Toppers Talk with Mr. Shubham Kumar, Rank 1, UPSC Civil Services 2020

[Music] [Music] [Music] Hello [Music] Good afternoon to all. I am Shubham Kumar. I come from Kumri village, Kathia, Bihar. And I did my schooling from my village itself. Initially, initial primary education. Then I did my 10th from Vidya Residential School. And when I was actually very little, at the age of six, I was sent to a residential school because there was a lack of any good schools in my area. And you know, all my life I have been to residential schools. Then I did my matriculation from Vidya Residential School and then 12th from Chinmaya Vidyalaya, Bokaro. And after that, I did my graduation from IIT Bombay in Civil Engineering. And from January 2nd, 2018, I started my preparation. Here I was enrolled in a classroom program, RBSE batch. And you know, for the initial five-six months, I was I was watching Vision IAS videos. And then I started my own preparation. This was my brief background. My father, he is a bank manager in Uttar Bihar Gramin Bank in Purnia, Bihar. And I have a joint family. This idea of civil services, it came in childhood because of a lot of experience that I had in my in my childhood in my village. And when I was in class 9th and 10th, at that time, for me, because I was very good in PCM, Physics, Chemistry, Math, so my father also told me that you should go for, you know, you should prepare for IIT. And at that point of time, for me, it looked like that if I go, if I am going to IIT, then it is good for my career and I will have a lot of, I will have a lot of areas where I will be able to explore. So with that vision, I prepared for JEE and I got a decent rank. And then I went to IIT Bombay. And there I explored many areas. And you know, I worked, there is a concept of internship in IIT Bombay, it's very elaborate. So in my second year, I worked for a company in in Bombay. After two months of doing corporate job, I was fully satisfied. This job is not what I am looking for. And then in my third year, I tried to do research. I I was associated with a few of the professors there. And then I got selected in Purdue University in 2017. I went for two months of internship in in the United States. And again, after doing two months of internship, I was pretty sure that I am not very good in research. So at that time only, I was involved in in my hostel. I was at leadership roles. And there, as a part of the hostel team, as a head of cultural, cultural, you know, the cultural head of my hostel, I worked with my team. And from the last position, hostel six, IIT Bombay, it went to the top. So at that time, I realized that when I am working for people, when I am working with a larger group, I am I am getting a lot of satisfaction. That here is an opportunity where I will get a chance to work with millions. And if somehow I am able to change the life of any one person, then I would find my life successful. And then I spoke with many other seniors which were there in UPSC preparation. And in my final year, I decided that I will I will build a career in in UPSC, in civil services. So it was never, never a concrete decision from childhood. It got molded and and, you know, with time, it got that kind of concrete that I have to develop a career in civil services. So this was my brief background. I know that everyone will have a background. But one thing I want to say that your motivation should be very clear, why you want to prepare for civil services, why you want to become an IAS, why you want to be in in administration. I hope everyone is comfortable with Hindi. And if not, then I will try to mix Hindi and English. See, this UPSC journey will teach you a lot. I hope how many of you have given Prelims? Many have not appeared for Prelims. How many of you have appeared for Mains? How many of you are expecting to clear Prelims? Good amount of people. And anyone who has appeared for interview? So I think because the journey of UPSC is such that every stage will teach you certain things. And I think this is a, this is a journey where, you know, it is actually a training before your selection. And you will have to go through a lot of emotions. And I, I still remember in 2019, I think 2018 or 2018, I was sitting there and Ashima Mittal ma'am, she came to deliver a topper's talk. And I was thinking that someday I will be here. So you guys, I think if I can do it, then anyone in this room can do it. It just you need a concrete plan and then 100% dedication. You know, when I came to Delhi, I was not very good in English as well. When I used to read newspapers, I used to find difficulty in understanding the articles. Then I spoke with a few of my friends. They suggested, make a diary and write the words if you are not able to understand. And when I looked at that diary, I found it very simple, simple words that I was not aware of. So whatever you have that hurdle, please find a solution. There is always a solution to whatever problem that you are having. You do anything, you will find some solution. But you need to have that positive mindset, positive outlook, that yes, you, I, I will do it one day, I will do it. And whatever the hurdles will come, whatever the problems that I will face, I will find a solution. That thing, you should always keep in mind. And believe me, there are many stories. All the toppers, they have to go through these struggles. And they have, they might have faced more problems than me, definitely. But they have all gone through that phase. And now they are in the list. So I think this, this mantra will help you a lot. Again, many people say that there is a very, no impact of luck, role of luck in this examination. And certainly, there is. Because to two hours Prelims, no, 6 lakh people appear. And they decide on the basis of one or two papers. And then 10,000 people, they appear for Mains. But if you have a good strategy, and if you are with the basics, and if you have planned everything, then it may happen that you are not able to clear Prelims in the first attempt or second attempt, or you are appearing for Mains, but you are not able to clear it. But whenever you are aware of your weaknesses, and when you work on your weaknesses, then certainly you will overcome all those. So I will, I will share, I will share my detailed strategy, Prelims and Mains. And if you have any question in every, you know, in every part, I will, I will ask you guys to ask questions. That way it will be more, more relevant. So if you have anything in mind for for this thing, you can tell me which all things I need to discuss. Please be very comfortable to speak. Which areas do you want to discuss? See, my strength is always, was always Mains. And I will discuss the marksheet. Wait. I started my preparation on January 2nd, 2018. And with five months of preparation, I thought, you know, one thing more I want to say that it is very easy to fool your mind. So when I started my preparation in 2018, I told myself, this is it. I will clear in the 2018 attempt. And I devoted myself. Because whenever the goal is very near, you put a lot of effort in that. So but when I was not able to clear that Prelims, I got around 80. Then I again re-planned. I thought, then again, I told my brain, the 2019 will be my the last attempt. And I will give 100% in 2019. I got 100 in Prelims. And in CSAT around 100. In 2020, I am expecting because the marks are not out. Forest, I cleared Forest also. So I am expecting that I might have gotten more than 110 in Mains. Overall, my marks in in Mains, my overall marks in Mains was 823. In GS1, so in 2019, my marks were in GS1, it was 106. In GS2, it was 103. In GS3, 81. In GS4, 138. Essay, 132. Optional, 130, 132, 131. Then interview, 146. So here my optional marks were 263. And GS marks was 428. This year, I got 115, 119, 2, 106, 17. Essay, 134, 170, 150, and 176. See, even in 2020, I got almost the same marks, 424. And in optional, I got 320. So in two areas that I improved was in optional and in interview. The reason why I got always good marks in GS is because of answer writing. I will, I will explain, explain that in detail. And in optional, you know, in 2019, it was not the sufficient time was not available. That's why I was not able to prepare well. But somehow, I was able to get decent marks that time. This time, I focused more on optional. In GS also, I tried to improve. But I was not able to manage time that well in that well in the examination. But still, I got the decent marks. So when I got in 2019, I got 298 rank. And that time, I, I, I, I was thinking after the result, after the marks came out, that if somehow 180 came, then I would have become IAS. In interview, and many people, they get 180, 180, and 180 plus in interview. But a lot this time, after the result, it seems that sometimes something happens for a reason. And even if I had got 180, I could have got some other cadre where I may have not liked it in IAS. And this, and last year, I always aspired for Bihar cadre because I, I live there. But I was pretty open to work in any any state. But last year, even I had got rank one, I did not get Bihar cadre because there was zero seats in insider vacancies in Bihar. This year, there is one seat. So I want to say that whenever you get any failure or anything, then you have to analyze your mistakes. You have to work upon that. That will help you a lot in in this preparation. You should not blame any other people. That is our habit that whenever there is something bad, we say, "Oh, it happened because of this, because of that." In that year, actually, I got fever in between the GS examination and Anthropology, my optional. So because of that also, it impacted. But then I thought, "Okay, two days are wasted. I get five days of time. There is a gap between GS papers and the main optional paper." So then I thought, "No, there are three days. I will revise well. And whatever my potential is, I will try to deliver on that." So whenever you will face, you will face this kind of difficulty that on the day of the exam, you will get fever or something. At that time, tell your mind, "No, I will do this. I will achieve this." So you will get that energy from somewhere which will, which will push you, which will, you know, give you positive energy, with which you can do well in the exam. So this year, I focused on optional and interview. That year, the reason why I got less in interview because I was very nervous. Whenever I used to get, whenever I used to face certain people, I used to, you know, I used to sweat also. So because I did not sit for placements in my college days. When it was clear that I will be preparing for civil services, I did not sit for placement. There were many reasons for that. Because in college, it happens that if you sit for placement once and get a decent job, then what happens is that the mind says, "Okay, let's try working for once." So because I was very clear that I have to prepare for civil services, for that reason, I did not sit for placement. I said, "If I sit for placement, get a job, then it will be delayed by one year, two years unnecessarily." So the third thing which I want to say is that whatever in your life, in your entire existence, where you will have to take difficult decisions, I will come on that also. In the preparation phase, there were many instances where I had to make decisions. But you should, you should take those decisions, no matter how difficult they are. Because in the preparation phase, it might happen that you will annoy some friends, relatives will not be happy with you. But when the result will come out, every other person will become your friend. So if something is disturbing, meaning, whatever negative people are around you, so distance yourself from them. If something is distracting you, you should, you should be intelligent enough to distance yourself from that thing. So I did all that in my preparation. When I came for five months, I read like anything. Then I was not able to clear Prelims. That time, I decided that I will, I will choose my optional wisely. In 2018, I selected Civil Engineering. But just after the examination, I felt that I won't be able to, you know, prepare Civil Engineering for long. When you come into this preparation, so you have to keep in mind that it might go for two, three years. Because you should give, I believe that you should give at least two, three good attempts. You have to prepare well. And it may happen that you may not be able to clear, you may not be able to clear in the first attempt or second attempt because of various reasons. Many external factors come. But you should keep in mind that you have to give two, three good attempts. If you are very serious, if you are very motivated, then you should give. So at that time, I felt that because I selected Civil Engineering in a hurry, I came out of college and I was, I was decent in in academics there. So I thought that I will be interested enough to carry Civil Engineering. But after Prelims, it came to me that I cannot read Civil Engineering for long, for two, three years. I cannot read. So I decided my optional very objectively. I read for 40 days. I gave 40 days to decide the optional. It is never too late to decide the optional or anything. It is never too late. Give it proper time. The way I decided optional is, I went through the syllabus. I eliminated that I cannot keep this optional. Animal Husbandry, I don't have that background. So I removed it. So like this, in the end, five, six options remained. Like Geography, then Sociology, PSIR, and then I read the syllabus. Then I went through certain books. Then compared the marks, how well people are doing in recent years. I saw whether I am, I compared my strengths and weaknesses also, that in what I am good. I am pretty good in drawing diagrams. I can remember static parts well. And I am not very comfortable if the syllabus is changing a lot, if there is a lot in it. Because of that, I eliminated PSIR, because there are a lot of questions on International Relations, and it changes a little bit every year. And I found Anthropology syllabus interesting also. Because in one of the papers, 50% it is all about tribes, tribal affairs are discussed completely. So from there, an interest developed. Then its syllabus does not change much. And it suited my strengths as well. So considering all this, I decided the optional. So whatever your optional is, if you have not decided, then please follow an objective criterion to decide the optional. And I think, I think it's good that once you start your preparation, then you are deciding optional. Because in the beginning, I didn't even know that there is a subject like Anthropology. Once Ashima Mittal, she got 12th rank, and she was from my college, and she was also from Anthropology background, then I came to know that there is a subject called Anthropology, and it is looking promising. So I think that is the right time to decide optional. Because you have a pretty decent idea of social sciences and any other subject that are there. Coming from an engineering background, I was not aware about all these social science subjects. So that helped me a lot. After reading a few things, economy, polity, and society, and everything, I was at that position to decide that optional. How many of you are from Anthropology optional? PSIR? Any other optional? Sociology? See, I want to say something that people will say that this optional is not performing well. Sometimes it may happen. But if you have strength in your optional, then you will get good marks. In one Mains, it might happen that even if you have prepared well, worked very hard, and given it well, still it didn't come. But then you will write again, maybe it will come. My belief is that if you have prepared well, and it is in your strength area, so you will get good marks in optional. The reason I am saying it, in 2019, it happened that I started preparation in 2018, and after Prelims, I decided optional. In two months, almost 40-45 days. But in the last four months, I was not able to study well in 2018. There were many reasons. Then in 2019, I decided that I will study well. I changed my room, and then I was alone. Then from there, I prepared for Mains in two months, December 2018 and January 2019. And then from February, I started my, I started my Prelims preparation, a little bit from February end. So I was not able to prepare my optional that well. But because it was based on my strength, I was good in GS, and I was able to write decent answers for Anthropology paper two, even after covering only 70 to 80 percent of the syllabus. And because the question paper was like that, that I was able to attempt questions based on my strength. I got pretty decent marks in Anthropology that year. In 2019, I was not able to read Archaeology. And Archaeology is almost 15 to 20 percent syllabus. But that year, the questions came in such a way that without attempting Archaeology, out of eight, I was able to attempt five questions. And because I was aware that I have not prepared well, I put a lot of effort in 2020. In optional, and if you see, many people have not done well in Anthro. But because it was based on my strength, and I was able to manage time well in the examination, I got decent marks in that. And I would like to mention one more thing that many people say that how you feel after clearing, after becoming rank one and everything. So I would like to say that on the day of the examination, my interview was on September 9th. And I knew that only one month is there for Prelims. So after my interview, I was preparing for Prelims. And I gave around five to six mock tests. I was bunking my classes in Indian Defence Accounts Service and I was preparing for Prelims. And before the result was about to come, we were aware that on 24th, it is about to come. I told my friend that I am not very confident because my time management was not that great in GS paper. Even though it was very good in optional, but I am not very confident that I will get under 70 rank. So I thought that I was pretty sure that I will get around 200, because from last year, my GS was like that only. But my optional was good, and interview has done well, decent compared to last year. So I was sure that I will get around 250, under 250 rank, or 200 rank. So almost I was sure that I will get IPS. But I was not sure about IAS. So I was in preparation mode. So I would like to mention that you, you, whatever phase of preparation you are in, or Prelims, Mains, Interview, never stop your preparation in between. Always have a consistency in your preparation. Because with UPSC, you never know when and where you will get marks and when you will get selected. So you have to be consistent in your preparation. Work hard. And you should not think about the result. Result, you wait for the result. See, after Prelims, it used to take almost 20, early it used to take 30 days for Mains result to come. Now it comes in 20 days. So if you waste those 20 days in between Prelims and Mains, I can say with certainty that you will fall behind many people. So my, my main preparation for GS was in 2019. And Prelims was on June 3rd. And on June 4th, I was actually preparing for Mains. And on that day, I also wrote answers. So you should be very consistent with your preparation. And but in 2019, after Mains, I took a little break. 2020 also, I took a little break after Mains. You can take because it becomes so exhausting. Because three months before Prelims, you are studying for nine and ten hours. Then between Prelims and Mains, you don't have any other work apart from reading or studying. So there, when you study for ten hours, then five, six, six months is a very tough phase. After that, I took around 15-20 days break. And then again, I started my preparation. So at every stage, if you are not able to clear, if you are in doubt, please have a detailed strategy that you want to follow, and follow it consistently. Don't take breaks. So I have made a Telegram channel as well. I might forget later. I am just writing it here. You can join it there. I will share my notes and strategy there. For Shubham Kumar Strategy and Notes for UPSC, HTTP://t.me/shubhamkr_ias. Almost 15,000 people have joined this channel. There are two more fake channels. So please be aware of that. But you will get to know whatever I am posting is being reposted in the fake channels. So please join this channel. And for one year or so, I will be sharing my notes and strategy. So apart from these things, I would like to share a few more things that just in the initial part, I mentioned that you will have to go through a lot of emotions. And I was very scared of Prelims. Every time before Prelims, I used to feel that this time it won't be cleared. I haven't studied much. Marks are not coming. So in Prelims, my average marks used to be around 80. I used to take Vision IAS tests, and tests from other coaching. So my average marks used to be 80. So there was a little bit of feeling that Prelims won't be cleared this time. But then again, there were, I was fortunate enough, they used to motivate me. And they used to say that, "No, it will be cleared. You have prepared well. You have worked hard for a year." So one day, my friend asked me, just 10 days before Prelims, that "In practice, you are getting 80 marks. Are you expecting that you are able to clear it?" In 2019, I said, "Yes, definitely. This time I will clear it. My mind keeps changing." You know, you will go through that sine curve, where one time you go up, one time you go down, then up. So then I said, "No, this time I think I will clear." Because I will be confident in the examination hall, and other people won't be that confident. And because of confidence, I will get five-six questions correct. So those who are in the range of 90 or 95, meaning generally, if you have prepared well, so you come very close to the cut-off. But to get those five-six questions correct, that depends upon your confidence level. So I said, "I will be confident, and I will clear, and I will score more than other people." And that year, I got 110. And this year also, in one of the Vision tests, I got 54 marks. I was actually guiding two of my friends. And I was already selected in 2019. And I told them, "Let's take the paper together." And we wrote one test. And in that test, I scored 54, lower than both of my friends. Then I felt, "Okay, let's prepare again." Then I didn't leave my room for 10 days. So I prepared well again. And then I scored around 80 to 85 marks before the main examination. And then I am expecting I will score 115. So if you want, then I can share my detailed Prelims strategy. Okay, okay. I will share. Anything more that you want? I will share the detailed strategy. Prelims strategy. Then I will focus on the Mains answer writing. How I started. Then a little bit about interview preparation. And if you have any doubt in between, then we can, I can take those questions. Okay. In this entire journey, to keep a few quotes in front of my table. And two quotes which were very dear to me. It was that "The more you sweat in peace, the less you bleed in war." I used to write in one piece of paper and stick it in front of me to just remind myself that if I am preparing before Prelims, or before Mains, the better I prepare here, the less tension there will be in the examination hall. And believe me, because this exam is such that so many people prepare, so many people give it, so the competition has become so high that you cannot do anything new in the Mains examination. You will think there, you will do it, that will never happen. Whatever you have decided earlier, whatever mock tests you have written, whatever short notes you have made, that is what you will be able to write in the final exam. Because you have to write 150 words, 10 marker in 7 minutes, and then 250 words, three pages in 10 minutes, 11 minutes. So it becomes very difficult to write something new, try something new. So the better you plan, and the better you practice, you will be able to write the same thing in the final exam. And the second thing which I wrote in front of my table was that "I will try to become a better version of myself." Because this examination is such that you cannot achieve the highest in one go. You need incremental improvement. You should fix small, small targets, then improve upon those targets. Believe me, this works like magic. You start answer writing today, and after 15 days, if you have written continuously for 15 days, you will not believe that you wrote such an answer 15 days ago, and now you are writing like this. And like in 2020, when I started my preparation for Mains, so I have gone through the 2019 papers. Then I am thinking, "Oh, I was writing so well in 2019. Now I won't be able to do that. How will I write like that now?" So that incremental improvement actually will shock you when you compare your first day, whatever you have written, and the last, after two months, or even 15 days, you will feel that difference. So there is one message in that, that you should have small targets. You have a big target that you want to crack this examination. And you should have small, small targets and try to achieve those targets. Don't think big, do it in small steps. So in this, what will happen is that you will never be disappointed. You will feel, "Okay, I just have to read one chapter. I just have to do this topic." This will make your journey very easy. For example, if we look at Essay, in Essay, it feels like how to prepare so much? How to write any essay? So what I did, I prepared for Education. I prepared for Education, and it took me hardly three, four hours. Keep it a little challenging, and prepare on those topics. And then write tests. See, I will just go through my entire preparation journey. As I mentioned, in the initial six months in 2018, I started my preparation. This will give you a rough idea of how to prepare. And one of my seniors, he shared Shreyansh Kumar, after he got All India Rank Four. So it helped me a lot at that time to decide. So in 2018, I started for six months. I prepared for Prelims. But in that also, in February, I had started writing one, one question for Mains. And it's very easy to write one question. You read the newspaper, you read articles from there, and you can find a question book from anywhere, from any coaching institute or anywhere, you can get a question. And because I was enrolled in Vision IAS classroom program, so they used to give one question daily. So I used to write one question. And it's not like writing it immediately. What I used to do, I used to read the question first. Then I used to revise what they taught in class. Then I used to think for half an hour. Then I used to write. It is so difficult to write the first answer. So the first question I got, I read the question. I revised my notes. Then I waited for half an hour. Then I wrote the question. Even after that, it used to take me 20 minutes to write the first answer, 20 to 25 minutes to write two pages. So when you will start, the start will always be tough. Remember this. But with practice, it will become your habit, and then it becomes very easy. So in February, for only 15-20 days, I wrote one, one question. And then got a little bit of satisfaction. "Okay, I am able to write two pages in 10 or 15 minutes. I can write a little bit." And again, in 2018 itself, I used to read toppers' copies. Now, what is its importance? Its importance is that when you will write those tests, you will be able to compare whether your approach is good or not. See, our mind works in such a way that just before Mains, you will see that toppers are writing like this, then I will try to write like this. You won't be able to write that. If you are feeding your mind a little bit beforehand, that I have to write point-wise, I have to write in 1, 2, 3, 4 format, I have to break down questions like this, and if you keep looking at it continuously, slowly, then your mind will get used to it. And then one, one question. And then I used to see toppers' mock tests and previous year questions. A little bit, not much, just one or two questions, three, one, two, three questions, if I saw in a week, that was also, I think sufficient. So here, by June, then from June to August, I devoted myself to deciding the optional. So I decided Anthropology. Then from August to October, I was enrolled in Vaid IAS. With Vaid sir, I prepared there. And his policy is clear that he won't teach you in class. He will just tell you where to study from. And again, you will have to study yourself. So in these three months, he guided a little bit. 20 to 30 percent syllabus he will cover, and the rest you will have to do it yourself. Then from October to December, I had a gap in preparation. There was a gap until December. Then in January, I had a dilemma, what should I do? January 2019. And you know, Prelims was on June 3rd, I think June 2nd or 3rd. So I had a dilemma, what to do now? If I only prepare for Prelims, then my GS Mains preparation was not that good. So I took a decision that in January, I will write GS tests. In February, I will write optional tests. And from March, I will start my Prelims preparation. But actually, I

