الدرس الثاني//الوحدة الثالثة//الأوضاع الاجتماعية والاقتصادية في الأردن في العهد العثماني ج1

Peace be upon you, may God grant you good health, students of the Jordan History course, students of the Academy from the 2009 generation. Today, by the grace of God Almighty, I have reached the second lesson of the third unit with you, and we have two lessons left, God willing. Things are going well, God willing. I need something from you. Today you are in the final stages. Beware, beware, beware of sitting now and slacking off, wilting, saying you can't. No, we need to finish now and we need to review. We don't want to stop at this point. So, please, if you have anything accumulated, go back from the beginning, plan again, and start again so that you can continue your journey to Tawjihi, God willing. Today, with God's help, we will take the second lesson, and God willing, I will give it to you in two parts. This lesson is in two parts. Okay, what is this lesson? Social and economic conditions in Jordan during the Ottoman era. I always understand the title before I go into the lesson. So, what does the title say? Social and economic conditions in Jordan during the Ottoman era. So, what do I need to do? How do I understand the title? Today, I have divided it into two parts. The first part will be about social conditions, and the second part will be about economic conditions. Okay, we agreed. You come and tell me, in the first part, social conditions, what will we cover? Do you know what we will cover? Three groups: peasants, townspeople, and Bedouins. Oh my God, I swear, this part is general information, and most of it you already know. It's an easy, long lesson, but it has a lot of general information that you know. So, what will this part be about? Agriculture, industry, and trade. والله, this is your lesson. والله, but how were they socially in Jordan during the Ottoman era? How were they economically? Agriculture, industry, trade in Jordan during the Ottoman era. That's all your lesson is. And we will cover intellectual life, a small part. The second part, God willing, I will tell you about intellectual life. We have finished the introduction. Let's say Bismillah and start our lesson, social life. The first part, social life in Jordan during the Ottoman era. The first question is very easy. What were the social groups that made up Jordanian society during the Ottoman era? What are the groups? You tell me peasants, townspeople, and Bedouins. Thank you. These three are the focus of our lesson today. We will talk about them, them, and them. Each one separately, and we will explain about them and talk about their lives. Let's say Bismillah, let's go. First, the peasants. The peasants, it tells us that the peasants constituted the vast majority of the population of Jordan during the Ottoman era. I want you to remember this point when we reach agriculture in the second part, because here it says a vast majority. So, what do the peasants work in? Excellent, in agriculture. In agriculture, we will say that agriculture is the backbone of economic life, meaning it is what they work in the most. Did you understand? Very easy. And after that, villages spread throughout all of Jordan. So, who were the majority of Jordan's population? You tell me, peasants. No, not townspeople, not Bedouins. Mostly peasants. Let's understand here. Look, don't be shocked now. There are four explanatory questions. Do you see them? Understand them. I swear they are easy. Do you see the four questions? Explain: The Jordanian village, like other villages in the Levant, represented the backbone of the region. When I say backbone, without it, can you walk? No. So it is the backbone, meaning the foundation, the foundation is the Jordanian village, like other villages in the Levant. Why is it the backbone of the region? Because most villages were built, mostly on a high peak, either on a high peak or near water springs. Either here or there. Either built on a high peak or near water springs. Nice. That's why it's the backbone of the region. Ah, did you see these two points? There are questions about them now. Explain: The construction of most Jordanian villages on high ground. Why? To provide a type of natural protection. What does it mean to provide a type of natural protection? When you live in a high area, it's difficult for enemies to reach you, or let's say, wild animals, right? So high areas are a type of natural protection. Did you build this high area? Of course not. It exists in nature. Nice. Explain: The construction of most Jordanian villages near water springs. Why? As a primary source for drinking. To drink water. Why? To drink, right? And We made from water every living thing. So, water is available, right? Did you see how easy they are? So, connect these three together. The first one, we said why it is the backbone of the region, because most villages were built either on a high peak or near water springs. So, why were most Jordanian villages built on a high peak, on high ground? To provide a type of natural protection. So, why were they built near water springs? As a primary source for drinking. That's all. Explain: The