is the right palatine bone I have, and this is its horizontal plate, this is the perpendicular plate, and at its posterior junction is the pyramidal process, which we are discussing. And this will enter the pterygoid fissure. Here you can see how these two are joined like this. And subsequently, this pyramidal process will fill the space of this pterygoid fossa. Let me show you between another sphenoid and palatine bone. So, this is another sphenoid, and this is the maxilla articulated with the palatine bone. So, this is the perpendicular plate, this is the horizontal plate, and here is the pyramidal process. Now, here is the pterygoid fissure, and it will be filed by this pyramidal process. So, this is how they will join, and subsequently, as you have discussed, this pyramidal process will fill the gap of this pterygoid fossa. So, this is how the articulation will be. Now, on the superior border, as you have discussed, these two plates fuse, and here it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygopalatine fossa. Now, in the case of the pterygoid plate, first, the lateral pterygoid plate, which is quadrilateral, and it deviates laterally. It has two surfaces: lateral and medial, plus it has anterior and posterior two borders. The anterior border is free, and it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygomaxillary fissure. I will show you clearly on the skull. So, here you can see this is the lateral pterygoid plate, and this is the pterygomaxillary fissure. Now, this pterygomaxillary fissure communicates the infratemporal fossa with the pterygopalatine fossa. See this. It is a fissure between the anterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate and posteriorly this maxilla. See this. Now, this posterior border is again free, and in the middle, it shows a bony process, and it will articulate with the spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. The same thing we have already discussed with this spine of the sphenoid, but let me show you again. So, this is the posterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate, and here is the bony process that you will articulate with this spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. Now, this lateral surface forms the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. So, this is the region of the infratemporal fossa. And here you can see this lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will form the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. For detailed description of the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa, you can watch my separate video. Besides that, it also provides the main attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Whereas the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will provide the main attachment of the medial pterygoid muscle. So, you can say that on both sides of the lateral pterygoid plate, the lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid muscles are attached. Now, the next is the medial pterygoid plate, similar to the lateral pterygoid plate. It has two borders: anterior and posterior, plus two surfaces: medial and lateral. This entire border will articulate along its posterior border with the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone. So, here is the right palatine bone I have, and this is its horizontal plate, this is the perpendicular plate, and at its posterior junction is the pyramidal process, which we are discussing. And this will enter the pterygoid fissure. Here you can see how these two are joined like this. And subsequently, this pyramidal process will fill the space of this pterygoid fossa. Let me show you between another sphenoid and palatine bone. So, this is another sphenoid, and this is the maxilla articulated with the palatine bone. So, this is the perpendicular plate, this is the horizontal plate, and here is the pyramidal process. Now, here is the pterygoid fissure, and it will be filed by this pyramidal process. So, this is how they will join, and subsequently, as you have discussed, this pyramidal process will fill the gap of this pterygoid fossa. So, this is how the articulation will be. Now, on the superior border, as you have discussed, these two plates fuse, and here it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygopalatine fossa. Now, in the case of the pterygoid plate, first, the lateral pterygoid plate, which is quadrilateral, and it deviates laterally. It has two surfaces: lateral and medial, plus it has anterior and posterior two borders. The anterior border is free, and it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygomaxillary fissure. I will show you clearly on the skull. So, here you can see this is the lateral pterygoid plate, and this is the pterygomaxillary fissure. Now, this pterygomaxillary fissure communicates the infratemporal fossa with the pterygopalatine fossa. See this. It is a fissure between the anterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate and posteriorly this maxilla. See this. Now, this posterior border is again free, and in the middle, it shows a bony process, and it will articulate with the spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. The same thing we have already discussed with this spine of the sphenoid, but let me show you again. So, this is the posterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate, and here is the bony process that you will articulate with this spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. Now, this lateral surface forms the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. So, this is the region of the infratemporal fossa. And here you can see this lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will form the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. For detailed description of the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa, you can watch my separate video. Besides that, it also provides the main attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Whereas the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will provide the main attachment of the medial pterygoid muscle. So, you can say that on both sides of the lateral pterygoid plate, the lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid muscles are attached. Now, the next is the medial pterygoid plate, similar to the lateral pterygoid plate. It has two borders: anterior and posterior, plus two surfaces: medial and lateral. This entire border will articulate along its posterior border with the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone. So, here is the right palatine bone I have, and this is its horizontal plate, this is the perpendicular plate, and at its posterior junction is the pyramidal process, which we are discussing. And this will enter the pterygoid fissure. Here you can see how these two are joined like this. And subsequently, this pyramidal process will fill the space of this pterygoid fossa. Let me show you between another sphenoid and palatine bone. So, this is another sphenoid, and this is the maxilla articulated with the palatine bone. So, this is the perpendicular plate, this is the horizontal plate, and here is the pyramidal process. Now, here is the pterygoid fissure, and it will be filed by this pyramidal process. So, this is how they will join, and subsequently, as you have discussed, this pyramidal process will fill the gap of this pterygoid fossa. So, this is how the articulation will be. Now, on the superior border, as you have discussed, these two plates fuse, and here it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygopalatine fossa. Now, in the case of the pterygoid plate, first, the lateral pterygoid plate, which is quadrilateral, and it deviates laterally. It has two surfaces: lateral and medial, plus it has anterior and posterior two borders. The anterior border is free, and it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygomaxillary fissure. I will show you clearly on the skull. So, here you can see this is the lateral pterygoid plate, and this is the pterygomaxillary fissure. Now, this pterygomaxillary fissure communicates the infratemporal fossa with the pterygopalatine fossa. See this. It is a fissure between the anterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate and posteriorly this maxilla. See this. Now, this posterior border is again free, and in the middle, it shows a bony process, and it will articulate with the spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. The same thing we have already discussed with this spine of the sphenoid, but let me show you again. So, this is the posterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate, and here is the bony process that you will articulate with this spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. Now, this lateral surface forms the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. So, this is the region of the infratemporal fossa. And here you can see this lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will form the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. For detailed description of the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa, you can watch my separate video. Besides that, it also provides the main attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Whereas the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will provide the main attachment of the medial pterygoid muscle. So, you can say that on both sides of the lateral pterygoid plate, the lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid muscles are attached. Now, the next is the medial pterygoid plate, similar to the lateral pterygoid plate. It has two borders: anterior and posterior, plus two surfaces: medial and lateral. This entire border will articulate along its posterior border with the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone. So, here is the right palatine bone I have, and this is its horizontal plate, this is the perpendicular plate, and at its posterior junction is the pyramidal process, which we are discussing. And this will enter the pterygoid fissure. Here you can see how these two are joined like this. And subsequently, this pyramidal process will fill the space of this pterygoid fossa. Let me show you between another sphenoid and palatine bone. So, this is another sphenoid, and this is the maxilla articulated with the palatine bone. So, this is the perpendicular plate, this is the horizontal plate, and here is the pyramidal process. Now, here is the pterygoid fissure, and it will be filed by this pyramidal process. So, this is how they will join, and subsequently, as you have discussed, this pyramidal process will fill the gap of this pterygoid fossa. So, this is how the articulation will be. Now, on the superior border, as you have discussed, these two plates fuse, and here it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygopalatine fossa. Now, in the case of the pterygoid plate, first, the lateral pterygoid plate, which is quadrilateral, and it deviates laterally. It has two surfaces: lateral and medial, plus it has anterior and posterior two borders. The anterior border is free, and it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygomaxillary fissure. I will show you clearly on the skull. So, here you can see this is the lateral pterygoid plate, and this is the pterygomaxillary fissure. Now, this pterygomaxillary fissure communicates the infratemporal fossa with the pterygopalatine fossa. See this. It is a fissure between the anterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate and posteriorly this maxilla. See this. Now, this posterior