I started with Feb, I now remember the exact date. From here, I started my Prelims preparation. So, how did I write the GS test? It's very difficult to write a three-hour test again. It's very difficult to write a three-hour test, how to fill 50 pages? So, what I did was, I was already enrolled in Vision's classroom. So the tests were complimentary. So, what I did was, I took out the first test, I read all the questions, I read all the answers. Then I took a one-day break, then I went and wrote it. In three hours, even after reading all the questions, all the answers beforehand, I was able to attempt only 13 questions. And when I was writing the first paper, it took me around 15 minutes just to write the introduction. I am telling you this so that you realize how incremental change happens, how improvement happens. In a three-hour test, I wrote only 13 questions. Second test, I only read the questions, I did not read the model answers, and I was able to complete the paper in 3 hours 30 minutes. I completed the paper in 3 hours 30 minutes. This time, I exceeded the time a bit. I wrote 13 questions in 3 hours 15 minutes. In the third test, I did not see any questions, I did not see any answers, and this time I completed almost the paper in 3 hours 10 minutes. And I got decent marks, around 70-80 marks. So by this time, I was a little bit confident that I am able to write 20 questions. So when I got this confidence, then I thought, let me write three or four tests for optional. So for optional, I did classroom from TICS, but they don't have that good a test series. So I joined a test series from an institution called L2A Learn to Achieve, with Balasir, and I wrote three to four tests for optional. In this also, I wrote like this: when I went to give the first test, I wrote the first test in three and a half hours. And sectional tests, I was pretty sure about what all questions they are going to ask, and I prepared for 30 questions, and almost 10 questions come. Because in optional, you can predict the questions, which question they will ask if you know the syllabus. So there, I wrote in three and a half hours. The second test, I wrote in around four hours. Third test, I wrote in 3 hours 15 minutes. When I wrote this test, I gained confidence that yes, I can complete the paper in the main examination. When this happened, then I jumped to Prelims preparation, that a decent Mains is done. So it actually, if you do Mains preparation a little before Prelims, then in general, it will go into your mind, how to write, how not to write, then when you write again after Prelims, it will improve. Then from here, it went on till September for Mains. Then September to December, I studied optional. And from January, I was not able to read optional that much. So just after Mains, I read optional for two-three months. I again studied optional for two-three months in 2019. And then January 2020, before the result came out, I was preparing for my interview. So my focus is that you should not wait for the result to come out. You can prepare for every stage. And whenever you are not confident that you are weak in this, you should analyze it properly and then start your preparation. So from Jan 2020, I prepared for the interview. In March 17, I think my interview was there. And then lockdown happened, then for four months, I didn't do much. This was a break in my preparation. In this, I did cooking for two months properly. I learned to cook well here, and then I chilled at home for two months. Because in my entire life, I was never at a stretch, I never stayed at home for two months. So I don't have any regret about this. I felt a little bit that I could have studied a little more instead of this two-month cooking course, which I ran like a course with my friend. Then for two months, I enjoyed at home. Then the result came out on the fourth or fifth of August, I think. And at this time, I took all my belongings from Delhi and went home. I thought that till now I haven't studied, from childhood till now, at home. This time, I will prepare with full throttle at home. After the result came out, in the PDF, I always, you know, I never do Ctrl+F. I check from the top. My uncle and I sat and checked, and I got 29th rank. So I felt a little satisfaction. Then the second thought came, that I won't get IAS with this, so I have to prepare again. And at this time, some of my family members got COVID. So I took a one-week break. I knew I had to prepare. I was trying to study, but I couldn't study. So on August 16, Papa said, "Beta, enough is enough, you go to Delhi. Your preparation won't happen here." So I took all my belongings. Even though I changed my center to Patna, the center for Prelims was in Patna, but I came back to Delhi. I stayed here for two months, and then I went back to Patna. Then after giving Prelims, I came back to Delhi the same day. So in this, there was 50 days for Prelims. So I adopted a slightly different strategy this time, how to prepare for Prelims in 40 days or 45 days. And then again, when the Mains date came, just after Prelims, I never used to take any break after Prelims. And with full throttle, I prepared for Mains. And in the preparation, there were some problems this time because I was already selected. So in December, in December, all the joining formalities and the joining formalities of the Government of India are very extensive. They make you do all that, and they make you fill the same form five or ten times. So this entire December went into joining formalities. So I want to highlight one thing here, that in 2019, when I was preparing, my approach was a basic one because I wasn't studying much. At that time, my approach was that I would read the newspaper, The Hindu and Indian Express. I used to read the Explain page of Indian Express and the articles of The Hindu. Before Prelims, I just read The Hindu. So in 2019, I used to read the paper and write a one-hour test at night. So I used to refer to IASToppers' questions, even if they have some TLPs or something. So it's a 60-day program. Initially, I followed it for 40 days. Every day, I used to write five questions, sitting with my friends, and whatever I was reading in the newspaper, I was trying to implement those things in the question paper. So, there are two kinds of answer writing. One is daily answer writing, you do daily answer writing, and another one is a three-hour test. Believe me, both are important. Now I'll tell you why. In daily answer writing, what happens is, whatever you are reading in the newspaper, you are implementing those daily. So that thing, if you write any example in the test, it will become yours. You will recall it well in the examination. In the three-hour test, and with daily answer writing, you can fix the structuring, how to divide the questions, how to build sub-questions within questions, and how to manage time. In three hours, you practice time management and how to write decent answers for all those questions. So, I practiced both. It is not important that you do it every day. For 40 days, I wrote daily answers, daily I wrote questions, and for three hours, in 2019, what I followed was that every third or fourth day, I used to write questions. I used to appear for a test. If I missed it, then after 10 days, I would write two-three tests together. So in this way, in 2019, I almost wrote 20 tests for GS, seven tests for optional, five tests for essay. So almost 30 plus tests I wrote in 2019. And if you see, we have only 90 days, so every third day I was writing a test. And in 2020, I followed a different approach. This time, in 2019, I gave almost 50% of time for optional. So I used to read Anthropology for one and a half months. But I had to write tests for GS because, anyway, I was reading the newspaper. And GS is very, you know, the questions are very general. So you can write, you can write papers on those questions. In 2020, I started with, I started with GS first. For one month, I read GS. Then I studied optional. In the last month, I wrote tests. I wrote fewer tests in 2020. In the last month, I wrote tests for both GS and optional. I didn't write many optional tests. GS, and in December, the joining formalities were done, so I got quite disturbed. So one thing I want to say here, that in 2019 and 2020, just 20 days before the 2019 Mains attempt, I felt that I knew nothing, I had studied nothing, the syllabus is so vast, where will it be completed? And I clearly remember that at that time, I realized that it won't happen this time. But again, I used to watch a lot of topper talks. In that, Pratham Kaushik sir, rank fifth, told that 24 days before Mains, he felt that he shouldn't write the examination. But somehow he wrote Mains and cleared it with fifth rank. So I realized that this is very common to be underconfident in this examination. You will feel that your preparation is not good, but you have to realize that every other topper, every other person has gone through this phase. So in 2020 as well, I used to send my papers to my friend. He is already selected. I used to send them to him and cry to him every day, sending them, saying, "Man, I am not able to do that well. I am not getting enough time. So much time has gone in joining formalities. I couldn't write many tests. In 2019, the preparation was good." So he actually saw my paper. He said, "Man, your paper is very good. You are writing so well, what else will you improve?" So, people around me actually motivated me. And almost on December 25th, I was quite, you know, nervous. For almost two days, I was not able to read anything. And there, my earlier roommate, Kumar Nishant, he is an IAS in Bihar cadre. So in 2019, he got the rank with me. And he is my school friend. So he used to see my papers and told me, "No, no, you are writing very well." And he used to tell my other friends, "If everything goes well, he can get a single-digit rank." And then in 2020, I was staying with Kumar Soumya. He is IRS IT. So he is also from college, and he actually motivated me, saying, "No, you are writing very well." So for two days, I was not able to study anything. Then again, I realized that this examination, whatever I have read, I will write that and do well. In 2019, actually, in Vision's test, I scored only 320 in mock tests. But in the final examination, I scored 428. So, you know, the mock papers, you give them, but don't believe them. The examination will be a different ball game altogether. You prepare well. You should not be bothered about the mock tests, whether it is Prelims or Mains. In 2020, I got a pretty decent score in a mock test. I got around 420. I got 420, and in the real examination also, I got 424. So this will happen with you, I think, with the entire process, that you might feel at any time that your preparation is not good. But at that time, you should be confident and you should be surrounded with positive people. Keep distance from all the negative people around you. Okay, so coming to Prelims preparation. Before that, I will just say where all I studied and where all I did coaching, etc., because there is a lot of confusion in people's minds. Everywhere they are seeing Shubham's name. So I joined Vision IAS as a classroom student. It was RB Sen batch, and I joined the September-October batch. October 25, 2017, but I started watching lectures in 2018. And for only six-seven months, I actually saw the videos. Wherever I felt that this is not important, like IR, I didn't watch its videos. So you have to choose and pick whatever you like. Even after you join coaching, do what you like. If you feel that this is a waste of time, then you should leave that area. Like, I felt IR had 15 or 20 lectures, and I felt it was a waste of time. Anyway, IR is going to change, and only two questions come in IR, so why should I devote so much time to IR? Similarly, world history, a single question will come, and for many years, questions don't even come. And here there were 10-15 lectures, so I thought I wouldn't do that. So I left those topics. I did classroom from here, and then I wrote Vision IAS tests for Prelims also and for Mains also. For Prelims, I also wrote full tests. I just bought question papers from Old Rajinder Nagar and gave tests of Vajiram, Insights. I didn't like Insights. I liked Forum IAS and Vajiram's full tests. I appeared for them, but I gave all of Vision's tests. Then for Mains, I only wrote Vision IAS tests. For Essay, I joined Vision's essay program, which had five lectures and essay papers. So for essay, I did everything from here. And for interview, I appeared in 2019. I appeared for 12 mock interviews in Delhi. Wherever I could, I thought I should give mock interviews everywhere to boost my confidence. So that's it. And then what happens is, many places give you free packages. Like, Unacademy people said they are giving me one month free Plus. So I asked my roommate, Anand, I think he is here. So I asked, "Do you need it?" He said, "Yes, let's take it." So I took their Unacademy subscription. But now they claim that I am their student. I did not watch a single video of Unacademy. Then similarly, it will happen if you are there, if you stay here for two years, because Forum's open test will happen, I went and gave the open test. So then they will claim that I am their student. And that's what happened. I gave a one-to-one mock with Sir at Vajiram because he is very famous for one-to-one mocks. So Vajiram will claim that I am their student. In Next IAS, I was part of their interview guidance program. And at that time, what happened in 2019, because I am from a civil engineering background, and Sir Biseng is also from civil engineering, so he gave me half an hour. And after the result, he told me to come for half an hour. So I went there. But the moment I told, there is one video on, it was part of it. So I gave around 12 mock interviews, and because of this, everywhere people think that they are their students. Then this Mains and interview. I think even after giving 12 mocks, I liked a few places. One was KSG Khan Sir, he guided me very well. He talks for 10-15 minutes, but I think that will boost your confidence. It boosted my confidence a lot. This is what I am telling for 2019. In 2020 also, I only gave KSG's mock. And then second, for civil engineering, I did Next IAS. For civil engineering, and third, there is a coaching called The IS Hub. There is a module of current affairs that they give for interviews. I found that relevant. Then what happened in 2019, I got the rank. They gave me some program of KP, they gave me free of cost, so it happened. And now they claim that I am a student of KP. I have never seen a single PDF of KP. But their interview guidance, this year also I followed IS Hub's interview guidance program PDF. So this year, KSG and IS Hub, I followed. And the rest of the coaching institutes you are seeing, that is mainly because I appeared for mocks at 12 places in 2019. So this was my short journey. And here you will find many coaching institutes, many things. But I can tell you that even if you are in Vision, they will only do the basic things. In the classroom program, you have to do it yourself. Whatever value addition happens, no teacher here will do it for you. So, and within that also, you will have to make short notes and prepare yourself. There is, you know, and one thing more, that every other person will try to guide you. If you go out in Rajinder Nagar for morning tea, you will see everyone discussing. Random people will guide you, saying do this, do that. I have appeared for Prelims. If you want to listen, listen, but I was not, you know, I never became a part of that discussion. I always had a good plan in my mind, and I always tried to implement that. And then I used to watch topper talks. Then in the classroom also, everyone will say something, ma'am will say something. So take it with a pinch of salt. Analyze them, and based on your strategy, strengths, and weaknesses, implement it. You should not implement everything completely. Like, if I say something, some topper will say something else, so it becomes confusing, like, should I write its question or his question? See, make a plan, then follow one thing. It's not important that you do everything. Even if you follow one thing, any topper's or your own, I think that is sufficient for the examination. You don't need to do everything or only the best thing. People are confused, like, should I do coaching from here, or from here, or from here? I think that doesn't matter that much. Do it from one place, do it. If you can cover the basic books in six-seven months yourself, then you can cover those basic books from your hand as well. But you should always have your own strategy. Coming to Prelims. Prelims, my entire combined preparation for Mains, Prelims, etc. I never distinguished. Just three months before Prelims, I was wholly dedicated to Prelims. And between Prelims and Mains, I was actually wholly dedicated to Mains. But initially, I prepared a common base. So this base, the basic books, you can either read from basic books or classroom notes. So I did not refer to NCERTs much because my classroom notes were decent, and I was confident that I am able to write those questions. So I did not refer to any NCERTs. For example, if you talk about Prelims, Geography. I had good notes, and I was able to understand well in the classroom. I never had many doubts, and I didn't have doubts outside either. So I didn't read NCERTs much. So it depends. Please follow only one source if you are able to cover the syllabus. You don't have to read. If someone says that you must read NCERTs, it's not necessary. Covering the syllabus is more important. The importance you should give to the syllabus is to complete the syllabus rather than completing the books. So if you have any doubt, then I can actually go through. In Polity also, I did not read Laxmikant. Everyone is surprised how I did it without reading Laxmikant. So, the teachers in the Laxmikant classroom, the teacher, they actually taught me Laxmikant only. And whatever topics were not covered in the classroom, only those I referred to in Laxmikant. And then again, I had short notes for Polity because my classroom notes also became three books, meaning three notebooks of almost 200 pages. So I made short notes so that it's easy to revise before the examination. For Environment, I had very good class notes. I used to refer to those only. So in the basics, I think in the base, I mostly referred to class notes and a few books like Spectrum. Now, I referred to Spectrum for Modern Indian History. Then I did not read classroom notes. So you have to follow only one source. So in this way, I mostly read the book Spectrum. And besides this, like Art and Culture, the classroom notes were very good, and I wasn't very interested in Art and Culture. So I thought if I read Nitin Singhania, I won't be able to revise that. So I used to read, pick and choose only those sources which I can revise. And my always my aim was always on Mains. So, in my time, 2019 and 2020, 2019 and 2020, they asked good questions in current affairs, and many questions you can eliminate. But now they are not asking that much. So you should be very thorough with the basics. If you look at this year's paper, they asked very tough questions. But if you are good with the basics, if you are thorough with the NCERTs, if you are reading them, if you have covered them, so I don't think you will have that much problem. You will be able to get 92-95 marks, and I think the cutoff won't go beyond that this time. So that was my main source. Then current affairs, I referred to newspapers, then monthly magazines. I referred to Vision IAS's monthly magazines. You can refer to any other if you don't like the Vision IAS magazine. Monthly magazine compilations. And in 2020, because I did not refer to monthly magazines, I referred to PT 365 in the 2020 attempt. But here, since I had read the monthly magazines, I only read the monthly magazines. So you have to limit your resources. Read from one place, not from multiple places. Read repeatedly. And for current affairs, in Mains, in Mains current affairs, I added this newspaper, Indian Express, plus All India Radio. I used to listen every day. And now, where to listen to this? So here, Vision IAS has an app, where you get All India Radio's news color-coded, green color-coded, meaning very important. So I used to only listen to the green-coded All India Radio news. It's 15 minutes long. As soon as I woke up in the morning, I used to put on All India Radio first. So, and besides this, I used to watch Big Picture. Now Big Picture is not coming, but you can watch any other discussion platform where there are good panelists. It was from Rajya Sabha TV, now it's not coming. So for current affairs, these have been my main sources, PT 365, and here Mains 365. But I read Mains 365 only in 2020, but not completely. I referred only to Society and IR, and a little bit of Economics. So in Mains and Prelims as well, whenever I felt that it was too much, I wouldn't read that. I didn't read PT 365 for Art and Culture. I didn't read it for IR, because questions don't come from there. So I would leave it. Even if they come, it's not according to my strength, and if one or two questions come, then it's all about how much time you give to it. So in this way, there's a basic, there's current affairs, and I used to appear for a lot of mocks. Now, why I used to give mocks, I can explain in detail. In 2019, I appeared for 70 mocks. 70 mocks. In 2020, even though I had only 40-45 days, I appeared for 40 tests. I used to write one test every day. And then for 2021 also, I wrote six-seven in ten days. So, because I used to increase my efficiency in my mock papers, how to attempt, how many questions to attempt, in what way to attempt, everything used to be, you know, finalized almost. Like, this many to do, in this way to do, and how to increase efficiency, how to do intelligent guessing, everything I used to learn from mocks. So these were my three main things. And for Mains, whatever I have read in Prelims, that used to be my source. And for current affairs, I used to make short notes as well. I used to make short notes. In 2020, because, you know, whenever I, I revised everything, just wait. In 2020, we had only 50 days, 40 days. So I planned the last 40 days. In 2019 also, I used to plan that for the first 30 days, I will do the first revision, then for the next 15 days, I will do my second revision, and in the last four days, I will do the final revision. So in the last four days, I used to revise everything that I had studied in 1.5 years or two years. Now, how to do this? So I used to make short notes, and my basic notes were highlighted with two-three colors. And in the last four days, I used to revise everything. Now, why did I do this? Many times, the questions won't come from what you are revising, but that will give you a lot of confidence. It will give a lot of confidence if you revise everything in the last four days. So I used to plan like that. The last four days had a detailed plan: on this day, I will revise this; on this day, this; on this day, this. And even on the last day, I would look at what I read in the previous nine days again. I had short notes. It's very easy to go through if you have short notes. So similarly for Mains, I always had short notes. Now I will show how to make short notes or how to do it. I had short notes. So here, the source, I write the source first. Whatever basic book or basic concept that I am having, that was my main source. But believe me, this is the base. Questions might or might not come. You have to add a little. Second, and the model answers of the mocks used to be one of my main sources. From there, whatever gaps there are in preparation, they used to get covered. In 2019, I never read Art and Culture. It used to be covered from Art and Culture mocks, and I used to cover it with my own short notes. Then these basic Mains sources were my basic books and basic notes. Besides this, the tests I gave, the model answers. If you look at the model answers, whose I used to refer to? I used to refer to Vision IAS's. Now, in Mains, there are many topics. There are a lot of topics in Mains where there is no single source, like Internal Security. It's not very decent because the questions keep on changing. Internal Security or Science and Tech. But if you see the questions, the questions of Science and Tech are somewhat similar. So if you cover two-three years or two years, three years of Internal Security, IR, or Science and Tech, two years of Vision IAS model answers, it will cover more than 100 questions. It will cover all the things. So almost 80% of things. So I used to make model answers a primary source. And I used to make short notes from model answers. Because just before entering the examination hall, you should have three-four pages of short notes that you will use like bullets, so that as soon as a question comes in the examination, you can use it immediately, because it slips from your mind. If you don't revise everything, how will you revise? So I always had short notes. And after this, I used to Google a lot. Now, how to Google? You just, you, you guys always have this syllabus. Put the syllabus, write UPSC after it, and you will find three-four articles by some coaching institutes. Drishti's come, or Forum's, or Vision's. Look at any three-four articles. And when you are into preparation and gain a little maturity, then you are able to segregate which is important and which is not. And then make short notes out of that. Always make notes out of that, because it helped me a lot. You will read so much, at the end of the day, you will remember only those things which you have revised just before the examination or just one week before the examination. The rest of it will slip from your mind. So this, this 16 as well. But if you have seen previous year questions or made model answers. For previous year questions, I gave around 20 to 25 days. You know, these numbers of days are huge if you look out of 90, because the questions get repeated in Society, in GS Paper 1, mainly Society, Geography. No questions will get repeated. History questions will come. A similar level of questions will come. You will see that every year UPSC will ask, you know, clean water. So I adopted a trick: what will I do with water? Wherever a question comes about water, I will draw this diagram. This is 1947, this is now 2020, and this is 2070. This is per capita availability of water. This is 5000 liters, this is around 1600, and here it will come around 1000. So, a decreasing trend like this. So I memorized this graph, and then whether it's Vision's mock or any test, I used to repeat this again and again. So, I will show the notes, it's very concise. You have to use the same thing again and again. Now, in Prelims, I started this year, so that 50-day plan, I already told you the revision plan. Second is mock tests. Many times, it becomes very difficult: how to appear for mock tests? You will decide that today you will give a mock test, and then you keep postponing it. So I adopted a trick: as soon as I wake up, I will appear for a mock test from 7 AM to 9 AM. This year, I applied this. Actually, I will do nothing after waking up in the morning. First, I will give mock tests. And I applied this for Mains also. So you can do this. And then from 9 to 1, I used to analyze. And from 1, till the next day, I used to read something. Then again, after one day, I used to appear for a mock test. So, you know, the strategy of Prelims, my strategy was very simple: my sources were limited, and I appeared for a lot of mocks. But I don't, it depends upon you how you are able to eliminate options. So I used to follow a lot of elimination strategies. You can watch a video on this. I think Rank 17 Abhishek Sir has delivered one lecture on elimination strategy. You will find that lecture on the Vision IAS platform. So elimination strategy.