houses in the village were crowded, close together, and separated by high walls for protection. Ah, the high wall, so that it would be difficult for, say, thieves to enter the house. And in a later period, the village was divided into neighborhoods according to the families that inhabited it. Meaning, your family or your family in this neighborhood, and your family in this neighborhood, and your family in this neighborhood. All from the same family. So, why? Due to the increase in population and the abundance of houses. Due to what? The increase in population and the abundance of houses. That's why it was divided into neighborhoods according to the families that inhabited it. People increased, and houses multiplied, so it became neighborhoods for this family, and for this family, and for this family, according to the inhabitants. According to the families, rather, that inhabited it. Of course, these are pictures of a village, the village of Samad in the Irbid Governorate, the village of Al-Sal' in the Tafilah Governorate. These are located in Irbid and Tafilah. These are landmarks. So, it gave us the villages. Now, let's come to the question here, with two formulations. Focus on it. Components of the Jordanian village in the Ottoman era and its form. Or it says, what was the form of houses in Jordanian villages during the Ottoman era? Components of the Jordanian village or its form. And here, see what the form of houses in Jordanian villages was like during the Ottoman era. There are three points. Focus with me. It tells us here that most village houses were what? One story or two stories. That's it. Most village houses consisted of one story, and some consisted of two stories. Nice. What were the materials used in construction? What did they use? Mud, stone, lime, straw. Okay. These were the materials used in construction. The roofs of the houses in the village. Let's come to the roofs of the houses. What does the roof of the house mean for the houses? The roofs of the houses in the village consisted of a layer of mud and straw placed over a layer of long reeds. Look, a layer of mud and straw is placed over a layer of long reeds. Reeds or straw. It rests on wooden beams. Then, of course, it is from the trunks of large or long trees, or iron beams later. Then, instead of wooden beams, they developed and started using iron beams. Thank you. This is regarding the question we have here. Did you see how easy the subject is? Very, very easy. Just focus with me. That's all I want from you. Another question, explain. It tells us here, explain: The villagers used to work on maintaining their houses. How often? Every year. Every year they worked on their houses, doing maintenance. Not like us now. We do internal and external maintenance. No, you built with stone, right? It says to avoid, what does the word avoid mean? You tell me here, to prevent. We want to prevent what? To avoid what the house is exposed to from damage due to weather factors, such as rain, storms. These are from outside the house. It is exposed to what? Rain, storms. And from the inside, what is it like from the inside? You tell me, due to the smoke emanating from the fire, they repaint it with lime or white plaster. This is from the inside. And from the outside, they paint it. They paint it with what? Clay and straw to seal the weak points in it, so that rainwater does not leak through it. Leak means enter. That's the word leak. Enter. Enter the house. Into the house. Now, there is information here. What does it say? Information, والله, general information. Ask your grandfather and grandmother. When you were in the village, how did you build? How did you do maintenance? How were you during harvest seasons? They say, والله, we used to gather, the whole village. If someone was building a house, we would go and help them. Help, solidarity. So, here it says: Maintenance work or building a house was usually accompanied by a positive Jordanian custom that is still practiced in villages, which is help or solidarity. Where the men and women of the village help each other. They help to assist the people of the house in building, and also during harvest seasons. So, here it says: maintenance work, and it says building a house, and it says harvest seasons. They help each other. It is accompanied by popular songs and chants while they are working, singing and talking, and God knows what else, to distract themselves from the fatigue. Excellent. I come now to the next question. See what the next question says. Ah, here they specified it. Nice. Where was bread made in the Jordanian village? Bread from the oven or the tandoor. The peasants used the oven or the tandoor, which is the taboon, to make bread. And there was a special taboon in every house. Your grandmother, your grandfather, your aunt, everyone will tell you, والله, we used to bake. Some people still bake their bread at home in the taboon. You all know this. Very easy. والله, it's easy. Let's go to the next question. How did the villagers get their water resources? Where did they get water from? From the springs. Nice. Professor, there are no springs. Water from the springs is fresh