border is again free, and in the middle, it shows a bony process, and it will articulate with the spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. The same thing we have already discussed with this spine of the sphenoid, but let me show you again. So, this is the posterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate, and here is the bony process that you will articulate with this spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. Now, this lateral surface forms the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. So, this is the region of the infratemporal fossa. And here you can see this lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will form the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. For detailed description of the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa, you can watch my separate video. Besides that, it also provides the main attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Whereas the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will provide the main attachment of the medial pterygoid muscle. So, you can say that on both sides of the lateral pterygoid plate, the lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid muscles are attached. Now, the next is the medial pterygoid plate, similar to the lateral pterygoid plate. It has two borders: anterior and posterior, plus two surfaces: medial and lateral. This entire border will articulate along its posterior border with the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone. So, here is the right palatine bone I have, and this is its horizontal plate, this is the perpendicular plate, and at its posterior junction is the pyramidal process, which we are discussing. And this will enter the pterygoid fissure. Here you can see how these two are joined like this. And subsequently, this pyramidal process will fill the space of this pterygoid fossa. Let me show you between another sphenoid and palatine bone. So, this is another sphenoid, and this is the maxilla articulated with the palatine bone. So, this is the perpendicular plate, this is the horizontal plate, and here is the pyramidal process. Now, here is the pterygoid fissure, and it will be filed by this pyramidal process. So, this is how they will join, and subsequently, as you have discussed, this pyramidal process will fill the gap of this pterygoid fossa. So, this is how the articulation will be. Now, on the superior border, as you have discussed, these two plates fuse, and here it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygopalatine fossa. Now, in the case of the pterygoid plate, first, the lateral pterygoid plate, which is quadrilateral, and it deviates laterally. It has two surfaces: lateral and medial, plus it has anterior and posterior two borders. The anterior border is free, and it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygomaxillary fissure. I will show you clearly on the skull. So, here you can see this is the lateral pterygoid plate, and this is the pterygomaxillary fissure. Now, this pterygomaxillary fissure communicates the infratemporal fossa with the pterygopalatine fossa. See this. It is a fissure between the anterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate and posteriorly this maxilla. See this. Now, this posterior border is again free, and in the middle, it shows a bony process, and it will articulate with the spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. The same thing we have already discussed with this spine of the sphenoid, but let me show you again. So, this is the posterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate, and here is the bony process that you will articulate with this spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. Now, this lateral surface forms the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. So, this is the region of the infratemporal fossa. And here you can see this lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will form the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. For detailed description of the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa, you can watch my separate video. Besides that, it also provides the main attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Whereas the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will provide the main attachment of the medial pterygoid muscle. So, you can say that on both sides of the lateral pterygoid plate, the lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid muscles are attached. Now, the next is the medial pterygoid plate, similar to the lateral pterygoid plate. It has two borders: anterior and posterior, plus two surfaces: medial and lateral. This entire border will articulate along its posterior border with the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone. So, here is the right palatine bone I have, and this is its horizontal plate, this is the perpendicular plate, and at its posterior junction is the pyramidal process, which we are discussing. And this will enter the pterygoid fissure. Here you can see how these two are joined like this. And subsequently, this pyramidal process will fill the space of this pterygoid fossa. Let me show you between another sphenoid and palatine bone. So, this is another sphenoid, and this is the maxilla articulated with the palatine bone. So, this is the perpendicular plate, this is the horizontal plate, and here is the pyramidal process. Now, here is the pterygoid fissure, and it will be filed by this pyramidal process. So, this is how they will join, and subsequently, as you have discussed, this pyramidal process will fill the gap of this pterygoid fossa. So, this is how the articulation will be. Now, on the superior border, as you have discussed, these two plates fuse, and here it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygopalatine fossa. Now, in the case of the pterygoid plate, first, the lateral pterygoid plate, which is quadrilateral, and it deviates laterally. It has two surfaces: lateral and medial, plus it has anterior and posterior two borders. The anterior border is free, and it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygomaxillary fissure. I will show you clearly on the skull. So, here you can see this is the lateral pterygoid plate, and this is the pterygomaxillary fissure. Now, this pterygomaxillary fissure communicates the infratemporal fossa with the pterygopalatine fossa. See this. It is a fissure between the anterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate and posteriorly this maxilla. See this. Now, this posterior border is again free, and in the middle, it shows a bony process, and it will articulate with the spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. The same thing we have already discussed with this spine of the sphenoid, but let me show you again. So, this is the posterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate, and here is the bony process that you will articulate with this spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. Now, this lateral surface forms the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. So, this is the region of the infratemporal fossa. And here you can see this lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will form the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. For detailed description of the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa, you can watch my separate video. Besides that, it also provides the main attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Whereas the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will provide the main attachment of the medial pterygoid muscle. So, you can say that on both sides of the lateral pterygoid plate, the lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid muscles are attached. Now, the next is the medial pterygoid plate, similar to the lateral pterygoid plate. It has two borders: anterior and posterior, plus two surfaces: medial and lateral. This entire border will articulate along its posterior border with the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone. So, here is the right palatine bone I have, and this is its horizontal plate, this is the perpendicular plate, and at its posterior junction is the pyramidal process, which we are discussing. And this will enter the pterygoid fissure. Here you can see how these two are joined like this. And subsequently, this pyramidal process will fill the space of this pterygoid fossa. Let me show you between another sphenoid and palatine bone. So, this is another sphenoid, and this is the maxilla articulated with the palatine bone. So, this is the perpendicular plate, this is the horizontal plate, and here is the pyramidal process. Now, here is the pterygoid fissure, and it will be filed by this pyramidal process. So, this is how they will join, and subsequently, as you have discussed, this pyramidal process will fill the gap of this pterygoid fossa. So, this is how the articulation will be. Now, on the superior border, as you have discussed, these two plates fuse, and here it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygopalatine fossa. Now, in the case of the pterygoid plate, first, the lateral pterygoid plate, which is quadrilateral, and it deviates laterally. It has two surfaces: lateral and medial, plus it has anterior and posterior two borders. The anterior border is free, and it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygomaxillary fissure. I will show you clearly on the skull. So, here you can see this is the lateral pterygoid plate, and this is the pterygomaxillary fissure. Now, this pterygomaxillary fissure communicates the infratemporal fossa with the pterygopalatine fossa. See this. It is a fissure between the anterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate and posteriorly this maxilla. See this. Now, this posterior border is again free, and in the middle, it shows a bony process, and it will articulate with the spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. The same thing we have already discussed with this spine of the sphenoid, but let me show you again. So, this is the posterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate, and here is the bony process that you will articulate with this spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. Now, this lateral surface forms the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. So, this is the region of the infratemporal fossa. And here you can see this lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will form the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. For detailed description of the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa, you can watch my separate video. Besides that, it also provides the main attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Whereas the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will provide the main attachment of the medial pterygoid muscle. So, you can say that on both sides of the lateral pterygoid plate, the lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid muscles are attached. Now, the next is the medial pterygoid plate, similar to the lateral pterygoid plate. It has two borders: anterior and posterior, plus two surfaces: medial and lateral. This entire border will articulate along its posterior border with the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone. So, here is the right palatine bone I have, and this is its horizontal plate, this is the perpendicular plate, and at its posterior junction is the pyramidal process, which we are discussing. And this will enter the pterygoid