Let's talk about etymology. I don't know the spelling. Every word, every word. If there is any scheme, any such thing, then there is a reason why that word is used. In defense, if something is given a name, a name for a weapon, there is a reason why the government has given that name. So, elimination strategy plus etymology, you can use that. And, I want to discuss mock papers, how I used to analyze those mock tests.

So, what used to happen in mock tests was that I tried everything, but then I found that whenever I am attempting 90 plus questions, my marks are maximum. So, I almost finalized that I will attempt 90 plus questions. Now, whatever your strength is, if you are finding that your maximum marks are coming at around 80, then attempt 80. But, I will suggest that please attempt more than 80. I used to attempt 95. In 2019, I attempted 94. In 2020, I attempted 95 questions.

Second, how I used to analyze. I used to attempt the paper in three iterations. Now, why this is important? Because, see, UPSC asks questions based on logic. In 2021, I am not very sure how much logic is there, because there are a lot of factual questions. Till 2020, I can say that there was a lot of logic, that you can use logic to eliminate options.

So, I used to attempt the paper in three iterations. In the first iteration, I used to attempt only those 35 questions with 100% surety. And even in this, two-three blunders happen. Then in the second iteration. So, in the first iteration, I used to do this: I would tick the ones I was 100% sure about, and these were almost 30 questions. Then, for those where I had doubt, I would put an arrow. So, this arrow used to refer to those where I am almost 70 to 80% sure. I just need to give a second thought. And these were almost, you know, 15 to 20 questions. Then I would put a dot, where I used to be more than 50% sure, but around 60%. So, in these, I would think thoroughly in the second round. This is in the second iteration. Then there would be two options where I had doubt, say A and B. So, questions of this type were quite a lot, around 20, 20 plus. Then there used to be 30 questions, around 20 questions, where I didn't have much idea, where I had eliminated only one option, or no option. So, where I couldn't eliminate any options, I would cross them out like this. And it used to be around 10 questions. If I have crossed out a question, then I would look at it at the very end, and I would attempt three-four questions out of those. And then I would close it. Because my target was always to attempt around 90 to 95 questions. So, in this way, I used to, you know, signpost also. After in my second iteration, it becomes easier. And generally, time management was an issue for me in Prelims too. Even though many toppers will say that they don't have it, but I did. Because the first iteration, I used to complete in 1 hour 20 minutes. In mock tests, I used to complete in 1 hour 10 minutes or one. But in the final examination, because 15 to 20 questions were also in this category where I used to mark it like an arrow, that I am 80% sure. So, because of that, my time in the first iteration used to go to 1 hour 20 minutes. Then I had a fixed time that in 35 minutes, wherever I am, I will start bubbling. At 1:35 or 1:30. So, from 1:35 to 1:42 minutes, I used to bubble almost. And then my second iteration would be completed in 1 hour 50 minutes. Then in the last 10 minutes, I used to attempt almost 30 questions.

Now, how I used to do this? Because I had already gone through those questions twice. Now, I used to give again, again, re-thinking on that. And if you calculate, it's around 20 seconds for each question. And then as I used to do the questions, I used to bubble. So, I used to follow this. Many people will bubble after the first iteration or something, but I used to, I used to fix a time and then I used to bubble. And because I had gone through so many times, I was able to solve 30 questions in the last 10 minutes. So, I think for me, this was the deciding factor.

Now, why am I saying this? Because many people, they will, you know, they will lose confidence. They will get nervous that 30 questions are left. So, they will bubble it in haste. Now, if you see, you know, 20 seconds is also more than sufficient if you have gone through those questions twice. And at that time, I used to be confident that no, if I will be able to do it, I will do it. And I used to read questions till the very last minute. I couldn't complete the paper before. So, after following all this, I was able to, you know, maximize my score.

And one more thing is, how to analyze Prelims mock tests. So, that is very important. Because, you know, by analyzing mock papers and by giving mock papers, you can easily make five more questions correct. And five more questions matter. It's almost 15 marks. I think if you are serious enough, you will be around the cut-off. But if you get 15 marks ahead, then you will be above the cut-off and you will clear it very easily. So, for mocks, what I used to do was, how I used to analyze. I used to draw this box. In the first iteration, I attempted this many questions, and how many were correct. So, my aim was that in the first iteration, I should not do more than two blunders. I will not do more than two questions as blunders. So, initially, I used to, you know, do five blunders in this. And very systematically, it used to be like this. He used to also do five blunders, five-six blunders. And then by analyzing that I should not have attempted this, we reduced it to two questions. Then in the second iteration, almost, you know, 40 to 40 questions were there, where almost two options, where I have put this arrow, or two options, or a dot, or these two options. So, there were 40 questions here, 42-45. So, how many were correct here, how many were wrong? So, initially, you know, if you give any child, any child, to mark between two options, the probability is 50%. It will be correct, right? But our target was to increase it to 70%. That out of 10, I can solve seven questions.

Now, how to do this? So, me and my friend used to sit together. Then we used to discuss that we have the same knowledge base. Our knowledge base is the same. But how can you solve these questions? This, how can you do it correctly? So, he used to tell me that he used the knowledge like this. And then again, some of my questions were correct, where I used to explain that I did it this way, thought this way. So, how to use your limited knowledge to do the questions correctly, that will increase your probability and efficiency. So, this is very important. And in this, because of this, and then the last 15-20 questions. The focus was that I can make it almost seven-eight questions correct. So, this much would work. So, this focus, we, because in my time, Shriyansh Kumar Sir explained this strategy, and we also had some idea. Then we implemented that. And actually, we saw a difference. Within one month, our, you know, this 50% to 70% started becoming correct. And then we used to get around 100 marks in mock papers.

Any questions till now? Yes, yes. For current affairs also. See, in, for Prelims also, because, see, I used to read. For some, I said that I have read PT 365. But I was sure that I cannot, you know, revise those PT 365. So, I made very short notes out of the very important ones. Initially, it is very difficult to make short notes because you will write, you will think that everything is important. But once you have prepared well, or you have seen the previous year questions, so you will get some idea about what is important. So, for Prelims as well, I have made short notes out of PT 365. And one YouTube channel. Before the exam, two-three videos will come, like "Cover Entire Current Affairs in 10 Hours," videos like that come. Sudarshan Lojha Sir's, I think. So, I watched those lectures. Last year, it was a 10-hour lecture. And I made short notes out of that. And one question was repeated from there. But more than that, it gave me that confidence that I can do it. Second, a video will come, "Places in News." Any coaching institute's, two-three coaching institutes' "Places in News" comes. So, that is also very important. This year, they haven't asked questions on geography or places. But last year, they asked. And every year, they used to ask. So, I used to watch videos of this type. Then I used to either make short notes, or within that, they will give a PDF. So, if they give a PDF, then I would highlight it properly. From 2013, I used to refer for Prelims and for Mains as well. And in Prelims, I forgot to mention one thing. Because, you know, mock papers and final examination papers are quite different. And you, I mean, UPSC, they have certain things. They will ask questions differently. So, what I used to do, just one week before the examination, seven days, or almost 8 days, or 10 days to seven days. So, every day, I used to see previous year questions. I used to see them properly. Almost 15 to 20 questions, or 30 questions, I used to see. And I used to solve those questions. Now, even though I have solved it many times, I used to look at it again with a fresh mindset. Why has UPSC asked those questions? Why are those options there? And how will I eliminate those options? So, UPSC has a certain way. If there is a question on a scheme, and it is given as 40,000 crores, then finally, in the option, they will give 4 lakh crores, 4 lakh crores, or 40 lakh crores. So, they play with numbers like this. But they will make, they won't make it 40,000 crores to 4100 crores. But in mock tests, they will do it. They will shift it a bit. But in the real examination, they will make it 40,000 crores to 4 lakh crores. So, I used to analyze previous year questions in this way. And in 2019 and 2020 as well. In 2019, I gave a, I gave a mock test. I used to attempt those previous year questions as a test. And I used to do previous year questions in 1 hour 30 minutes. But I used to use my logic. In 2020, since I already knew all those questions and the answers too. So, sitting with a friend, in both attempts, we used to discuss 50 to 30 questions. That where it was asked, why it was asked, why such an option was given, and how I can, you know, eliminate options and reach the final answer.

If you are yellow, no, no. My for Prelims, it was different. Short notes I made for Prelims also, but it was not connected with the static part. For Mains also, you know, my short notes were not connected to static. Because with static, with time, you will get to remember. And if you are not writing any one part in static, it doesn't matter. Those marks, they will give decent marks if you remember the other parts. So, what I used to make short notes of? See, if it comes in GS 1, so I used to make short notes on few maps. In Geography, we have to draw few maps. So, I used to keep some maps ready. Then in GS, in History as well, there are few maps. Then in GS 2, there are all the articles. I used to write in four-five pages. Then Supreme Court judgments. Then case studies. NITI Aayog recommendations. ARC two recommendations for governance. It is very important that you write those recommendations. So, these things I used to make. And it won't take you that much time. So, I used to do this. Articles, I will come, I will go paper by paper, and then I will explain. I will show my short notes as well. For GS 3 also, I used to do like this. Locations. See, I told you that I used to watch these videos. But before that, I always had an interest in, you know, looking at the maps. I used Google Maps. So, in Geography, I used to see maps. So, in Geography, I used to see maps. So, in Geography, I used to see maps. So, in Geography, I used to see maps. So, in Geography, I used to see maps. So, in Geography, I used to see maps. So, in Geography, I used to see maps. So, in Geography, I used to see maps. So, in Geography, I used to see maps. So, in Geography, I used to see maps. So, in Geography, I used to see maps. So, in Geography, I used to see maps. So, in Geography, I used to see maps. So, in Geography, I used to see maps. So, in Geography, I used to see maps. So, in Geography, I used to see maps. So, in Geography, I used to see maps. 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And review is there. And in year-end review, if I find something very important, and if it is not explained in a better manner, then I used to go through those topics. And in 2019, a question came. I was doing the Ministry of Women and Child Development. On that, there was a scheme, and then I revised the scheme from my notebook. And that scheme came in the final Prelims examination. So, this is one thing.

The second source was for environment, especially. I had to visit all the important international organization websites, like CBD, UN CBD, then CCD, UN CCD. So, in this way, whatever important international organizations there were, about 10 organizations, I would go to their websites and sit together with my friend. We used to see whatever new initiatives they are taking. So, this is how it was for environment.

Then, another use of PIB was that if you are in Mains, if any topic is important, and if you don't have content, then write those topics and write PIB at the end. Then the first link opens it, and then read about those things. So, in that way, I used to refer. I never used to sit with PIB fully open. I used to do it like this. Then, in Mains, as I mentioned, write the topic and write UPSC next to it, and articles will come on that. If a topic is written, data, something, then write Niti Aayog next to it. So, if there is any research article of Niti Aayog, something like that. So, I would not read it line by line. Everything they will highlight. It is slightly highlighted, or written in bold, or written in capital. So, you will get to know. You can extract all the important things in 10 minutes.

So, in this way, for environment, then I used to refer to a website called ENVIS. There you will find all the National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, all these things. You go there, and there is also a map. I used to refer, you know, all these. I used to go through Tiger Reserves, Wildlife Sanctuaries, everything. So, I used to look at Tiger Reserves thoroughly. I used to look at National Parks two or three times, and I used to remember Tiger Reserves well, meaning with location, everything. Then, National Parks, I used to read also. If it is a Tiger Reserve, there are 52 Tiger Reserves, I think so. So, you should have some idea of what it is, what it is not, because UPSC, they used to ask questions on Tiger Reserves. Then, I looked at National Parks a bit, then just took a cursory glance at Wildlife Sanctuaries, so that if questions come, you should have an idea of which part of India it is located in, Northeast, or Western Ghats, or Andaman Nicobar Islands. So, in this way, this was for environment.

Besides this, for year-end review also, it is difficult for you to revise everything. So, I used to make short notes of four pages for year-end review. So, in this way, everything, by Googling and keeping the preparation a bit dynamic, I used to do for Prelims and also for Mains. As I am referring to these things, I used to make short notes and keep them separately.

And current affairs are important, and then we follow the static part from our notes that are made in class or any other standard book. As this is, this is the good approach. This is the approach that I followed. I made value addition separate notes, and kept the basic notes highlighted. And sometimes it would happen that I was not able to revise my classroom notes. In Economy, as I had three books, three, yes, two and a half notebooks. So, in the 2019 attempt, one book was completed. In the 2020 attempt, the second book was completed. So, some topics will be missed, but no, at the end of the day, if you have prepared properly, you will be able to manage questions in the examination. Luck. Thank you, sir.

For Prelims, see, I have explained the entire Prelims thoroughly, what I followed. I referred to my own notes because banking and other things were covered well in the classroom. So, I referred to my own notes. And then in Economy, they ask a lot of questions on current affairs, and whatever is in the news. So, one thing you will see is that if you refer to monthly magazines, they will cover the static part as well, those that are important. So, I used to refer to monthly magazines, or PT 365 if I couldn't cover it in monthly magazines. I used to refer to PT 365. And whatever was in the news in Economy, I used to go and keep it. Questions used to come from there. I used to Google. And I had a basic understanding through the classroom program. And then questions used to come. I used to eliminate options. For Mains, I will come to it. I referred to Budget and Economic Survey also.

Any, any, any other question on Prelims? See, one question comes, what should we do on the day of the exam? So, for Prelims, what I used to do. There are a few questions that people are asking online. T. Banerjee is asking, "Sir, is making notes from the newspaper necessary?" It is not that necessary. Until my 2019 attempt, I did not make it. In my 2020 attempt, I made it, but I did not make, you know, elaborate notes. I made only, I think, 15-20 points. I made some case studies that were good in the newspaper. That I made. And then those 15 to 20 points were all. Not more than that. It is not that necessary to make from the newspaper, but you should have value addition. That is more important. Always, I always follow the syllabus and I always focus on whether I have value addition for that topic or not. So, you can make it from anywhere, you can make it by Googling. If you don't have value addition for those topics, then...

Neeta Shree, she is asking, "Hi sir, for Anthropology optional, which books and notes did you refer to?" For Anthropology, I will come with a detailed strategy. But I followed very limited books here also. Simply, for Anthropology, I followed in my 2019 attempt. In 2020, I referred to "Demystify Anthropology" by Akshar Jain sir. And apart from that, I referred to Sachin Gupta sir's notes initially, then Vineet Negi sir's notes. And besides this, you have to, you know, you have to value add in Anthropology as well, through whatever topics are coming in the news. So, in optional also, you can do it. What I used to do was, whatever articles were relevant for my optional, a sir in coaching, we used to have one group and used to share those articles. So, I used to make short notes, 50 points for my optional. I used to use those examples in my answers. And if I felt that I wanted to write something different, then I used to Google those examples for optional. And then I had 10 pages of notes that I used to inculcate in my answers. Because that made my answers different from other people. If you write examples, if you write anything that you are searching, you are Googling, so that will be different. So, in optional also, I used that strategy.