water. There are no springs. It says, if springs are not available, cisterns are dug. What are cisterns? Wells. They dig a well and build it to collect rainwater. They build these wells to collect rainwater. Easy. You don't have springs in the village, or the springs are far from the village. So, I am far from the village. I must dig a well. I must build wells for this village so that we can collect as much rainwater as possible. And every house had a cistern, meaning a well. Every house had a well. And water was transported to the houses by what? Jars, skins, or waterskins. Either skins, which are leather skins, or jars. A jar, or a waterskin. All of them. These are jars and skins and waterskins. Jars, forget it. Skins or waterskins made of animal hides. The jar could be a clay jar. Look, this is a water well in Ajloun Governorate. This is a well. And here is a bread taboon in Irbid Governorate. This is the form of a bread taboon or tandoor. See here what it says. Many villages contained caves and caverns. Caves are the plural of cave. Caves. These villages had them inside or outside the village. What were these caves used for? For sheltering animals and storing grain. See, used for sheltering animals and storing grain. In other cases, for housing. People lived in these caves or caverns. You tell me, okay. So, it has two uses: sheltering animals and storing grain, or in other cases, it was used for housing. A network of narrow, winding passages ran through the village. In its center, public utility facilities were established. Give me examples of these facilities. First, the mosque, which is the Jame' or the Jame'. You say, I want to go to the Jame', or I want to go to the mosque. The mosque, the Jame', or the church. Here it is. The mosque, the Jame', or the church. Also, another thing, the Kuttab, which is the school. Did you watch Syrian series? When they say, I want to go to the Sheikh of the Kuttab. The Sheikh of the Kuttab is in the mosque or in a specific place in the village. The Kuttab is a school where children were taught, but not everything. It was taught in the mosque or in a specific place in the village. The Kuttab, or the school. Finally, in some villages, there were olive presses and watermills for grinding flour for the villagers and surrounding villages. So, public utility facilities, you tell me: mosque, Jame', or church. Second, you tell me: the Kuttab, which is the school. Third, you tell me: olive presses and watermills. These are the public utility facilities. Now, we need to go to a question. Ah, focus now. You need to understand these things. What did the Ottoman Vilayet Law, issued in 1864, stipulate? By the grace of history, be careful about it. The Ottoman Vilayet Law, issued in 1864, stipulated the division of the Ottoman state into, look at the order, from largest to smallest. I say here, first, Vilayets. Smaller than Vilayets, within Vilayets, there are Liwas. Within Liwas, there are Sanjaks. Within Sanjaks, there are Qadas. Within Qadas, there are Nahiyas. Nahiyas or Nahiyah. Nahiyah. We have written it in classical Arabic. And Nahiyas into villages. This is the order stipulated by the Vilayet Law. Vilayets, Liwas, Sanjaks, Qadas, Nahiyas, Villages. This is the order. Don't forget. Let's go and talk about it now. Let's say Bismillah. The Ottoman Vilayet Law, issued in '64, stipulated the division of the Ottoman state into Vilayets. So, the Vilayet, Liwa, Sanjak, Qada, Nahiya, Village. Did you see them? Vilayets, Liwas, Sanjaks, Qadas, Nahiyas, Villages. This is what was stipulated. Look at these questions. In every village, there is an elected council. The head of the elected council? From the word elected council, a Mukhtar. Presided over by the Mukhtar. Mention the tasks of the Mukhtar. I swear, most of you will say, most of you know what the tasks of the Mukhtar are. He is in the village, or in the alley, or in the neighborhood. He manages the affairs of this neighborhood. What does he do? What are his tasks? First, he must maintain order in the village. Everyone must obey him. Second, direct responsibility to the ruling authority. Meaning, the ruling authority does not come and talk to you or hold you accountable. He is held accountable. Third, resolving disputes and problems between the villagers. Two people quarreled, and they take them to the Mukhtar. Fourth, collecting taxes due from its peasants. He has four tasks. First, he maintains order in the village, and he is directly responsible to the ruling authority. He also resolves disputes between the villagers. Disputes and problems. Finally, he is responsible for collecting taxes from the peasants. Nice. Look, there are three explanatory questions now. Explain: The village Sheikh or Mukhtar, he is the village Sheikh or Mukhtar, usually owns a large house. Why? To receive official visitors, important people coming to the village, so he welcomes them and honors them in his house or in a designated place for this purpose. What is it called? The Diwaniya. Bab Al-Hara, when they went to the Diwaniya. Ah, leader, your command, leader, to the Diwaniya. The Diwaniya is for hospitality. They used to bring them