fissure. Here you can see how these two are joined like this. And subsequently, this pyramidal process will fill the space of this pterygoid fossa. Let me show you between another sphenoid and palatine bone. So, this is another sphenoid, and this is the maxilla articulated with the palatine bone. So, this is the perpendicular plate, this is the horizontal plate, and here is the pyramidal process. Now, here is the pterygoid fissure, and it will be filed by this pyramidal process. So, this is how they will join, and subsequently, as you have discussed, this pyramidal process will fill the gap of this pterygoid fossa. So, this is how the articulation will be. Now, on the superior border, as you have discussed, these two plates fuse, and here it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygopalatine fossa. Now, in the case of the pterygoid plate, first, the lateral pterygoid plate, which is quadrilateral, and it deviates laterally. It has two surfaces: lateral and medial, plus it has anterior and posterior two borders. The anterior border is free, and it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygomaxillary fissure. I will show you clearly on the skull. So, here you can see this is the lateral pterygoid plate, and this is the pterygomaxillary fissure. Now, this pterygomaxillary fissure communicates the infratemporal fossa with the pterygopalatine fossa. See this. It is a fissure between the anterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate and posteriorly this maxilla. See this. Now, this posterior border is again free, and in the middle, it shows a bony process, and it will articulate with the spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. The same thing we have already discussed with this spine of the sphenoid, but let me show you again. So, this is the posterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate, and here is the bony process that you will articulate with this spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. Now, this lateral surface forms the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. So, this is the region of the infratemporal fossa. And here you can see this lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will form the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. For detailed description of the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa, you can watch my separate video. Besides that, it also provides the main attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Whereas the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will provide the main attachment of the medial pterygoid muscle. So, you can say that on both sides of the lateral pterygoid plate, the lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid muscles are attached. Now, the next is the medial pterygoid plate, similar to the lateral pterygoid plate. It has two borders: anterior and posterior, plus two surfaces: medial and lateral. This entire border will articulate along its posterior border with the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone. So, here is the right palatine bone I have, and this is its horizontal plate, this is the perpendicular plate, and at its posterior junction is the pyramidal process, which we are discussing. And this will enter the pterygoid fissure. Here you can see how these two are joined like this. And subsequently, this pyramidal process will fill the space of this pterygoid fossa. Let me show you between another sphenoid and palatine bone. So, this is another sphenoid, and this is the maxilla articulated with the palatine bone. So, this is the perpendicular plate, this is the horizontal plate, and here is the pyramidal process. Now, here is the pterygoid fissure, and it will be filed by this pyramidal process. So, this is how they will join, and subsequently, as you have discussed, this pyramidal process will fill the gap of this pterygoid fossa. So, this is how the articulation will be. Now, on the superior border, as you have discussed, these two plates fuse, and here it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygopalatine fossa. Now, in the case of the pterygoid plate, first, the lateral pterygoid plate, which is quadrilateral, and it deviates laterally. It has two surfaces: lateral and medial, plus it has anterior and posterior two borders. The anterior border is free, and it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygomaxillary fissure. I will show you clearly on the skull. So, here you can see this is the lateral pterygoid plate, and this is the pterygomaxillary fissure. Now, this pterygomaxillary fissure communicates the infratemporal fossa with the pterygopalatine fossa. See this. It is a fissure between the anterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate and posteriorly this maxilla. See this. Now, this posterior border is again free, and in the middle, it shows a bony process, and it will articulate with the spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. The same thing we have already discussed with this spine of the sphenoid, but let me show you again. So, this is the posterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate, and here is the bony process that you will articulate with this spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. Now, this lateral surface forms the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. So, this is the region of the infratemporal fossa. And here you can see this lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will form the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. For detailed description of the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa, you can watch my separate video. Besides that, it also provides the main attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Whereas the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will provide the main attachment of the medial pterygoid muscle. So, you can say that on both sides of the lateral pterygoid plate, the lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid muscles are attached. Now, the next is the medial pterygoid plate, similar to the lateral pterygoid plate. It has two borders: anterior and posterior, plus two surfaces: medial and lateral. This entire border will articulate along its posterior border with the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone. So, here is the right palatine bone I have, and this is its horizontal plate, this is the perpendicular plate, and at its posterior junction is the pyramidal process, which we are discussing. And this will enter the pterygoid fissure. Here you can see how these two are joined like this. And subsequently, this pyramidal process will fill the space of this pterygoid fossa. Let me show you between another sphenoid and palatine bone. So, this is another sphenoid, and this is the maxilla articulated with the palatine bone. So, this is the perpendicular plate, this is the horizontal plate, and here is the pyramidal process. Now, here is the pterygoid fissure, and it will be filed by this pyramidal process. So, this is how they will join, and subsequently, as you have discussed, this pyramidal process will fill the gap of this pterygoid fossa. So, this is how the articulation will be. Now, on the superior border, as you have discussed, these two plates fuse, and here it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygopalatine fossa. Now, in the case of the pterygoid plate, first, the lateral pterygoid plate, which is quadrilateral, and it deviates laterally. It has two surfaces: lateral and medial, plus it has anterior and posterior two borders. The anterior border is free, and it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygomaxillary fissure. I will show you clearly on the skull. So, here you can see this is the lateral pterygoid plate, and this is the pterygomaxillary fissure. Now, this pterygomaxillary fissure communicates the infratemporal fossa with the pterygopalatine fossa. See this. It is a fissure between the anterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate and posteriorly this maxilla. See this. Now, this posterior border is again free, and in the middle, it shows a bony process, and it will articulate with the spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. The same thing we have already discussed with this spine of the sphenoid, but let me show you again. So, this is the posterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate, and here is the bony process that you will articulate with this spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. Now, this lateral surface forms the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. So, this is the region of the infratemporal fossa. And here you can see this lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will form the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. For detailed description of the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa, you can watch my separate video. Besides that, it also provides the main attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Whereas the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will provide the main attachment of the medial pterygoid muscle. So, you can say that on both sides of the lateral pterygoid plate, the lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid muscles are attached. Now, the next is the medial pterygoid plate, similar to the lateral pterygoid plate. It has two borders: anterior and posterior, plus two surfaces: medial and lateral. This entire border will articulate along its posterior border with the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone. So, here is the right palatine bone I have, and this is its horizontal plate, this is the perpendicular plate, and at its posterior junction is the pyramidal process, which we are discussing. And this will enter the pterygoid fissure. Here you can see how these two are joined like this. And subsequently, this pyramidal process will fill the space of this pterygoid fossa. Let me show you between another sphenoid and palatine bone. So, this is another sphenoid, and this is the maxilla articulated with the palatine bone. So, this is the perpendicular plate, this is the horizontal plate, and here is the pyramidal process. Now, here is the pterygoid fissure, and it will be filed by this pyramidal process. So, this is how they will join, and subsequently, as you have discussed, this pyramidal process will fill the gap of this pterygoid fossa. So, this is how the articulation will be. Now, on the superior border, as you have discussed, these two plates fuse, and here it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygopalatine fossa. Now, in the case of the pterygoid plate, first, the lateral pterygoid plate, which is quadrilateral, and it deviates laterally. It has two surfaces: lateral and medial, plus it has anterior and posterior two borders. The anterior border is free, and it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygomaxillary fissure. I will show you clearly on the skull. So, here you can see this is the lateral pterygoid plate, and this is the pterygomaxillary fissure. Now, this pterygomaxillary fissure communicates the infratemporal fossa with the pterygopalatine fossa. See this. It is a fissure between the anterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate and posteriorly this maxilla. See this. Now, this posterior border is again free, and in the middle, it shows a bony process, and it will articulate with the spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. The same thing we have already discussed with this spine of