One question is, "Can I prepare for this examination by pursuing my graduation?" My sense is that if you start your preparation very early from your graduation first year, then it becomes difficult because at that time, there is not that much maturity, and we tend to read many things, go here and there. And many people who have started preparation in the first year in my college, they are still, they have not cleared, they have not appeared for the interview. That is because their optional was chosen incorrectly initially, or they read some different books. I think the right time is in the final year. You know, you can, you can start your preparation. And if you are from the social science background, then you can think of it. But you should not devote full time because many times it happens that what you read at that time is not that relevant after two-three years.

Someone is asking, Ruchi Singh, "How to study Polity?" Same, I followed my notes and I made short notes also. For short notes, what happens is, there is one institute, like Excellence, they will have this short notes, "Ready Reckoner" comes for their Polity. So, I followed that 50 pages of Ready Reckoner. But I followed that after I had read all the basics. That you should keep in mind that whenever you are reading short notes or anything. I followed that once I am thorough with the basics of Polity. Then for Mains, I did not refer to any other material as such.

Sir, I have one question. "For Anthropology optional, what current affairs sources did you follow?" See, there are two sources. For me, there were two sources. I was enrolled in Vohra sir's coaching institute, and we used to get articles from him. So, that is one source. Otherwise, the second source is this, which I also followed. I used to Google. If, say, health, education, and in that, I need a case study in Anthro, where we write a case study, examples. So, if I write from a book, then everybody, every other person will write those examples. So, that will be a repetition. The examiner will not like it. So, I used to Google. You Google, you put it, you will find articles, research articles. Then you take a brief look, and make a notes of four-five lines. So, by doing this, some, and this is not much, just 40 to 50 examples, that's it.

Sir, can State PCS and UPSC be studied together? Will there be no issue? See, I was always clear in my approach that first, I will give the UPSC examination, you know, two to three times with good attempts, prepare well, then I will think of something else. And I think you can also follow this. You should not prepare for multiple examinations. When I was preparing for JEE, in my first attempt, 12th, I did my 12th in 2014. So, I only appeared for the JEE examination, IIT. In that, JEE Mains and Advanced both are there. So, I appeared for only one examination. Then, in UPSC also, I followed only one examination. I did not appear for any other examination. So, the focus was that I will give my 100% to a single examination. Because then what happens is, there is a cycle. UPSC's cycle will be there, you will go to write Mains, State PCS Prelims or something will come. So, your entire strategy will take a hit. That entire strategy gets ruined. That's why I thought, I will give two to three good attempts, then I will think of something else. And there is a commonality. Generally, I have seen for UP PCS that after Prelims, they will ask this Prelims, after Mains, they will ask that Mains. In that case, you can appear. But if, if there is a very big issue, I have seen people who are very close to selection and then they get selected in, you know, State PCS, then their training starts, then their entire preparation here gets impacted. My advice is, at least give two good attempts, then think of any State PCS or any other examination.

Good evening everyone. There are a few questions that somebody asked, "How to prepare for CSAT?" Honestly, I am not the right person to tell because I had an engineering background. But both the times, in 2019 and 2020, my marks, I think in CSAT, will be lower than Paper 1. And every time, I used to be very nervous after the examination. First thing I used to do is match CSAT paper, and then I used to match Paper 1. The point is, you should prepare CSAT very thoroughly. If you are not from the engineering background, then it becomes more pertinent. What I used to do was, in CSAT, I used to attempt only 50 questions, 45 to 50 questions, and I used to not take any question to heart, that if this question is not solved, then I will put, no, 10 minutes. Not like that. You should, if you are not able to solve any math problems or anything, then you should move on. Because in CSAT paper, you have that leeway where you can choose questions. And in CSAT, I used to attempt 50, and in that, almost 40 questions were math, and 8 to 10 questions were paragraphs. And in this, I used to choose only those paragraphs which are smaller, the small paragraphs, and it would be apparent. And in paragraphs, what I used to do, you have this paragraph. I used to read the options first, and after reading the options, then do the paragraph. So, it would relate better. It used to take less time. In CSAT, in mathematics questions also, from options, you know, in many questions, you can put this option and then you can come to a solution, especially the mental ability questions. And my friend sometimes, he attempted 60 questions, and then the chances of making a blunder become high. So, my approach was only this much. But if you are not from the engineering background, then I think you should devote more time. Even if you are from the engineering background, then you should take CSAT seriously. I used to give one CSAT paper before Prelims. I used to give one mock, and generally, that was sufficient for me.

One more question was there for Prelims. Anything I forgot? After the, after this Mains session, I will take questions. If it is there. Which one? Right, right, right. So, in, in, in Prelims, I used to refer to a lot of sources because in Prelims, if you see the questions, the kind of questions UPSC is asking, it is, you know, broad, very broad. For Mains, you can, you know, limit yourself. In Prelims, you can go a bit extra, like I mentioned PIB, year-end review, then ministry websites, international organization websites. So, you can do it from these places. Then, whatever locations are there, Googling them. So, in this way, I used to do current affairs. Whatever is coming in your newspaper, magazines, that you can Google. Now, it's not that you are Googling everything. That, that you feel is important, that you can Google.

Okay, in Prelims, one thing more I used to do. I used to, you know, watch videos on. I used to watch Vision IAS's three-hour, four-hour videos where they discuss history questions, say, for 5 years. If such a thing is there, then you can find PDFs of Bhakti and Sufi Movement and Hindu, Jainism, and Buddhism. You will find PDFs of that in the link of that video. I used to download it and then print it out or keep it online and study it. So, that you can refer. Actually, it helps you a lot because in that video, sir used to, or ma'am used to discuss a lot of things which are related to those questions and which might come in future examinations. So, that, that I used to refer for Mains also. There are previous year, you know, discussions on previous year questions. You can refer. But I did not refer that much initially. In 2018, I referred. But later, I did not refer. And for whatever mocks or tests you are appearing, this is, there are two ways to appear. Either you can join, and if you are a classroom student, you will get that thing. But later, for Prelims, I did not join as such. I used to just, you know, buy test series from Old Rajinder Nagar. Then I used to give it in my room with my friends. And I did not use to watch analysis videos on them. Or the three-four hour videos for Prelims, I did not use to watch. But my friend used to watch. Whichever you find useful according to your convenience, if you find that three hours are useful, you can watch it.

Essay. Let's discuss essay for 10 minutes. For essay, my sources were. I joined the test series of Vision IAS. So, here and there was an essay program as well. So, there was a five-lecture video. That I referred. Smita Sharma ma'am took it. And I found that useful. If you are not, you know, joining coaching, then also this lecture will only provide the basics. Those five lectures only provide the basics. These sources, that my main source was Yojana. If you see the last 12 months or 20 months of Yojana, then you can find topics like health, education, rural economy, rural development. In this, every month, one topic is covered. And for essay, I did almost 15, you know, 15 topics. So, like, if I write, say, health, education, agriculture, rural, sometimes on India as a whole, "New India" like that. So, in this way, I prepared for 15 topics. The best source was Yojana. In Yojana also, the first page, the editorial, the editor's page, from there I used to pick lines. I used to, you know, write the same anecdote. Whatever you read on the first page of Yojana, it is very beautifully written. They write with anecdotes. And then they give government schemes as well. I used to try to remember those, you know, entire lines or paragraphs. Sitting with friends, we used to do it a bit one-to-one, and try to remember the examples from here.

Second source was a very good source, toppers' copies. You can refer to previous year toppers' copies. I referred to many copies. One thing I can remember is Sharma, Shreya Sharma, rank 9. Rank ma'am, she got rank 9. So, her papers I referred. You can find toppers' copies on Vision IAS's app. And when I appeared, when I enrolled for mock, mock paper, mock test for essay, then in that, you can, you know, for GS also, I am saying, you can see the toppers' copies. Not exactly the toppers of that exam who topped. For essay, I wrote one test, say, in that, whoever topped. You can see that. So, in essay, once, there was a dilemma. There will be a few topics that will be philosophical. So, how to cover philosophical? So, its basic source was toppers' and whatever examination I was giving, those who wrote well. So, for philosophical essay, there is a common thing that if you read 10 philosophical essays, then the examples that you find there, examples or stories, whatever it is, that you can use in any philosophical essay. It links up somewhere. Like, for example, any philosophical essay can be linked to the socialization process, can be linked to society, can be linked to administration. So, like this, here you can see from toppers' copies and the best copies of whatever mock you are appearing in. And we, we had earlier, I told you, we had one group. I used to include it. Besides this, I used to make some short notes. From here, what used to happen was, I used to make introduction and conclusion. I used to prepare this beforehand. Because in the examination, it is very difficult to, you know, get new anecdotes. So, my introduction generally started with an anecdote, with a story. And then in the conclusion, I used to link it with that story.

So, this is the approach. I followed the approach of Anudeep, Dare Shetty sir. He was there three years ago. Anudeep Dare Shetty sir has a book, "Essay Writing and Essay." It is available online. That I referred to. And I actually followed his structure. I will discuss. So, this introduction, conclusion, anecdotes, all these things, I used to prepare beforehand. The sources used to be toppers' copies, Yojana, plus newspapers. And Honorable Prime Minister's "Mann Ki Baat" is there. So, in "Mann Ki Baat," what happens is, he discusses a lot of successful case studies. So, what I used to do was, for the last two months, once a month, it comes. For two months, I used to just listen to "Mann Ki Baat." And in that also, in every "Mann Ki Baat," he discusses 10 successful case studies. From those, I used to pick five. And for two months, 5 plus 5, 10 case studies would be there. That I used to use either as an example or as an anecdote. So, you can do it like this. In newspapers also, what I used to do was, I have these 15 topics. So, for everything, just one anecdote. I prepared it. And many times, it happens that one anecdote is used in another. So, its, you know, when you have those 10 anecdotes, I think that is sufficient. Then you don't have to, you know, find new anecdotes. Just provide a base, a basic, you create it, then use it repeatedly. So, generally, my source was this. Along with this, the introduction and conclusion I am talking about, in this, my conclusion had some quotes. Now, where did these quotes come from? So, for these quotes, from Anudeep sir's blog, I got a four-five page collection of quotes. That I will share on my Telegram channel again. In that, I added a few things. And quotes, I used to use one or two quotes. I used to write in the conclusion, towards the conclusion. So, this, this, this entire source. And if you, if you, I can show you. Yes, see, this is for quotes. This is the topic. See, education, so there is a quote here. And here, I, this was from Anudeep Dare Shetty sir. And in this, I made some additions. And, you know, I have written because I was not that good in general writing. So, I also wrote how to use this quote. So, if I use this quote, then I will write, it re-emphasizes the idea of this. Then I will put the quote there, like, "Here is the age-old proverb comes to rescue." Then I will use the quote, like, "As it is rightly held" or "said," like that. So, in this way, this also, I mentioned. So, in this way, all the quotes, if you can see, are written like this. And I did not memorize all of them. Only those that are underlined, those that are highlighted, only those I memorized. If something came on women, then write it like this. In this way, you will see that all of them, science and religion, environment, like this, a broad category was made. Then, at the end, there, I think, yes, for conclusion, this, this is very important to write. This becomes good. Like, I thought I will write this. So, in this way, you can also create something. Everything I will share on my Telegram channel. Gandhi, Tasman. You can easily use it in the conclusion of any philosophical essay. So, I wrote, but I did not write that long. In the final exam, I just used the word Tasman. The way to use it. See, "The Father of the Nation had observed," "Recall the face of the poorest and weakest man." Then this line only, and then I came here. "Those words convey the entire essence of development. It should be the cornerstone of all development policies." Linking with government policies. So, this, this, I started. I wrote this, then I wrote this. So, everything, I, I used to, you know, practice beforehand. In the final exam, what will happen is, you will not remember the lines. I used to create a framework so that there is not much difficulty in the final exam. In the same way, see, I have written one and two, like this. For conclusion, first is Gandhi, Tasman. Second is Jan Andolan or Bhagirath. That if we want to make any big change, then there should be a Jan Andolan. And then you can use the Prime Minister's quote. So, in this way, "Sarvodaya Bhavantu Sukha," like this, I prepared some conclusions. And there used to be a few conclusions from Yojana as well. I used them in the final exam too. If the examiner, Yojana, mostly they don't read. If they read, then there is no issue. If you use lines from Yojana, then this I actually got from Ashima Mittal ma'am. She used quite a lot. Then she got decent marks. And then I felt that I can also use it.

Coming to the framework, the essay framework that I followed. I followed the framework of Anudeep Dare Shetty sir. First, I used to write an anecdote, a story. Then I used to, you know, connect the story with the topic and open it. And this used to be, I used to write it in 2.5 pages. Then I used to do dimensions. This I did in almost five pages, and covered six to seven important dimensions. In this, the importance is that I always used to mention the administrative dimension. Now, why? Because this exam is of administration. So, I always mentioned the administrative dimension. That used to make my paper different from others. So, this is the dimension. I used to categorize dimensions. In this, I come into more detail. Third, I used to pose three important questions. Then I used to elaborate each one page. I used to write this in three pages, almost. And then way forward and conclusion. Way forward is separate, conclusion is separate. And then linking with, linking with the anecdote. In way forward, you write points. In conclusion, you give way forward. Plus, you also give government schemes. In conclusion, I used to show a summary of what I have discussed in the paper. This essay. And I used to, you know, cover the broad aspects. And then linking with the anecdote. The story I told earlier, I used to link it and conclude. So, in the initial five minutes, I used to decide the essay. Five minutes to decide the essay. Then generally, one hour 30 minutes should be given to the first, then to the second. But my speed was not that high. So, generally, it used to take me one hour 45 minutes. But I highly recommend you should give equal weightage to both the essays.