and sit in the Diwaniya or in his house. The house must be large so that he can receive these official visitors. I feel like I'm talking about things that everyone, or rather, everyone understands what I'm saying, because these matters are very easy. Explain: In every village, there was a preacher or a monk, a priest. When I say preacher, you say for Muslims. Monk or priest for Christians. Very easy. والله, it doesn't need it. Why? To teach its people their religion. Where do you learn religion? From the preacher, right? Or teaching their children to read, write, and count. Look what they learn. Reading, writing, or counting. These are what they learned. Reading, writing, and counting. Okay. Explain: There was a guard in every village. A guard for the village to inform the Nahiya administration. Look, God be praised. What did I do? A village. The guard goes and informs the Nahiya administration. He didn't go here, or here, to the Liwas, or to the Liwa. He went to the Nahiya, the one above him slightly, to inform the Nahiya administration of everything that happens, such as events, births, deaths, notifications. He is responsible for going out and talking about these matters. He informs the Nahiya administration of everything that happens, such as births, deaths, and notifications. Now, the role of women. The role of women in the Jordanian village during the Ottoman era. We all know that she does household chores and prepares food, right? It says, in addition to household chores and preparing food, she helps her husband with his agricultural work, making dairy products, sewing clothes, weaving carpets, making tents. Meaning, she is responsible for preparing food and household chores. She also helps her husband with agriculture, sewing clothes, making dairy products, all these matters, tents, weaving carpets, all these she helped with. Also, in every village, there was a midwife. A midwife. She supervises whom? Pregnant women. She supervises the pregnant women of the village. She supervises them and gives birth to them. Meaning, everything. She supervises pregnant women and gives birth to them. Right, girls? Right, girls? Let's go to the townspeople now. You come and tell me, who are the townspeople? The people of the city. What does it say here? Pay attention. Urban areas consisted of what? Qasabat. Qasabat resemble large villages in their design. Urban areas are Qasabat, which resemble large villages in their design. Mention the characteristics of these Qasabat. What are their characteristics? Let's see their characteristics. First, they include the rulers, the important people of the state, including the seat of government. Also, courts, also gendarmerie, also prison, also the market. These Qasabat include the rulers, the seat of government, courts, prisons, markets, all these they include, and gendarmerie and prisons. Their inhabitants work in trade, industry, and traditional local crafts. Stop. Peasants, what do they do? In agriculture, in the villages. These townspeople, the Qasabat, work in industry, trade, and traditional local crafts. Such as what? Tanning, leather tanning, textiles, also making and maintaining plows, and tools and utensils that the inhabitants need in their daily lives. Thank you. What is the third thing? The inhabitants of the surrounding villages used to come to them to sell their products, such as dairy products, cheese, agricultural crops, poultry. In their markets. They used to come to them. So, I am in the village, why sell poultry? Everyone has poultry. So, why sell crops? Everyone has crops. So, why sell cheese and dairy products? Everyone has them. So, they used to go out. Where did they go out? To the Qasabat. Did you see how easy it is? Very easy. Mention the most important Qasabat in the Ottoman era. What are the most important Qasabat in the Ottoman era? From the south, it is the south. Karak. From the center, Salt. From the north, Ajloun and Irbid. J for South, S for Center, and A and I for North. From the south, we have Karak. Salt from the center. And Ajloun and Irbid from the north. These are the most important Qasabat in the Ottoman era. Now, we will talk about whom? What is not coming out? Ah, here it is. Now, we will talk about the Bedouins and finish with the Bedouins, the last thing in our lesson today. The Bedouins. It says, pay attention to the issue of Bedouins. In the second semester, we will talk about Bedouins. Be careful. Bedouins are characterized in Jordan during the Ottoman era by two patterns. There are two patterns. Let's talk about what they are. There are nomadic Bedouins, and there are semi-nomadic Bedouins, or agricultural Bedouins. Agricultural, meaning those who farm. Nomadic Bedouins or semi-nomadic Bedouins, agricultural. How do I distinguish between them? Nomadic Bedouins are characterized by continuous movement. I will explain it to you now. Semi-nomadic Bedouins or agricultural Bedouins, you say, are semi-settled. They settle and move, settle and move. Did you understand? Semi-nomadic. So, nomadic Bedouins are the nomadic tribes. What do they raise? They raise camels. Did you see the difference? Nomadic Bedouins raise camels. I