the sphenoid, but let me show you again. So, this is the posterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate, and here is the bony process that you will articulate with this spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. Now, this lateral surface forms the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. So, this is the region of the infratemporal fossa. And here you can see this lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will form the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. For detailed description of the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa, you can watch my separate video. Besides that, it also provides the main attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Whereas the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will provide the main attachment of the medial pterygoid muscle. So, you can say that on both sides of the lateral pterygoid plate, the lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid muscles are attached. Now, the next is the medial pterygoid plate, similar to the lateral pterygoid plate. It has two borders: anterior and posterior, plus two surfaces: medial and lateral. This entire border will articulate along its posterior border with the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone. So, here is the right palatine bone I have, and this is its horizontal plate, this is the perpendicular plate, and at its posterior junction is the pyramidal process, which we are discussing. And this will enter the pterygoid fissure. Here you can see how these two are joined like this. And subsequently, this pyramidal process will fill the space of this pterygoid fossa. Let me show you between another sphenoid and palatine bone. So, this is another sphenoid, and this is the maxilla articulated with the palatine bone. So, this is the perpendicular plate, this is the horizontal plate, and here is the pyramidal process. Now, here is the pterygoid fissure, and it will be filed by this pyramidal process. So, this is how they will join, and subsequently, as you have discussed, this pyramidal process will fill the gap of this pterygoid fossa. So, this is how the articulation will be. Now, on the superior border, as you have discussed, these two plates fuse, and here it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygopalatine fossa. Now, in the case of the pterygoid plate, first, the lateral pterygoid plate, which is quadrilateral, and it deviates laterally. It has two surfaces: lateral and medial, plus it has anterior and posterior two borders. The anterior border is free, and it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygomaxillary fissure. I will show you clearly on the skull. So, here you can see this is the lateral pterygoid plate, and this is the pterygomaxillary fissure. Now, this pterygomaxillary fissure communicates the infratemporal fossa with the pterygopalatine fossa. See this. It is a fissure between the anterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate and posteriorly this maxilla. See this. Now, this posterior border is again free, and in the middle, it shows a bony process, and it will articulate with the spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. The same thing we have already discussed with this spine of the sphenoid, but let me show you again. So, this is the posterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate, and here is the bony process that you will articulate with this spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. Now, this lateral surface forms the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. So, this is the region of the infratemporal fossa. And here you can see this lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will form the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. For detailed description of the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa, you can watch my separate video. Besides that, it also provides the main attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Whereas the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will provide the main attachment of the medial pterygoid muscle. So, you can say that on both sides of the lateral pterygoid plate, the lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid muscles are attached. Now, the next is the medial pterygoid plate, similar to the lateral pterygoid plate. It has two borders: anterior and posterior, plus two surfaces: medial and lateral. This entire border will articulate along its posterior border with the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone. So, here is the right palatine bone I have, and this is its horizontal plate, this is the perpendicular plate, and at its posterior junction is the pyramidal process, which we are discussing. And this will enter the pterygoid fissure. Here you can see how these two are joined like this. And subsequently, this pyramidal process will fill the space of this pterygoid fossa. Let me show you between another sphenoid and palatine bone. So, this is another sphenoid, and this is the maxilla articulated with the palatine bone. So, this is the perpendicular plate, this is the horizontal plate, and here is the pyramidal process. Now, here is the pterygoid fissure, and it will be filed by this pyramidal process. So, this is how they will join, and subsequently, as you have discussed, this pyramidal process will fill the gap of this pterygoid fossa. So, this is how the articulation will be. Now, on the superior border, as you have discussed, these two plates fuse, and here it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygopalatine fossa. Now, in the case of the pterygoid plate, first, the lateral pterygoid plate, which is quadrilateral, and it deviates laterally. It has two surfaces: lateral and medial, plus it has anterior and posterior two borders. The anterior border is free, and it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygomaxillary fissure. I will show you clearly on the skull. So, here you can see this is the lateral pterygoid plate, and this is the pterygomaxillary fissure. Now, this pterygomaxillary fissure communicates the infratemporal fossa with the pterygopalatine fossa. See this. It is a fissure between the anterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate and posteriorly this maxilla. See this. Now, this posterior border is again free, and in the middle, it shows a bony process, and it will articulate with the spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. The same thing we have already discussed with this spine of the sphenoid, but let me show you again. So, this is the posterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate, and here is the bony process that you will articulate with this spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. Now, this lateral surface forms the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. So, this is the region of the infratemporal fossa. And here you can see this lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will form the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. For detailed description of the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa, you can watch my separate video. Besides that, it also provides the main attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Whereas the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will provide the main attachment of the medial pterygoid muscle. So, you can say that on both sides of the lateral pterygoid plate, the lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid muscles are attached. Now, the next is the medial pterygoid plate, similar to the lateral pterygoid plate. It has two borders: anterior and posterior, plus two surfaces: medial and lateral. This entire border will articulate along its posterior border with the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone. So, here is the right palatine bone I have, and this is its horizontal plate, this is the perpendicular plate, and at its posterior junction is the pyramidal process, which we are discussing. And this will enter the pterygoid fissure. Here you can see how these two are joined like this. And subsequently, this pyramidal process will fill the space of this pterygoid fossa. Let me show you between another sphenoid and palatine bone. So, this is another sphenoid, and this is the maxilla articulated with the palatine bone. So, this is the perpendicular plate, this is the horizontal plate, and here is the pyramidal process. Now, here is the pterygoid fissure, and it will be filed by this pyramidal process. So, this is how they will join, and subsequently, as you have discussed, this pyramidal process will fill the gap of this pterygoid fossa. So, this is how the articulation will be. Now, on the superior border, as you have discussed, these two plates fuse, and here it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygopalatine fossa. Now, in the case of the pterygoid plate, first, the lateral pterygoid plate, which is quadrilateral, and it deviates laterally. It has two surfaces: lateral and medial, plus it has anterior and posterior two borders. The anterior border is free, and it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygomaxillary fissure. I will show you clearly on the skull. So, here you can see this is the lateral pterygoid plate, and this is the pterygomaxillary fissure. Now, this pterygomaxillary fissure communicates the infratemporal fossa with the pterygopalatine fossa. See this. It is a fissure between the anterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate and posteriorly this maxilla. See this. Now, this posterior border is again free, and in the middle, it shows a bony process, and it will articulate with the spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. The same thing we have already discussed with this spine of the sphenoid, but let me show you again. So, this is the posterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate, and here is the bony process that you will articulate with this spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. Now, this lateral surface forms the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. So, this is the region of the infratemporal fossa. And here you can see this lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will form the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. For detailed description of the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa, you can watch my separate video. Besides that, it also provides the main attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Whereas the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will provide the main attachment of the medial pterygoid muscle. So, you can say that on both sides of the lateral pterygoid plate, the lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid muscles are attached. Now, the next is the medial pterygoid plate, similar to the lateral pterygoid plate. It has two borders: anterior and posterior, plus two surfaces: medial and lateral. This entire border will articulate along its posterior border with the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone. So, here is the right palatine bone I have, and this is its horizontal plate, this is the perpendicular plate, and at its posterior junction is the pyramidal process, which we are discussing. And this will enter the pterygoid fissure. Here you can see how these two are joined like this. And subsequently, this pyramidal process will fill the space of this pterygoid fossa. Let me show you between another sphenoid and palatine bone. So, this