See, this is my strategy for essay. I used to write this down and revise everything. That in how many words will I write the introduction? To write a real story. Sometimes some people, they, you know, write fake stories or, you know, make up stories. Like, Sita is there, Rita is there, she went like this. For example, ma'am discussed in a class that there are two friends, Sita and Gita, and one is, both wanted to become doctors, but one is from not that well-off background, and the other was from a good background. And after 10th, one was able to achieve her dream because of the resources that she was having, and the other could not. The reason for this was that the state does not provide good education. So, I decided with my friends that I will write real stories, not any made-up stories. Then, to connect the topic in different dimensions. And we can write the introduction in three types: one, a real story; two, to broaden the topic, open it up; if something is not understood about what anecdote to write, then just open up that topic. And third is, from the life of a great man or a scholar, you can start. And every time I used to do this, if there is something very, what I feel about that topic, then after writing the anecdote, I used to do that. And then I used to link. So, another way is, you can start the essay from a historical background, link it after the introduction, meaning you are defining the subject. Then, if, say, the question is about health, then you can explain that in our ancient times, health was like this, you can link it with Sushruta etc. Then this is the body, that the paragraphs should be of almost equal length. And my, generally, in one page, I used to write two and a half or three paragraphs. Two and a half mostly. So, my paragraphs were not very long. Generally, I used to highlight one thing in one paragraph. And in the body, see what all things are there: causes, consequences, impact, solution, conclusion. So, all these things that come, writing causes, writing consequences, all these will have examples. Examples can be local level, national level, international level. Never limit your essays to, you know, India. If the essay is broad-based and it is nowhere mentioned that it is with respect to India, then you should take it to the international level. And see, a single point, I will write in one paragraph. This is also very important. That in an essay, in a paragraph, I used to, you know, one point, and then explain it using an example or facts and figures. Then change the paragraph. If you write any technical word in an essay, it should be explained well because the, you know, generalist actually checks your essay copy. One thing important in an essay is that you have coherence, a flow in the essay. And one very easy thing to maintain that flow, to make the examiner feel that you have not deviated from the essay, is that you signpost something. There is something. I will show you with an example. Something is there. You can relate it with the topic. Put a line there and write the topic again.

See, I have also, also written all the dimensions, all the possible dimensions that I can write in essays. So, actually, I had 18 dimensions, 19 dimensions. And from these, I used to write only six dimensions, the most important six or seven dimensions. I used to write according to the demand of the essay. Here, historical, even in historical, so many. Then social, political, economic, philosophical, environmental, international, plus security. So, all the, you know, the GS syllabus, all of this comes in one line. Art and culture, or spiritual example. Political, it can be political, constitutional, governance, law and governance related. Then art and culture, technological, ethical, and contemporary examples, literature, cinema, media, sports, legal, and administrative. Along with this, I also wrote COVID, because COVID was very much in the news. So, I used to link my essay with COVID. With COVID. Here also, I have written. Read a lot of essays because from there I used to pick lines. And this is the structure that I was discussing. There, that introduction, anecdote, elaborate in the main body, then pose three questions, then solution, summary, and then rhetoric. Rhetoric, I used to connect with the anecdote. For example, posing this question, "What is the interest of India? What things are important?" There was one essay, actually. I wrote it as an example so that I don't forget. If you, if you have a mobile, then you can, you can refer to one of my essays. Yes, for philosophical essays, I followed a slightly different approach. In that, it was that in philosophical essays, we have to write a lot of examples. So, in the body, what I used to do was, generally, many people tend to write a lot of examples, but they lose track of the theory, the analytical part. But in an essay, it is very important to write in an analytical approach. It is not like GS, where you are putting a lot of examples. It's not just examples. There is an analytical part to an essay. So, whenever you are writing examples in an essay, then write the analytical part, why the example is coming, and elaborate it a bit. Here also, I mentioned theory plus example. Theory, I will write one statement, then I will substantiate with an example. And, you know, in an essay, it is very important to have interlinking of paragraphs. So, for that, there are some joining words. So, I used to write that down as well, like, if something related to time comes, and I need to mention it, then I will use this word, this phrase. "To begin with," "firstly," "secondly," "before," "after," like this. Because I used to face a lot of difficulty in writing coherent essays. So, I used to take help of these words. And I used to sit and do this myself.

So, if you can see, like this, all the quotes are written. And in this, I did not memorize everything. Only those that are underlined, those that are highlighted, only those I memorized. If something came on women, then write it like this. In this way, you will see that all of them, science and religion, environment, like this, a broad category was made. Then, at the end, there, I think, yes, for conclusion, this, this is very important to write. This becomes good. Like, I thought I will write this. So, in this way, you can also create something. Everything I will share on my Telegram channel. Gandhi, Tasman. You can easily use it in the conclusion of any philosophical essay. So, I wrote, but I did not write that long. In the final exam, I just used the word Tasman. The way to use it. See, "The Father of the Nation had observed," "Recall the face of the poorest and weakest man." Then this line only, and then I came here. "Those words convey the entire essence of development. It should be the cornerstone of all development policies." Linking with government policies. So, this, this, I started. I wrote this, then I wrote this. So, everything, I, I used to, you know, practice beforehand. In the final exam, what will happen is, you will not remember the lines. I used to create a framework so that there is not much difficulty in the final exam. In the same way, see, I have written one and two, like this. For conclusion, first is Gandhi, Tasman. Second is Jan Andolan or Bhagirath. That if we want to make any big change, then there should be a Jan Andolan. And then you can use the Prime Minister's quote. So, in this way, "Sarvodaya Bhavantu Sukha," like this, I prepared some conclusions. And there used to be a few conclusions from Yojana as well. I used them in the final exam too. If the examiner, Yojana, mostly they don't read. If they read, then there is no issue. If you use lines from Yojana, then this I actually got from Ashima Mittal ma'am. She used quite a lot. Then she got decent marks. And then I felt that I can also use it.

Coming to the framework, the essay framework that I followed. I followed the framework of Anudeep Dare Shetty sir. First, I used to write an anecdote, a story. Then I used to, you know, connect the story with the topic and open it. And this used to be, I used to write it in 2.5 pages. Then I used to do dimensions. This I did in almost five pages, and covered six to seven important dimensions. In this, the importance is that I always used to mention the administrative dimension. Now, why? Because this exam is of administration. So, I always mentioned the administrative dimension. That used to make my paper different from others. So, this is the dimension. I used to categorize dimensions. In this, I come into more detail. Third, I used to pose three important questions. Then I used to elaborate each one page. I used to write this in three pages, almost. And then way forward and conclusion. Way forward is separate, conclusion is separate. And then linking with, linking with the anecdote. In way forward, you write points. In conclusion, you give way forward. Plus, you also give government schemes. In conclusion, I used to show a summary of what I have discussed in the paper. This essay. And I used to, you know, cover the broad aspects. And then linking with the anecdote. The story I told earlier, I used to link it and conclude. So, in the initial five minutes, I used to decide the essay. Five minutes to decide the essay. Then generally, one hour 30 minutes should be given to the first, then to the second. But my speed was not that high. So, generally, it used to take me one hour 45 minutes. But I highly recommend you should give equal weightage to both the essays.

See, this is my strategy for essay. I used to write this down and revise everything. That in how many words will I write the introduction? To write a real story. Sometimes some people, they, you know, write fake stories or, you know, make up stories. Like, Sita is there, Rita is there, she went like this. For example, ma'am discussed in a class that there are two friends, Sita and Gita, and one is, both wanted to become doctors, but one is from not that well-off background, and the other was from a good background. And after 10th, one was able to achieve her dream because of the resources that she was having, and the other could not. The reason for this was that the state does not provide good education. So, I decided with my friends that I will write real stories, not any made-up stories. Then, to connect the topic in different dimensions. And we can write the introduction in three types: one, a real story; two, to broaden the topic, open it up; if something is not understood about what anecdote to write, then just open up that topic. And third is, from the life of a great man or a scholar, you can start. And every time I used to do this, if there is something very, what I feel about that topic, then after writing the anecdote, I used to do that. And then I used to link. So, another way is, you can start the essay from a historical background, link it after the introduction, meaning you are defining the subject. Then, if, say, the question is about health, then you can explain that in our ancient times, health was like this, you can link it with Sushruta etc. Then this is the body, that the paragraphs should be of almost equal length. And my, generally, in one page, I used to write two and a half or three paragraphs. Two and a half mostly. So, my paragraphs were not very long. Generally, I used to highlight one thing in one paragraph. And in the body, see what all things are there: causes, consequences, impact, solution, conclusion. So, all these things that come, writing causes, writing consequences, all these will have examples. Examples can be local level, national level, international level. Never limit your essays to, you know, India. If the essay is broad-based and it is nowhere mentioned that it is with respect to India, then you should take it to the international level. And see, a single point, I will write in one paragraph. This is also very important. That in an essay, in a paragraph, I used to, you know, one point, and then explain it using an example or facts and figures. Then change the paragraph. If you write any technical word in an essay, it should be explained well because the, you know, generalist actually checks your essay copy. One thing important in an essay is that you have coherence, a flow in the essay. And one very easy thing to maintain that flow, to make the examiner feel that you have not deviated from the essay, is that you signpost something. There is something. I will show you with an example. Something is there. You can relate it with the topic. Put a line there and write the topic again.

See, I have also, also written all the dimensions, all the possible dimensions that I can write in essays. So, actually, I had 18 dimensions, 19 dimensions. And from these, I used to write only six dimensions, the most important six or seven dimensions. I used to write according to the demand of the essay. Here, historical, even in historical, so many. Then social, political, economic, philosophical, environmental, international, plus security. So, all the, you know, the GS syllabus, all of this comes in one line. Art and culture, or spiritual example. Political, it can be political, constitutional, governance, law and governance related. Then art and culture, technological, ethical, and contemporary examples, literature, cinema, media, sports, legal, and administrative. Along with this, I also wrote COVID, because COVID was very much in the news. So, I used to link my essay with COVID. With COVID. Here also, I have written. Read a lot of essays because from there I used to pick lines. And this is the structure that I was discussing. There, that introduction, anecdote, elaborate in the main body, then pose three questions, then solution, summary, and then rhetoric. Rhetoric, I used to connect with the anecdote. For example, posing this question, "What is the interest of India? What things are important?" There was one essay, actually. I wrote it as an example so that I don't forget. If you, if you have a mobile, then you can, you can refer to one of my essays. Yes, for philosophical essays, I followed a slightly different approach. In that, it was that in philosophical essays, we have to write a lot of examples. So, in the body, what I used to do was, generally, many people tend to write a lot of examples, but they lose track of the theory, the analytical part. But in an essay, it is very important to write in an analytical approach. It is not like GS, where you are putting a lot of examples. It's not just examples. There is an analytical part to an essay. So, whenever you are writing examples in an essay, then write the analytical part, why the example is coming, and elaborate it a bit. Here also, I mentioned theory plus example. Theory, I will write one statement, then I will substantiate with an example. And, you know, in an essay, it is very important to have interlinking of paragraphs. So, for that, there are some joining words. So, I used to write that down as well, like, if something related to time comes, and I need to mention it, then I will use this word, this phrase. "To begin with," "firstly," "secondly," "before," "after," like this. Because I used to face a lot of difficulty in writing coherent essays. So, I used to take help of these words. And I used to sit and do this myself.