will tell you about semi-nomadic Bedouins. Continuous movement throughout the year in search of water and fodder, which is food and water. Semi-nomadic Bedouins or agricultural Bedouins are semi-settled Bedouin tribes. They practice agriculture and raise sheep. Aha. What did it say? They work in agriculture. You say they work in agriculture. They also raise sheep. Here, what did it say? It said they raise camels. It didn't mention agriculture, right? And they move within a defined territory, a defined place. They move within it. They don't go far. This is the difference between nomadic and semi-nomadic. So, nomadic: continuous movement. Semi-nomadic or agricultural: semi-settled. Nomadic: raise camels. Semi-nomadic, who are agricultural: they farm and raise sheep. This is the difference between them. Look here what it says. Please focus. Focus. This is one, tribe. Two, clan. Two, clan. Three, sub-clans and families. Look what it says. The tribe is considered the basis of social organization in the Jordanian desert during the Ottoman era. If asked in the exam, what is the basis of social organization in the Jordanian desert during the Ottoman era? You tell him: the tribe. Be careful. Here it is. You tell him: the tribe is the basis of social organization. Who is the head of the tribe? Sheikh of Sheikhs. The head of the tribe. Then comes whom? The clan. Who is the head of the clan? Sheikh of the clan. Sheikh of the clan for the clan. Sheikh of Sheikhs for the tribe. The tribe is larger, comprising several clans. Then comes the sub-clans and families. والله, most of you know these topics. Tribe, clan, sub-clans, and families. Who is the head of the tribe? Sheikh of Sheikhs. Who is the head of the clan? Sheikh of the clan. In order: tribe, clan, sub-clans, and families. What is the basis of social organization in the Jordanian desert during the Ottoman era? You tell him: the tribe. What were the houses made of? والله, please. From goat hair. Imagine. Imagine if it came to you in the final exam. Very easy. What are the characteristics of a Bedouin tent? What are its characteristics? Ease of use. والله, if it wasn't easy to use, they would travel and move. No, of course not. They couldn't. Ease of use according to the harsh conditions of nomadic life and continuous travel. So, the tent must be easy so that I can move easily. Okay. You say, okay. Ease of use according to the harsh conditions of nomadic life and continuous travel. Now, look at this question before we go to it. We have a little bit left. What did the Bedouin depend on for his livelihood? What did he depend on? Look what he depended on. First, raising livestock. What livestock? Camels, sheep, and goats. So, he raised livestock: camels, sheep, and goats. He benefited from their meat. Also, he made from their milk: butter, ghee, all these things. Not thyme oil, for example. And he traded them with whom? With the peasants and city dwellers. In fact, most of these things are not available to villagers and city dwellers. So, he traded with them for his basic needs. He needed things that were not available to him: clothing that was not available, coffee, tea, sugar, molasses, sweets, utensils, weapons, ropes, wood, and simple household furniture. All these were his basic needs. He got them from these people. Second, the Bedouin used to rent out his camels to whom? To the peasants and also to the pilgrims. We will talk a little later why he rented out camels to the peasants and pilgrims. The Bedouins relied on the tribal judiciary to resolve their disputes and conflicts. It still exists, doesn't it? You understand the game. In the absence of the Ottoman state and its security and judicial institutions, the Ottoman state and its institutions were not present, nor anyone else. So, they established something called the tribal judiciary. This tribal judiciary resolved their disputes and conflicts. This is what they relied on. Did you see how easy it is? Let's go to the last thing we have in the lesson, which is these three questions. Explain: The Bedouin used to rent out his camels to the peasants. And the Bedouin used to rent out his camels to the pilgrims. To the peasants, to transport their agricultural crops from the fields to the threshing floors. To the pilgrims, to transport them and their belongings on the Hajj journey. Both are for transportation. But the peasants transport their agricultural crops, and the pilgrims transport themselves and their belongings on the Hajj journey. Did you see how easy it is? Understand it, just understand. Who used to handle the tribal judiciary? Specialized judges, known for their integrity and justice. These are the people who used to specialize in this judiciary among people. Here, I can say: May God grant you good health, and may God reward you with full marks, not just high marks, but full marks in the materials, and in your second year. And God willing, we will continue with you. And if the material finishes with me, I will continue to support you. And God willing, may you achieve 40 out of 40 in the Tawjihi. May God grant you good health. Peace be upon you, and the mercy of God and His blessings.