is another sphenoid, and this is the maxilla articulated with the palatine bone. So, this is the perpendicular plate, this is the horizontal plate, and here is the pyramidal process. Now, here is the pterygoid fissure, and it will be filed by this pyramidal process. So, this is how they will join, and subsequently, as you have discussed, this pyramidal process will fill the gap of this pterygoid fossa. So, this is how the articulation will be. Now, on the superior border, as you have discussed, these two plates fuse, and here it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygopalatine fossa. Now, in the case of the pterygoid plate, first, the lateral pterygoid plate, which is quadrilateral, and it deviates laterally. It has two surfaces: lateral and medial, plus it has anterior and posterior two borders. The anterior border is free, and it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygomaxillary fissure. I will show you clearly on the skull. So, here you can see this is the lateral pterygoid plate, and this is the pterygomaxillary fissure. Now, this pterygomaxillary fissure communicates the infratemporal fossa with the pterygopalatine fossa. See this. It is a fissure between the anterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate and posteriorly this maxilla. See this. Now, this posterior border is again free, and in the middle, it shows a bony process, and it will articulate with the spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. The same thing we have already discussed with this spine of the sphenoid, but let me show you again. So, this is the posterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate, and here is the bony process that you will articulate with this spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. Now, this lateral surface forms the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. So, this is the region of the infratemporal fossa. And here you can see this lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will form the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. For detailed description of the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa, you can watch my separate video. Besides that, it also provides the main attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Whereas the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will provide the main attachment of the medial pterygoid muscle. So, you can say that on both sides of the lateral pterygoid plate, the lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid muscles are attached. Now, the next is the medial pterygoid plate, similar to the lateral pterygoid plate. It has two borders: anterior and posterior, plus two surfaces: medial and lateral. This entire border will articulate along its posterior border with the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone. So, here is the right palatine bone I have, and this is its horizontal plate, this is the perpendicular plate, and at its posterior junction is the pyramidal process, which we are discussing. And this will enter the pterygoid fissure. Here you can see how these two are joined like this. And subsequently, this pyramidal process will fill the space of this pterygoid fossa. Let me show you between another sphenoid and palatine bone. So, this is another sphenoid, and this is the maxilla articulated with the palatine bone. So, this is the perpendicular plate, this is the horizontal plate, and here is the pyramidal process. Now, here is the pterygoid fissure, and it will be filed by this pyramidal process. So, this is how they will join, and subsequently, as you have discussed, this pyramidal process will fill the gap of this pterygoid fossa. So, this is how the articulation will be. Now, on the superior border, as you have discussed, these two plates fuse, and here it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygopalatine fossa. Now, in the case of the pterygoid plate, first, the lateral pterygoid plate, which is quadrilateral, and it deviates laterally. It has two surfaces: lateral and medial, plus it has anterior and posterior two borders. The anterior border is free, and it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygomaxillary fissure. I will show you clearly on the skull. So, here you can see this is the lateral pterygoid plate, and this is the pterygomaxillary fissure. Now, this pterygomaxillary fissure communicates the infratemporal fossa with the pterygopalatine fossa. See this. It is a fissure between the anterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate and posteriorly this maxilla. See this. Now, this posterior border is again free, and in the middle, it shows a bony process, and it will articulate with the spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. The same thing we have already discussed with this spine of the sphenoid, but let me show you again. So, this is the posterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate, and here is the bony process that you will articulate with this spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. Now, this lateral surface forms the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. So, this is the region of the infratemporal fossa. And here you can see this lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will form the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. For detailed description of the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa, you can watch my separate video. Besides that, it also provides the main attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Whereas the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will provide the main attachment of the medial pterygoid muscle. So, you can say that on both sides of the lateral pterygoid plate, the lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid muscles are attached. Now, the next is the medial pterygoid plate, similar to the lateral pterygoid plate. It has two borders: anterior and posterior, plus two surfaces: medial and lateral. This entire border will articulate along its posterior border with the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone. So, here is the right palatine bone I have, and this is its horizontal plate, this is the perpendicular plate, and at its posterior junction is the pyramidal process, which we are discussing. And this will enter the pterygoid fissure. Here you can see how these two are joined like this. And subsequently, this pyramidal process will fill the space of this pterygoid fossa. Let me show you between another sphenoid and palatine bone. So, this is another sphenoid, and this is the maxilla articulated with the palatine bone. So, this is the perpendicular plate, this is the horizontal plate, and here is the pyramidal process. Now, here is the pterygoid fissure, and it will be filed by this pyramidal process. So, this is how they will join, and subsequently, as you have discussed, this pyramidal process will fill the gap of this pterygoid fossa. So, this is how the articulation will be. Now, on the superior border, as you have discussed, these two plates fuse, and here it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygopalatine fossa. Now, in the case of the pterygoid plate, first, the lateral pterygoid plate, which is quadrilateral, and it deviates laterally. It has two surfaces: lateral and medial, plus it has anterior and posterior two borders. The anterior border is free, and it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygomaxillary fissure. I will show you clearly on the skull. So, here you can see this is the lateral pterygoid plate, and this is the pterygomaxillary fissure. Now, this pterygomaxillary fissure communicates the infratemporal fossa with the pterygopalatine fossa. See this. It is a fissure between the anterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate and posteriorly this maxilla. See this. Now, this posterior border is again free, and in the middle, it shows a bony process, and it will articulate with the spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. The same thing we have already discussed with this spine of the sphenoid, but let me show you again. So, this is the posterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate, and here is the bony process that you will articulate with this spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. Now, this lateral surface forms the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. So, this is the region of the infratemporal fossa. And here you can see this lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will form the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. For detailed description of the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa, you can watch my separate video. Besides that, it also provides the main attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Whereas the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will provide the main attachment of the medial pterygoid muscle. So, you can say that on both sides of the lateral pterygoid plate, the lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid muscles are attached. Now, the next is the medial pterygoid plate, similar to the lateral pterygoid plate. It has two borders: anterior and posterior, plus two surfaces: medial and lateral. This entire border will articulate along its posterior border with the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone. So, here is the right palatine bone I have, and this is its horizontal plate, this is the perpendicular plate, and at its posterior junction is the pyramidal process, which we are discussing. And this will enter the pterygoid fissure. Here you can see how these two are joined like this. And subsequently, this pyramidal process will fill the space of this pterygoid fossa. Let me show you between another sphenoid and palatine bone. So, this is another sphenoid, and this is the maxilla articulated with the palatine bone. So, this is the perpendicular plate, this is the horizontal plate, and here is the pyramidal process. Now, here is the pterygoid fissure, and it will be filed by this pyramidal process. So, this is how they will join, and subsequently, as you have discussed, this pyramidal process will fill the gap of this pterygoid fossa. So, this is how the articulation will be. Now, on the superior border, as you have discussed, these two plates fuse, and here it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygopalatine fossa. Now, in the case of the pterygoid plate, first, the lateral pterygoid plate, which is quadrilateral, and it deviates laterally. It has two surfaces: lateral and medial, plus it has anterior and posterior two borders. The anterior border is free, and it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygomaxillary fissure. I will show you clearly on the skull. So, here you can see this is the lateral pterygoid plate, and this is the pterygomaxillary fissure. Now, this pterygomaxillary fissure communicates the infratemporal fossa with the pterygopalatine fossa. See this. It is a fissure between the anterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate and posteriorly this maxilla. See this. Now, this posterior border is again free, and in the middle, it shows a bony process, and it will articulate with the spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. The same thing we have already discussed with this spine of the sphenoid, but let me show you again. So, this is the posterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate, and here is the bony process that you will articulate with this spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. Now, this lateral surface forms the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. So, this is the region of the infratemporal fossa. And here you can see this lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will form the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. For detailed description of the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa, you can watch my separate video. Besides that, it also provides the main attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Whereas the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will provide the main attachment of the medial pterygoid muscle. So, you can say that on both sides of the lateral pterygoid plate, the lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid muscles are attached. Now, the next is the medial pterygoid plate, similar to the lateral pterygoid plate. It has two borders: anterior and posterior, plus two surfaces: medial and lateral. This entire border will articulate along its posterior border with the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone. So, here is the right palatine bone I have, and this is its horizontal plate, this is the perpendicular plate, and at its posterior junction is the pyramidal process, which we are discussing. And this will enter the pterygoid fissure. Here you can see how these two are joined like this. And subsequently, this pyramidal process will fill the space of this pterygoid fossa. Let me show you between another sphenoid and palatine bone. So, this is another sphenoid, and this is the maxilla articulated with the palatine bone. So, this is the perpendicular plate, this is the horizontal plate, and here is the pyramidal process. Now, here is the pterygoid fissure, and it will be filed by this pyramidal process. So, this is how they will join, and subsequently, as you have discussed, this pyramidal process will fill the gap of this pterygoid fossa. So, this is how the articulation will be. Now, on the superior border, as you have discussed, these two plates fuse, and here it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygopalatine fossa. Now, in the case of the pterygoid plate, first, the lateral pterygoid plate, which is quadrilateral, and it deviates laterally. It has two surfaces: lateral and medial, plus it has anterior and posterior two borders. The anterior border is free, and it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygomaxillary fissure. I will show you clearly on the skull. So, here you can see this is the lateral pterygoid plate, and this is the pterygomaxillary fissure. Now, this pterygomaxillary fissure communicates the infratemporal fossa with the pterygopalatine fossa. See this. It is a fissure between the anterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate and posteriorly this maxilla. See this. Now, this posterior border is again free, and in the middle, it shows a bony process, and it will articulate with the spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. The same thing we have already discussed with this spine of the sphenoid, but let me show you again. So, this is the posterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate, and here is the bony process that you will articulate with this spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. Now, this lateral surface forms the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. So, this is the region of the infratemporal fossa. And here you can see this lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will form the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. For detailed description of the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa, you can watch my separate video. Besides that, it also provides the main attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Whereas the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will provide the main attachment of the medial pterygoid muscle. So, you can say that on both sides of the lateral pterygoid plate, the lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid muscles are attached. Now, the next is the medial pterygoid plate, similar to the lateral pterygoid plate. It has two borders: anterior and posterior, plus two surfaces: medial and lateral. This entire border will articulate along its posterior border with the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone. So, here is the right palatine bone I have, and this is its horizontal plate, this is the perpendicular plate, and at its posterior junction is the pyramidal process, which we are discussing. And this will enter the pterygoid fissure. Here you can see how these two are joined like this. And subsequently, this pyramidal process will fill the space of this pterygoid fossa. Let me show you between another sphenoid and palatine bone. So, this is another sphenoid, and this is the maxilla articulated with the palatine bone. So, this is the perpendicular plate, this is the horizontal plate, and here is the pyramidal process. Now, here is the pterygoid fissure, and it will be filed by this pyramidal process. So, this is how they will join, and subsequently, as you have discussed, this pyramidal process will fill the gap of this pterygoid fossa. So, this is how the articulation will be. Now, on the superior border, as you have discussed, these two plates fuse, and here it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygopalatine fossa. Now, in the case of the pterygoid plate, first, the lateral pterygoid plate, which is quadrilateral, and it deviates laterally. It has two surfaces: lateral and medial, plus it has anterior and posterior two borders. The anterior border is free, and it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygomaxillary fissure. I will show you clearly on the skull. So, here you can see this is the lateral pterygoid plate, and this is the pterygomaxillary fissure. Now, this pterygomaxillary fissure communicates the infratemporal fossa with the pterygopalatine fossa. See this. It is a fissure between the anterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate and posteriorly this maxilla. See this. Now, this posterior border is again free, and in the middle, it shows a bony process, and it will articulate with the spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. The same thing we have already discussed with this spine of the sphenoid, but let me show you again. So, this is the posterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate, and here is the bony process that you will articulate with this spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. Now, this lateral surface forms the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. So, this is the region of the infratemporal fossa. And here you can see this lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will form the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. For detailed description of the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa, you can watch my separate video. Besides that, it also provides the main attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Whereas the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will provide the main attachment of the medial pterygoid muscle. So, you can say that on both sides of the lateral pterygoid plate, the lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid muscles are attached. Now, the next is the medial pterygoid plate, similar to the lateral pterygoid plate. It has two borders: anterior and posterior, plus two surfaces: medial and lateral. This entire border will articulate along its posterior border with the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone. So, here is the right palatine bone I have, and this is its horizontal plate, this is the perpendicular plate, and at its posterior junction is the pyramidal process, which we are discussing. And this will enter the pterygoid fissure. Here you can see how these two are joined like this. And subsequently, this pyramidal process will fill the space of this pterygoid fossa. Let me show you between another sphenoid and palatine bone. So, this is another sphenoid, and this is the maxilla articulated with the palatine bone. So, this is the perpendicular plate, this is the horizontal plate, and here is the pyramidal process. Now, here is the pterygoid fissure, and it will be filed by this pyramidal process. So, this is how they will join, and subsequently, as you have discussed, this pyramidal process will fill the gap of this pterygoid fossa. So, this is how the articulation will be. Now, on the superior border, as you have discussed, these two plates fuse, and here it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygopalatine fossa. Now, in the case of the pterygoid plate, first, the lateral pterygoid plate, which is quadrilateral, and it deviates laterally. It has two surfaces: lateral and medial, plus it has anterior and posterior two borders. The anterior border is free, and it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygomaxillary fissure. I will show you clearly on the skull. So, here you can see this is the lateral pterygoid plate, and this is the pterygomaxillary fissure. Now, this pterygomaxillary fissure communicates the infratemporal fossa with the pterygopalatine fossa. See this. It is a fissure between the anterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate and posteriorly this maxilla. See this. Now, this posterior border is again free, and in the middle, it shows a bony process, and it will articulate with the spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. The same thing we have already discussed with this spine of the sphenoid, but let me show you again. So, this is the posterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate, and here is the bony process that you will articulate with this spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. Now, this lateral surface forms the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. So, this is the region of the infratemporal fossa. And here you can see this lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will form the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. For detailed description of the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa, you can watch my separate video. Besides that, it also provides the main attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Whereas the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will provide the main attachment of the medial pterygoid muscle. So, you can say that on both sides of the lateral pterygoid plate, the lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid muscles are attached. Now, the next is the medial pterygoid plate, similar to the lateral pterygoid plate. It has two borders: anterior and posterior, plus two surfaces: medial and lateral. This entire border will articulate along its posterior border with the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone. So, here is the right palatine bone I have, and this is its horizontal plate, this is the perpendicular plate, and at its posterior junction is the pyramidal process, which we are discussing. And this will enter the pterygoid fissure. Here you can see how these two are joined like this. And subsequently, this pyramidal process will fill the space of this pterygoid fossa. Let me show you between another sphenoid and palatine bone. So, this is another sphenoid, and this is the maxilla articulated with the palatine bone. So, this is the perpendicular plate, this is the horizontal plate, and here is the pyramidal process. Now, here is the pterygoid fissure, and