Madam actually had provided one page on which all these words were there. I picked and chose words that I was actually comfortable with. When we are doing the cup, we will use all these words. If we want to show contrast, we will start sentences with words like although, alternatively, however, in contrast. I will start sentences with these words. Then, to show exceptions, words like despite, in spite of this, nevertheless. See, even though it is looking very simple, but when you write like this, you don't remember all these words. You will tend to use a lot of difficult words. For me, it used to be like, you know, when you write an essay in simple words, the examiner will give you more marks. That is my belief. So, I used to try to use all these words and make the essay a bit coherent and interlinked. For the conclusion, I had written all these words in phrases, that all these can be used. To sum up, when I will write, "to sum up," the examiner will come to know that yes, he has started the conclusion part. See, I have written examples as well. I used to write all these things just to remind myself before the examination. This is my four-page PDF. And it is very, you know, easy to forget things. When you enter the examination hall, I have written all these points again and also written examples of how to write linking sentences. So, I have written an example: "Further, we must be mindful of the fact that AI poses this, this, this." So, you have to use it like this. This is a linking sentence. Then, to pose questions, how to pose them? "Thus, we have examined the thread posted by..." So, I used to write like this. You can also write some examples like this, just to remind yourself before, you know, the essay. And just before entering the essay, I used to read two model essays. Because when you read things, the language you develop, the same language you develop. So, I used to read two simple essays that I wrote, or there were one or two essays in Anudeep Shetty sir's book. So, I used to print them out and read them just before entering the examination hall. This has helped me a lot in essays, also in GS, also in Ethics. I used to read a few model answers before entering, on how to handle case studies there. But the same approach, same words, it will come in the final examination. Any questions on essay? Essay writing? Any questions? See, let's discuss Mains GS, GS answer writing. For GS-1, sources I have already discussed. And then I used to refer to a few short notes. For example, I told you that I had short notes for World History and Post-Independence, that I will share. And apart from that, can I open my answer booklet? See, in general answer writing, if we talk about it, you should start your answer writing as soon as possible. And I already discussed that there are two parts to answer writing. One is daily answer writing that you can do for like 25-30 days, and then you can shift to three-hour tests. In answer writing, there are two parts. One is your content, and another is presentation. In content, there are two things. One is basic content, which is your analytical part. I hope with like five-six months of preparation, this is prepared for everyone. If I will ask you the five problems of agriculture, everyone will have this. Then value addition. This is done. In presentation, there are two-three things. One is your structure. In structure, I used to follow one basic structure. What in a 10-marker, I used to divide the question into two sub-questions, and I would write like this. I would write an introduction, provide a heading, I used to write five points, then a subheading, and then five points, then a conclusion. That was my basic approach. In a 15-marker, I used to divide the questions into three parts: introduction, heading, five points, heading, five points, heading, five points, and then conclusion. This is the structure. I used to follow this basic structure. And I used to, you know, underline the subheadings with a double line. And when writing points, like if I am writing one, if I am writing anything, the most important word in that point, I used to write at the start and make a box around it and then underline it. That was my basic structure. And in this, then comes using diagrams, charts, which is the value addition part, presenting it well. So, that was the broad overview of answer writing. And in this, if I have one example, then you will understand it better. And people have doubts in this, like how to make diagrams or charts. So, if the question is like this, okay, first thing is you have to read the question twice. You read the question twice. Initially, it was difficult for me to divide the question into two parts. I used to underline, then I used to put numbering. One, if there is a two in a 10-marker, I used to do that. Three-marker, three subheadings. Reading the question twice, I used to try to divide it. So, you read twice. And then, if I am writing an intro like this, and there is a graph that I need to make, then I used to make it like this. Here, I made it like this, made it like this. Here, I write "Figure." What is the figure? Then, I made the graph here. Then, from here to here, I wrote the introduction. Here, I gave a subheading. Then, here, I wrote 1, 2, 3, 4. So, generally, I follow this strategy of point-wise writing. In points, but in GS-2, if you see, the questions are more analytical. There, dividing into points or headings becomes difficult. There, I used to follow paragraphs. A little bit. In like 20 questions, I used to follow. Four-five questions, I used to write. Four-five questions in paragraphs. But my paragraphs used to be not more than three and a half lines, max. Then I used to change the paragraph. And these points I am talking about, I used to write points maximum in two lines or 2.5 lines. Sometimes it might go to three lines, but even then, I used to write by making some arrows. So, generally, because you know the competition is such that the more points you are writing, the better your marks will be. I could do this. This was my introduction, like where to write the intro from. Data, definition, if there is any historical interconnectedness, if there is any current or recent example. So, you will feel that in UPSC, there are many questions which are linked to current affairs. So, I used to write introductions like this. And then what I used to do is, I used to write why that is in the news. So, I can write that currently, this is in the news because of this, or this topic, or something happened here. Because of COVID, the importance of this has increased. Like this, I used to write one line. So, the examiner will feel that you know current affairs, you know why the question has been asked. Always, always, you know, think why the question has been asked. You know, even for static questions, there is a reason why UPSC has asked those questions. Generally, 90% of the questions. So, this recent one, this is just after the introduction. If I feel, then I used to write a one-liner in that. Then, reports, rankings, indexes. Any reports that are relevant. So, for everything, I used to make short notes. Reports, one-page notes, and in that, 15 reports. If something important from that is found, then it is used. Then, any constitution. For paper-2, it was important. Like constitution, preamble, that will come. Then, graph or diagram. So, for graphs, one thing was fixed, that I will show it also. In geography, it was compulsory. I have put that in my mind, that in geography, I will draw the graph. And this was a way to remember that there are so many dimensions. So, this was a way to remember: graph, data, judgments, rankings, articles. What to write in the conclusion? One can write a policy, development goals, SDGs, or schemes. So, all these things can come in the conclusion. SDG commitments, keywords. In the conclusion, it is important that you mention the keywords. Now, why am I saying this? Because in the conclusion, when you take it broadly, use keywords, like any scheme or something, or Atmanirbhar Bharat. You can link Atmanirbhar Bharat to many questions. So, when you do all those things, it becomes, you know, good. When the examiner reads, they get a good broad outlook. Vision document, this NITI Aayog's vision document, strategy papers, any policy, institutionalization, administrative, just good governance. These are all places from where you can use this in the conclusion. So, in the body, I have written to put arguments. For example, data and reports. You know, everybody knows about the arguments. You put a little more effort, and if you make short notes, a little bit by copying from model answers, then your answer will become very good. You will get one mark extra in every question. And that 20 marks difference in every paper, like 80 marks overall, that is a huge, huge difference. That you are getting 320, 310 in GS, and then you will reach around 400. All this is also written, like where to write international examples from. Local examples have many things. Tribal, PWD, Mati, Migrant. These dimensions can be covered. This is self-made. In this, we will do this. Refer to it. And this also shows the importance of planning. I had decided which day I would give which test, not give. I did it sitting with a friend. Then 70% I was able to follow. 30% was replanned. Then I also wrote down what I would do on the day of the examination. So, I would carry tea, coffee. I used to carry this in between the Mains paper because after writing so much, you also feel sleepy. So, I used to carry tea in a thermos flask to drink there. Right two-three answers before entering the examination hall because it was winter time, and my hands were freezing. So, practicing a little like this, I felt it was beneficial. Read how to attempt every paper. For this, I think I have written below how to attempt all papers. Things to carry. I had also written this. And in Mains, I used to carry a stopwatch or a table clock. If you carry this wristwatch, it would become difficult for you to see. And many times, the wall clock is behind or to the side. So, if you are carrying that table clock, your time management will be better. There will be a difference of two-three minutes. That can have a huge difference. A difference of one or two marks, three marks in every paper. Overall, 10-15 marks. That will actually decide if you are selected in the final list or not. Everything I used to prepare beforehand so that there is nothing new there. Transparent bottle. Written because they won't allow you a non-transparent bottle in the final examination. For essay, something I have written that never deviate. Something, something. So, these things you can refer to later. For Ethics, I have written a few things. So, coming to GS-1. See, I have written that for Geography, I will draw diagrams compulsorily. And you can choose diagrams from NCERT. I generally picked them from my class notes. Society. In society, it becomes important to define the terms. If they are asking, then use current examples, then government policies, and this life cycle approach. I will explain the life cycle approach. What is the life cycle approach? If they are asking about women, then you can make it like this below: when she is a child, then what problems arise? You can mention. When she is an adolescent, then what problems arise? Then, when it is the age of marriage, then what problem arises? When she is old, then what problem arises? Like this, you can actually write in society. And the representation will look good. See, I have written "Paper Completion in GS Paper 1." Actually, I was able to manage my time well. That's why I got the highest marks in India for GS Paper 1, 115. Last year also, I got 10, pretty decent marks in Paper 1, 106. But if you see my entire time that I have given to Paper 1 is quite less. I did not read any, any, any books. I just, you know, did one basic, basic thing. I completed it. Then I referred to additions and model answers. I wrote for Art and Culture. Map is a must. History maps. So, in my final examination, I did 17 diagrams in GS Paper 1. And you can see in my mock papers, if you have mock papers, you can actually see how I am drawing the maps in GS Paper 1. And the way I used to approach the question paper was, I used to write first the 15-markers, and it used to take me around two hours. Then I used to come from question number one to 10. So, in that, I used to select two questions which I won't be able to devote that much of amount of time. So, when I used to write the 15-markers very well, in two hours, generally it should be, it should be that 15-markers you should be able to complete in one hour 50 minutes, or 10-marker in 70 minutes. And the 17 and 11 minutes' time division should be there. But I was never, you know, very good in, very good in time management. A little 10-minute error I used to have. So, I used to give two hours for 15-markers. Then in one hour, I used to complete 10-markers. So, in that, what happens is, I used to devote a decent amount of time in eight questions. And then at the end, two questions in seven-eight minutes, giving three-four minutes. So, question number 9, 10, or whatever, the one that is not known the best, I used to keep it for the last 7-8 minutes. See, if you see any question, like "The advent of Buddhism and Jainism was instrumental in the development of architecture in ancient India. Discuss." So, this paper is from 2020. Earlier papers, if you see, 2019 or before that, I used to number them. Later, I was very, you know, confident in dividing the questions into sub-questions. So, I stopped numbering 1, 2, 3 like I was telling you that I used to number the questions. That I stopped doing. Here, I gave an introduction. Buddhism, Jainism arose in the 6th century BC. It not only brought new thoughts and ideas but also new art and architecture. Nothing new, everybody knows about this, right? Then, here, I gave a subheading. And the subheading should come from the question itself. If the word "architecture" is used in the question, then it should be reflected in your subheading. Because the examiner feels that you are addressing the demand of the questions. Then, here, I wrote one point, in three lines, one point. And then I made a diagram. "Semi-circular facade on the entrance of the cave." In caves, there is something like this. So, I drew it like this. And actually, a similar question came in the main exam, and I drew the same diagram in the real examination. Then, related to sculpture, I am writing points like this. And you see, I do this. I draw these boxes and underline also. And generally, I used to make the diagram on the right side and make it short. And I definitely wrote "Figure." What is this figure of? And I used to use arrows a lot. Generally, my sentences were not complete. So, I used to write by making arrows. Then, these diagrams. If you practice, you can make these diagrams very quickly. I have not gone into much detail in them either. Besides this, there are many other things in it, but what can be shown superficially, I have shown. And see, I use arrows a lot. "Dhara school was purely Buddhist, had Greco-Roman features. Tall images, large for its time." So, this saves you time. It will save you a lot of time, and you would be able to write a lot of content in less amount of time. I wrote "Mathura." "All 24 Tirthankaras of Jainism were created." So, everywhere, here also, see, I did this diagram. Then, conclusion. Generally, in history questions, it is difficult to find any new conclusion. Even after that, I just rewrite the question a bit. "The architecture of Buddhism had a lasting effect on..." So, this was actually the question. The reason why I wrote this conclusion, why? Because when the examiner gives marks here, okay, after reading the answer. So, what happens is, when they see this, they will feel that you have addressed the demand of the question. Even if I had missed anything in between, they will feel a sense of completion. The answer is complete. That's why even after, like, even if I had three-five minutes for a question, I used to write a one-liner or two-liner conclusion. You can refer to my GS-1 mock papers, especially Geography and Society, because I was very confident in those topics. And from there, you can also make short notes. Because I used to, I did, I used to make short notes from previous year toppers. I made them from Vishakha Ma'am, Ashima Mittal Ma'am. So, by doing this, whatever value addition is there, you can take it from there. I will take one Geography question here. And for every, you know, question, you change your style of writing a little bit. It will look new to the examiner. And you have to make the job of the examiner easy. Wherever there is something important, underline it, make boxes around it. What is not underlined, do not mention it properly. Generally, my target was for a 10-marker, I will write 10 points, and for a 15-marker, 15 points. See, this was a question on Imperial and Colonialism. And at the end, I made a diagram. I think if I make this diagram in the final exam, this world diagram, then definitely, you know, the examiner will feel, "Okay, let's give him one or two marks extra." If you practice, it is easy to make a world diagram. If you want to make a world diagram, you practice it, and you can learn very quickly. How to start here, like this, show it here, like this. This is North America. Then, like this, you have South America. Then, from here, you start from Norway, like this, go like this. I show Italy. Then, like this, go like this. Then, like this, Africa. So, like this, you can learn to make it fast. If you keep covering the basic things, like this part of Italy, this Hudson Bay, like that. See, on the caste system, a question was asked. "Features of caste system," I wrote points like this. It looks a bit new to the examiner. So, it will improve your, you know, half or one mark extra. The examiner will give you a little bit decent marks. Then, examples, etc. I wrote points. So, if I don't remember any honorifics, I just mentioned them. Then, if there is any organization, D.K., I mentioned it. National Commission for Scheduled Castes, I mentioned it. So, this, you know, you can value add your answers. You can improve your answers like this. This is the keyword: "Politicization of Caste." You can use all these terms in your final answers. And read the conclusion: "The caste identity has changed and gained new form in recent times." The question was like that. "With many castes demanding lower status to gain benefits of reservation." I gave examples. "Also, many castes not shunning their identity rather than blindly copying upper castes." So, the question was based on that, how the caste identity is changing. So, I just, you know, gave examples and tried to relate them to the question. So, this way, generally, you know, I did value addition. And whatever I am saying, this value addition thing, I will share it with you. Any, any question on GS Paper 1? Disaster? Okay, okay. Any question on GS Paper 1? You all are also getting quite bored. I am just making this video because many people are individually calling me and they are saying, "Tell this, tell this." It becomes very difficult for me to guide everyone individually. That's why I thought that I will make a detailed video, and later also, you can refer to it. If you are not able to follow it, right? You can later see it and then follow it. See, for everything, I have written, like in GS-2, IR, what to do? Diagram compulsorily to be made. Compulsorily. Like this. And I have written one thing: GS-2 and GS-4 interlinked. Why? Because in GS-2, they ask questions on governance. In that, you can easily link with Ethics. This I have done in my entire paper. Whenever you have that kind of freedom, where you can link, please try to link the topics. It will feel very new to the examiner. And in front of my desk, I used to write that "Innovation will be rewarded if you write differently." So, all these are ways to make your answers different. I used to link GS-2 with GS-4. Or in GS-4, Ethics paper, I will show you that I used to write ARC recommendations. I used to write NITI Aayog in the Ethics paper. Because it will make your answer different and a bit new, and it looks good. Because at the end of the day, this exam is of administration. In Ethics, if you, I used to always write the administrative dimension in the Ethics paper. Generally, I think it is not advisable if you are quoting your optional in that. Because you can do it in one place. If you do a lot, then the examiner might not be aware of those thinkers. Common thinkers, that you can quote, but generally, I would say, try to avoid it. Or you can use it, link it, but don't make it too technical. Don't put very technical things in GS. Because it might frustrate the examiner. You can put it in one place, but not very often. It's your call at the end of the day. I have seen people who have written GS copies, whose P.S.I.R. optional is there. You see Vishakha Yadav Ma'am's copy, Rank 6, you will feel her content is very rich. But I never felt that she was using her optional knowledge. Whenever I used to feel I am deviating from the topic, I used to read the question again in the middle of writing the answer. So, the dimensions are: societal, political, economic, cultural, national. And in GS-2, I used to, you know, in all the GS papers, I used to. Earlier, I used to write the complete full form, RPA, or Law Commission of India, CA, Article 21, etc. Then I felt it is very difficult to manage time in GS Paper 2. The paper is quite analytical. Then I saw Vishakha Ma'am's copy, and in that, she had written like this. So, a coaching institute here, they suggested to write the full form. But it's your call. If you are writing the full form, that is also good. But if you are not able to manage time, then you can write the short form also. I don't think it causes much trouble. For examples, if you don't want to write the full example, just write "data" or "example" in brackets. And you don't need to write extra words. So, in this way, you can manage time. See, I have written, after intro, write the context. Why has the question been asked? Especially in GS-2 and GS-3. So, I will write a two-three line intro, then two lines of context. Why has the question been asked? If there is something recent related to it, then I will write that. For example, I am not able to recall any question, but if something comes up like shelter homes or something. So, if there was a problem with shelter homes in Bihar, where there was news of rape, then you can mention "Recently, this has happened." So, the examiner will feel that you are up-to-date with current affairs. Whenever there is a question where it demands, it asks you the types or comparison, the different levels are there, you can use flowcharts. See, in GS-3, I have written that for security, disaster management, environment questions, I will write current affairs. I will write about summits and agreements. I will draw maps. In security, it is very important. When the question comes on border management, you can easily draw a map. Like, you can draw a small map. If the question is on Pakistan, then you can draw the map of the western side. Like this, you can draw the map of the western side. So, if you have to make one for the Northeast, you can draw the map of the Northeast. This is easily practiced. It becomes very easy. And I underlined "Best practices" in DM (Disaster Management). You will find local level examples of disaster management. If something good has been done in Maharashtra, or Odisha has done something good related to cyclones, that you can mention in your final answer. If any district has done well, you can also mention that. And you know, because I am again repeating, this exam is of administration. The better you use examples from districts or states, the examiner will feel more happy. So, like that, you can enrich your answer. See, I had these four-five pages of notes where I have only written about articles. So, I made a separate note of four pages of articles. I learned this from Anudeep sir. He also did something like this. So, I also did it. And actually, it is a very good way to start any question. You can write articles in the introduction. If Finance Commission is asked, you can mention the article. See, because in GS-2, the questions are more analytical. There, they ask about debatable topics. So, it is important to show both sides of that topic. Then, data, statistics, reports, etc. Supreme Court judgments. I have two-three pages of notes in which I have written about Supreme Court judgments. So, that should be mentioned separately. For committees, commissions, I have just one page of notes. But that is very important. There are only one or two pages, and in that, all these things are there. I will keep mentioning them. And it is very common, you know, it is a trick. Many times, it happens that you don't know the recommendation. But you know that Sarkaria Commission and Punchhi Commission are related to federalism, related to state and center. So, whenever a question comes on these topics, you can mention that "The recommendations of this committee should be implemented," even though you don't have any idea of the recommendations of these committees. Then, the Law Commission's recommendations are generally quite futuristic. So, there you can quote the Law Commission. You can quote the Second ARC. Whatever you are reading in this governance, maximum, maximum things have been recommended. Whether it has been said or not, you can pretty confidently write that "This has been suggested by," "suggested by Second ARC." Any, any more? Any question on GS-2 and 3? Yes, when I never read ARC. What I used to do is, I used to read models, then Google it. And I had 20 points for ARC. 20 points were like, "Suggested by ARC," like that, one-liners. And then I used to use that. Some people, they read ARC, and it is a very good document. But, you know, in preparation, it becomes a bit difficult to read such thick documents. Yes, yes. So, in that, I just, like, on one page, I have all the important ARC recommendations. And where did I get them from? From model answers, toppers' answers, by Googling. And I got them. And then I kept using the same thing. It becomes very difficult to remember these things, like this was suggested, this was suggested. So, the more you can minimize it, the better. And try to broaden it. As much as possible, in big topics, if you get one pointer, one extra point, like if you get a NITI Aayog recommendation in education, or if there is a topic related to governance, you get a NITI Aayog or ARC recommendation. I think that is more than sufficient to enrich your answer. You cannot remember all the recommendations. You cannot read so many documents. So, this is the way. See, whatever you are reading, the recommendations, the way forward, which generally we discuss, all these have been suggested by, or recommended by NITI Aayog or ARC, somewhere it is there. It is there. Just quoting it separately makes it, you know, it gives a different feel to your answer. It becomes, you know, better. So, this is GS Paper 3. Highlighting the issues associated with power discoms in India. Discuss whether privatizing discoms can help in this. So, I wrote, "In 2018-19, the total losses suffered by discoms were a staggering ₹27,000 crore." Now, if you are not sure about the data, then you can write, "Close to ₹30,000 crore." And see, it is not important that you write the most recent data. You can mention old data too. First, I gave the data, then I am writing, "Power discoms are involved in distribution, which is like a definition of power discoms." Then, "Issues associated with this." So, this year, I started this approach: when I am writing a sub-topic, I will write it in the entire length and double underline it here, and here, I will single underline it, to make my paper more visible. Then, what are the problems? Everybody knows: theft problem, distribution losses, difficulty in funding type. Issue. Sometimes it may happen that whatever you have written, it finds a repetition in points. So, if you read it completely, "Corruption, inefficiency in their working." This is not a very good, it is not a very different point. But my idea was that I will complete five points. And actually, what happened was, when I was writing this paper, I could only remember three things. So, I wrote up to here. After that, I left a gap of two. Actually, I left a gap here, and then I wrote the positive part. Then, later, I wrote these two points. Just before completing the answer. So, because it remains in the mind that I have to complete five points, I have to do this. So, there is a little bit of this in me. I will try to write nine or 10 points. You should never end the answer in a negative way. Even if they are not asking the question, if it is not there, then you should end on a positive note. Like I wrote, because I didn't have many points, so I used to always, you know, fill the pages. A little bit for my peace of mind, and also for the examiner's peace of mind. Because it looks good. Even if you do not know, if you write something related to it, you know, you will get half or one mark extra. Something will be extra. And you have that time, so you write a little bit. Like, "However, many problems are systemic. Electricity bills, power purchase agreements, etc. The government has taken many steps like UDAY, but more needs to be done to make this sector numerate." Like this, you can end with a positive mind, a positive approach. See, many times in the paper, you are not aware about the questions that have been asked. But by reading those questions, you can think what it is. See, if this example, "Harnessing smart agriculture can potentially be a game-changer for farm productivity in India." I never read anything separately about smart agriculture. But everybody is aware that there will be smart agriculture.