it will be filed by this pyramidal process. So, this is how they will join, and subsequently, as you have discussed, this pyramidal process will fill the gap of this pterygoid fossa. So, this is how the articulation will be. Now, on the superior border, as you have discussed, these two plates fuse, and here it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygopalatine fossa. Now, in the case of the pterygoid plate, first, the lateral pterygoid plate, which is quadrilateral, and it deviates laterally. It has two surfaces: lateral and medial, plus it has anterior and posterior two borders. The anterior border is free, and it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygomaxillary fissure. I will show you clearly on the skull. So, here you can see this is the lateral pterygoid plate, and this is the pterygomaxillary fissure. Now, this pterygomaxillary fissure communicates the infratemporal fossa with the pterygopalatine fossa. See this. It is a fissure between the anterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate and posteriorly this maxilla. See this. Now, this posterior border is again free, and in the middle, it shows a bony process, and it will articulate with the spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. The same thing we have already discussed with this spine of the sphenoid, but let me show you again. So, this is the posterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate, and here is the bony process that you will articulate with this spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. Now, this lateral surface forms the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. So, this is the region of the infratemporal fossa. And here you can see this lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will form the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. For detailed description of the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa, you can watch my separate video. Besides that, it also provides the main attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Whereas the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will provide the main attachment of the medial pterygoid muscle. So, you can say that on both sides of the lateral pterygoid plate, the lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid muscles are attached. Now, the next is the medial pterygoid plate, similar to the lateral pterygoid plate. It has two borders: anterior and posterior, plus two surfaces: medial and lateral. This entire border will articulate along its posterior border with the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone. So, here is the right palatine bone I have, and this is its horizontal plate, this is the perpendicular plate, and at its posterior junction is the pyramidal process, which we are discussing. And this will enter the pterygoid fissure. Here you can see how these two are joined like this. And subsequently, this pyramidal process will fill the space of this pterygoid fossa. Let me show you between another sphenoid and palatine bone. So, this is another sphenoid, and this is the maxilla articulated with the palatine bone. So, this is the perpendicular plate, this is the horizontal plate, and here is the pyramidal process. Now, here is the pterygoid fissure, and it will be filed by this pyramidal process. So, this is how they will join, and subsequently, as you have discussed, this pyramidal process will fill the gap of this pterygoid fossa. So, this is how the articulation will be. Now, on the superior border, as you have discussed, these two plates fuse, and here it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygopalatine fossa. Now, in the case of the pterygoid plate, first, the lateral pterygoid plate, which is quadrilateral, and it deviates laterally. It has two surfaces: lateral and medial, plus it has anterior and posterior two borders. The anterior border is free, and it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygomaxillary fissure. I will show you clearly on the skull. So, here you can see this is the lateral pterygoid plate, and this is the pterygomaxillary fissure. Now, this pterygomaxillary fissure communicates the infratemporal fossa with the pterygopalatine fossa. See this. It is a fissure between the anterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate and posteriorly this maxilla. See this. Now, this posterior border is again free, and in the middle, it shows a bony process, and it will articulate with the spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. The same thing we have already discussed with this spine of the sphenoid, but let me show you again. So, this is the posterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate, and here is the bony process that you will articulate with this spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. Now, this lateral surface forms the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. So, this is the region of the infratemporal fossa. And here you can see this lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will form the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. For detailed description of the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa, you can watch my separate video. Besides that, it also provides the main attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Whereas the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will provide the main attachment of the medial pterygoid muscle. So, you can say that on both sides of the lateral pterygoid plate, the lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid muscles are attached. Now, the next is the medial pterygoid plate, similar to the lateral pterygoid plate. It has two borders: anterior and posterior, plus two surfaces: medial and lateral. This entire border will articulate along its posterior border with the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone. So, here is the right palatine bone I have, and this is its horizontal plate, this is the perpendicular plate, and at its posterior junction is the pyramidal process, which we are discussing. And this will enter the pterygoid fissure. Here you can see how these two are joined like this. And subsequently, this pyramidal process will fill the space of this pterygoid fossa. Let me show you between another sphenoid and palatine bone. So, this is another sphenoid, and this is the maxilla articulated with the palatine bone. So, this is the perpendicular plate, this is the horizontal plate, and here is the pyramidal process. Now, here is the pterygoid fissure, and it will be filed by this pyramidal process. So, this is how they will join, and subsequently, as you have discussed, this pyramidal process will fill the gap of this pterygoid fossa. So, this is how the articulation will be. Now, on the superior border, as you have discussed, these two plates fuse, and here it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygopalatine fossa. Now, in the case of the pterygoid plate, first, the lateral pterygoid plate, which is quadrilateral, and it deviates laterally. It has two surfaces: lateral and medial, plus it has anterior and posterior two borders. The anterior border is free, and it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygomaxillary fissure. I will show you clearly on the skull. So, here you can see this is the lateral pterygoid plate, and this is the pterygomaxillary fissure. Now, this pterygomaxillary fissure communicates the infratemporal fossa with the pterygopalatine fossa. See this. It is a fissure between the anterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate and posteriorly this maxilla. See this. Now, this posterior border is again free, and in the middle, it shows a bony process, and it will articulate with the spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. The same thing we have already discussed with this spine of the sphenoid, but let me show you again. So, this is the posterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate, and here is the bony process that you will articulate with this spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. Now, this lateral surface forms the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. So, this is the region of the infratemporal fossa. And here you can see this lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will form the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. For detailed description of the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa, you can watch my separate video. Besides that, it also provides the main attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Whereas the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will provide the main attachment of the medial pterygoid muscle. So, you can say that on both sides of the lateral pterygoid plate, the lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid muscles are attached. Now, the next is the medial pterygoid plate, similar to the lateral pterygoid plate. It has two borders: anterior and posterior, plus two surfaces: medial and lateral. This entire border will articulate along its posterior border with the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone. So, here is the right palatine bone I have, and this is its horizontal plate, this is the perpendicular plate, and at its posterior junction is the pyramidal process, which we are discussing. And this will enter the pterygoid fissure. Here you can see how these two are joined like this. And subsequently, this pyramidal process will fill the space of this pterygoid fossa. Let me show you between another sphenoid and palatine bone. So, this is another sphenoid, and this is the maxilla articulated with the palatine bone. So, this is the perpendicular plate, this is the horizontal plate, and here is the pyramidal process. Now, here is the pterygoid fissure, and it will be filed by this pyramidal process. So, this is how they will join, and subsequently, as you have discussed, this pyramidal process will fill the gap of this pterygoid fossa. So, this is how the articulation will be. Now, on the superior border, as you have discussed, these two plates fuse, and here it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygopalatine fossa. Now, in the case of the pterygoid plate, first, the lateral pterygoid plate, which is quadrilateral, and it deviates laterally. It has two surfaces: lateral and medial, plus it has anterior and posterior two borders. The anterior border is free, and it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygomaxillary fissure. I will show you clearly on the skull. So, here you can see this is the lateral pterygoid plate, and this is the pterygomaxillary fissure. Now, this pterygomaxillary fissure communicates the infratemporal fossa with the pterygopalatine fossa. See this. It is a fissure between the anterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate and posteriorly this maxilla. See this. Now, this posterior border is again free, and in the middle, it shows a bony process, and it will articulate with the spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. The same thing we have already discussed with this spine of the sphenoid, but let me show you again. So, this is the posterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate, and here is the bony process that you will articulate with this spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. Now, this lateral surface forms the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. So, this is the region of the infratemporal fossa. And here you can see this lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will form the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. For detailed description of the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa, you can watch my separate video. Besides that, it also provides the main attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Whereas the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will provide the main attachment of the medial pterygoid muscle. So, you can say that on both sides of the lateral pterygoid plate, the lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid muscles are attached. Now, the next is the medial pterygoid plate, similar to the lateral pterygoid plate. It has two borders: anterior and posterior, plus two surfaces: medial and lateral. This entire border will articulate along its posterior border with the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone. So, here is the right palatine bone I have, and this is its horizontal plate, this is the perpendicular plate, and at its posterior junction is the pyramidal process, which we are discussing. And this will enter the pterygoid fissure. Here you can see how these two are joined like this. And subsequently, this pyramidal process will fill the space of this pterygoid fossa. Let me show you between another sphenoid and palatine bone. So, this is another sphenoid, and this is the maxilla articulated with the palatine bone. So, this is the perpendicular plate, this is the horizontal plate, and here is the pyramidal process. Now, here is the pterygoid fissure, and it will be filed by this pyramidal process. So, this is how they will join, and subsequently, as you have discussed, this pyramidal process will fill the gap of this pterygoid fossa. So, this is how the articulation will be. Now, on the superior border, as you have discussed, these two plates fuse, and here it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygopalatine fossa. Now, in the case of the pterygoid plate, first, the lateral pterygoid plate, which is quadrilateral, and it deviates laterally. It has two surfaces: lateral and medial, plus it has anterior and posterior two borders. The anterior border is free, and it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygomaxillary fissure. I will show you clearly on the skull. So, here you can see this is the lateral pterygoid plate, and this is the pterygomaxillary fissure. Now, this pterygomaxillary fissure communicates the infratemporal fossa with the pterygopalatine fossa. See this. It is a fissure between the anterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate and posteriorly this maxilla. See this. Now, this posterior border is again free, and in the middle, it shows a bony process, and it will articulate with the spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. The same thing we have already discussed with this spine of the sphenoid, but let me show you again. So, this is the posterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate, and here is the bony process that you will articulate with this spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. Now, this lateral surface forms the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. So, this is the region of the infratemporal fossa. And here you can see this lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will form the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. For detailed description of the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa, you can watch my separate video. Besides that, it also provides the main attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Whereas the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will provide the main attachment of the medial pterygoid muscle. So, you can say that on both sides of the lateral pterygoid plate, the lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid muscles are attached. Now, the next is the medial pterygoid plate, similar to the lateral pterygoid plate. It has two borders: anterior and posterior, plus two surfaces: medial and lateral. This entire border will articulate along its posterior border with the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone. So, here is the right palatine bone I have, and this is its horizontal plate, this is the perpendicular plate, and at its posterior junction is the pyramidal process, which we are discussing. And this will enter the pterygoid fissure. Here you can see how these two are joined like this. And subsequently, this pyramidal process will fill the space of this pterygoid fossa. Let me show you between another sphenoid and palatine bone. So, this is another sphenoid, and this is the maxilla articulated with the palatine bone. So, this is the perpendicular plate, this is the horizontal plate, and here is the pyramidal process. Now, here is the pterygoid fissure, and it will be filed by this pyramidal process. So, this is how they will join, and subsequently, as you have discussed, this pyramidal process will fill the gap of this pterygoid fossa. So, this is how the articulation will be. Now, on the superior border, as you have discussed, these two plates fuse, and here it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygopalatine fossa. Now, in the case of the pterygoid plate, first, the lateral pterygoid plate, which is quadrilateral, and it deviates laterally. It has two surfaces: lateral and medial, plus it has anterior and posterior two borders. The anterior border is free, and it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygomaxillary fissure. I will show you clearly on the skull. So, here you can see this is the lateral pterygoid plate, and this is the pterygomaxillary fissure. Now, this pterygomaxillary fissure communicates the infratemporal fossa with the pterygopalatine fossa. See this. It is a fissure between the anterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate and posteriorly this maxilla. See this. Now, this posterior border is again free, and in the middle, it shows a bony process, and it will articulate with the spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. The same thing we have already discussed with this spine of the sphenoid, but let me show you again. So, this is the posterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate, and here is the bony process that you will articulate with this spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. Now, this lateral surface forms the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. So, this is the region of the infratemporal fossa. And here you can see this lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will form the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. For detailed description of the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa, you can watch my separate video. Besides that, it also provides the main attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Whereas the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will provide the main attachment of the medial pterygoid muscle. So, you can say that on both sides of the lateral pterygoid plate, the lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid muscles are attached. Now, the next is the medial pterygoid plate, similar to the lateral pterygoid plate. It has two borders: anterior and posterior, plus two surfaces: medial and lateral. This entire border will articulate along its posterior border with the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone. So, here is the right palatine bone I have, and this is its horizontal plate, this is the perpendicular plate, and at its posterior junction is the pyramidal process, which we are discussing. And this will enter the pterygoid fissure. Here you can see how these two are joined like this. And subsequently, this pyramidal process will fill the space of this pterygoid fossa. Let me show you between another sphenoid and palatine bone. So, this is another sphenoid, and this is the maxilla articulated with the palatine bone. So, this is the perpendicular plate, this is the horizontal plate, and here is the pyramidal process. Now, here is the pterygoid fissure, and it will be filed by this pyramidal process. So, this is how they will join, and subsequently, as you have discussed, this pyramidal process will fill the gap of this pterygoid fossa. So, this is how the articulation will be. Now, on the superior border, as you have discussed, these two plates fuse, and here it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygopalatine fossa. Now, in the case of the pterygoid plate, first, the lateral pterygoid plate, which is quadrilateral, and it deviates laterally. It has two surfaces: lateral and medial, plus it has anterior and posterior two borders. The anterior border is free, and it forms the posterior boundary of the pterygomaxillary fissure. I will show you clearly on the skull. So, here you can see this is the lateral pterygoid plate, and this is the pterygomaxillary fissure. Now, this pterygomaxillary fissure communicates the infratemporal fossa with the pterygopalatine fossa. See this. It is a fissure between the anterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate and posteriorly this maxilla. See this. Now, this posterior border is again free, and in the middle, it shows a bony process, and it will articulate with the spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. The same thing we have already discussed with this spine of the sphenoid, but let me show you again. So, this is the posterior border of the lateral pterygoid plate, and here is the bony process that you will articulate with this spine of the sphenoid via the pterygospinous ligament. Now, this lateral surface forms the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. So, this is the region of the infratemporal fossa. And here you can see this lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will form the medial boundary of the infratemporal fossa. For detailed description of the boundaries of the infratemporal fossa, you can watch my separate video. Besides that, it also provides the main attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Whereas the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate will provide the main attachment of the medial pterygoid muscle. So, you can say that on both sides of the lateral pterygoid plate, the lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid muscles are attached. Now, the next is the medial pterygoid plate, similar to the lateral pterygoid plate. It has two borders: anterior and posterior, plus two surfaces: medial and lateral. This entire border will articulate along its posterior border with the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone. So, here is the right palatine bone I have, and this is its horizontal plate, this is the perpendicular plate, and at its posterior junction is the pyramidal process, which we are discussing. And this will enter the pterygoid fissure. Here you can see how these two are joined like this. And subsequently, this pyramidal process will fill the space of this pterygoid fossa. Let me show you between another sphenoid and palatine bone. So, this is another sphenoid, and this is the maxilla articulated with the palatine bone. So, this is the perpendicular plate, this is the horizontal plate, and here is the pyramidal process. Now, here is the pterygoid fissure, and it will be filed by this pyramidal process. So, this is how they will join, and subsequently, as you have discussed, this pyramidal process will fill the gap of this pterygoid fossa. So, this is how the articulation will be. Now, on the superior border, as you have