So, technology and these things will be used there, so it might seem like I've written this very confidently, as if I've read an entire thesis on smart agriculture. But that's not the case at all. You can just make something up and write it. And then I gave an example. The reason why this question has been asked is because in India, productivity is low. That's why there is a need to focus on smart agriculture. So, I mentioned a data point below: China has three times more productivity in rice cultivation, whereas India's... China has three times, Indonesia and Philippines have two times. So, the examiner will think that I have referred to many things, but that's not true. I found some data somewhere and wrote it down. And I thought that whenever a question on agriculture comes, I will use this data. Then, what is smart agriculture? I wrote this down in two or three points. And you know, if you look at the entire life cycle approach of agriculture, then you can easily find where smart agriculture can be used. Happy Seeder is an example. So, whenever I am writing this point, if I find a good example, I mention it here. Happy Seeder. And then I used to use arrows and things a lot. Smart agriculture would enhance productivity. So, I think the question was, what is smart agriculture and how will it improve productivity? So, I wrote it like this. And I think no point is new. Everybody, if you read, everybody is aware of these points. It's just how you put it in the final paper. And this will come through answer writing practice. Generally, the daily answer writing practice was practiced in my group, and then we used to discuss. And then later, there was more time for discussion, so you can be your own judge. You can analyze your own answers. Then, the government steps, I wrote them like this. This, this will actually give me half a mark more. Agriculture advisory services. Nobody will know about this thing, so this thing, I wrote it like this. NITI Aayog suggested increasing productivity. So, this thing, you know, you can incorporate in your answers. I am just showing how to incorporate value addition things. Because everything you will get, you will get on my Telegram channel later. But how to use it becomes difficult to explain it later. Any question on GS 1, 2, 3 or answer writing in general, how to approach anything? See, one way to write short forms is, you write the full form initially, and then write NCBC. Then write Scheduled Caste, then write SC. Then later, I will mention SC, NCBC, etc. So, this is the best way. If you want to mention short forms, then mention it in the initial part of the question. Then, see here, I am directly using the short form "need to stand" and NCBC. You can refer to my papers. It is there on Vision IAS. Papers from 2019 are also there, papers from 2020 are also there. One thing I want to say is, my time management was not good. I used to exceed time because I was writing sitting at home, and there was a lot of disturbance. Sometimes the cook would come, sometimes something else would happen. You see, I have written this paper in 3 hours 20 minutes 25 minutes. And it shouldn't be like this. In general, you should manage your time well. Maximum, you can go up to 3 hours 5 minutes. Because this 25 minutes or 20 minutes, it proved to be... it caused a lot of difficulty in the exam, a little bit, because finally, it was an issue of time management. Because I wrote fewer tests this year. I wrote only seven mock tests. Last year, I wrote 20 tests. In GS, sir. Yes, sir. Our batches have just started here. I can't hear you, sir. Our batches have just started here. So, for answer writing, should I start answer writing now, or after completing some portion of the syllabus? See, you should start answer writing as soon as possible. Initially, you write for a few days, 15-20 days, you write one question each, then you can take a break. You can take a break of four-five months because you are at the start of your preparation. Then you write for 15 days, then you take a break. So, sir, initially, should we write answers on newspaper topics, or after covering some portion of the static part? You can choose any topic. I did a little bit of both. For example, for a week or 10 days, I covered the static part. They teach it in the classroom, and they give one question, so I did it from there. Then, for newspaper questions, you can find them on Insights or any other website, from any coaching institute, anywhere. Just take out any question and read that article first, then read the question, and then write. Thank you, sir. The focus should be, initially, the focus should be on the structure. How do you build the structure? See, I have seen many people who have a lot of knowledge, but they are not able to score well in GS. The main reason for this is that they know these points. Their only aim is to just get the question and write it. See, whatever you are studying, UPSC won't ask direct questions. It changes a little. It's a bit analytical. Whatever questions they are asking in mock papers, they are more direct, and UPSC is a bit analytical. So, but your base will be what you have studied, but you have to use it in a slightly different way. The same knowledge has to be repackaged in a different way. So, you have to flow it a bit with the flow of the question. So, initially, learn these things. Learn presentation, learn point-wise. Even if you are writing in paragraphs, it should not be more than three lines or three and a half lines. So, learn all these things. Learn to divide questions into subheadings. Learn introduction and conclusion. Now, the next part that comes is to improve the content, add value. And this year, I was actually targeting for 450-460 in GS because last year I got 428. So, this year I focused on getting 120 in all papers. So, for this, I tried to... the introduction and conclusion. See, in UPSC, if you see the questions are repeated. But in GS 1, geography and society, many questions are repeated. I will highly recommend that you should refer to previous year questions. I made model answers for all the GS papers. I will share it because we did it together, two-three people did it. I will see how to share it later. So, we made model answers, and what happens is that the questions will remain the same, but the approach or the way you are writing answers will differ. You have to include the things that are coming in current affairs in your answers. So, the questions will remain the same, but you have to answer in a slightly different way. That's why you should look at previous year questions. Later, add value. And this year, I went a step further. I actually prepared a few introductions and conclusions as well. I knew that a question would come from here, like on the judiciary, or a question on the judiciary would definitely come. So, I prepared one or two introductions. I also prepared conclusions for some questions. So, how to do this? The best source is model answers and toppers' copies. From there, you can prepare introductions and conclusions by going a step further. But I couldn't do that much. Four or five... I could remember four or five for each paper. Any question on Ethics? You will face the problem of time management. It happens the most in Ethics. So, my approach was, if you see Ethics, there are two parts: Section A and Section B. In my opinion, Section B, the case study, is more... it is more scoring. My marks were 11 in Paper 1, 11 in Paper 2, 92 in Paper 3, 106 in Ethics. So, this was the highest. I think 120 was the highest. So, my strength was GS 1 and GS 2. In Ethics, I was very good in Section B, case studies. So, I am just saying because you can refer to my case studies in these mock papers. You can do case studies. I prepared separately for case studies. And this section has how many questions? 15 questions. I think more than 15, 13 or 15 questions. So, in this, I used to start with case studies, and I used to allocate almost 1 hour 50 minutes for it. But you should give 1 hour 40 minutes. This is actually more correct. 1 hour 40 minutes and 20 minutes. So, in case studies, if you look at case studies, you can actually... you know... prepare for 15 broad topics or 15 broad case studies. Where to do it? You can refer to previous year questions. You can categorize the questions. So, in case studies, you can divide them into 15 to 16 categories. And we discussed around 50 case studies sitting with friends. We discussed 50 case studies based on previous year questions. And then, this year, it was not repeated like that, but last year it was repeated. So, there is some repetition. And if you prepare beforehand, then the keywords here in case studies, we used to write them on one page or... we used to write them in five-six pages. Keywords of case studies. Then I used to include them in my answer paper. In Section A also, I used to prepare a few examples. I used to prepare 50 examples. The source is the newspaper, and two-three months before the exam, if you Google... In the examination, two-three months before the exam, if you Google... I extracted words like this for the Ethics paper, Section A. I wrote its definition. Wrote the definition. Examples: personal example, recent example, personality-based example, quote. So, this approach was of Shri Aanshu Kum Sir. I changed it a little bit, made significant changes, then added my own examples. So, you can do this work in a group of four-five people: you can make a group of four-five people on Excel or somewhere. In Section 1A, I used to draw a few flowcharts. And I had also prepared these flowcharts beforehand. If I have to show the best model in a governance-related question, then I will draw this. I will show this graph, this flowchart. Then, ethical guidance, conscience, laws, if a question related to these comes, then I will show it like this. So, in this way, you can use flowcharts in case studies. If you refer to my model mock tests, you can see that I have used these graphs somewhere. If it's related to good governance, then these eight things, as per the UN, United Nations, UNDP. Then, e-governance. If you go a bit broader, it will be good governance. If you go a bit broader, it will be ethical governance. So, these kinds of things you can use in Section A of Ethics. And where do I get all this from? If you Google these things, go to the images section, you will find all this. Or if you go to toppers' copies, you will find them there. So, like this, see, I prepared almost 10-15 diagrams. And this is a very broad thing, and it also becomes a base. That this is completely random. Government and government of the people, what is their relation? So, this is just an approach that I can use for some other two things as well. If any two things come, I can show the relation like this, by making flowcharts like this. Then, these are examples. And believe me, these are not the only notes. Before this, I made broad notes from one example, then shortlisted them and wrote them here. So, you know, you will have to go through this process where you make notes, and then you make short notes of those as well. So, I made short notes like this. Then, these are some new... these are flowcharts. I made these and used to use them. Like this, you can see this thing about good governance: what is the people's want, what is the government's action. When both match, it is good governance. Very simple, but effective. It also fills up the page a bit, and your answer becomes a little bit different. Then here are examples. Here, see, I have written the keywords. Then I have written examples. Because if I just write examples, I won't be able to relate them in the final exam. So, the kind of example here, Operation Sulemani, example of integrity, Satendra Dubey. Like this, you can give examples of humility, AB double class. Here, you can give examples. So, in this way, you can prepare. And whatever value addition you are doing, it won't take you much hours or days. Three-four people together can do all these things. And it is very effective. Again and again, I am repeating this thing. This was my Ethics, and I will highly suggest that, you know, even the selected people, after I got a rank of 290 last time, people used to refer to my Ethics case studies. You can go through my case studies and see how I approach case studies. You can actually see exactly how I refer to case studies. Any question on Ethics? Any other question in general? Interview. We will just discuss in brief. What to do for the interview? Interview. You have this, you know. In general, my experience has been that you... at the very end, interview preparation. Sir, when should we start preparing for the optional? In general, along with GS preparation, or after completing it a bit? Okay, okay. So, generally, you know, once you have decided your optional. I did it like this: for two months, I only did optional. I used to read newspapers and optional, not GS. Then later, I used to mix it a bit, optional and this. Then, when I used to write test series, if I had to write optional test series, then I wouldn't study GS that much. I would study for six days, and then on the seventh day, on Sunday, I would write one test. So, you can mix it. When you are starting any new optional, then it is necessary that you should put all your effort for that optional. Later, you can mix a few hours. You can give for optional, and then you can dedicate two hours for GS. And when you write tests, then I... then optional. Then, when the time for Prelims and Mains came, at that time, in 2019, I read optional for only two months. I read optional and wrote GS papers. And in 2020, it happened that I gave a full month to optional. Then, at that time, I was just following the newspaper for GS. Should optional be kept completely separate? Meaning, do GS first, then optional? Yes, you can keep them separate. If we do both together, how much time would you give to GS and optional separately? You can mix them a bit, as I said. In 2019, I was giving GS papers, I was reading optional. So, it's not that I was giving GS papers without studying at all. I was reading the newspaper, and I was making some notes at that time too for GS. A little bit, you know, from model answers or previous year toppers or by Googling a bit. You know, when I was going to give a test for Polity, what I used to do. In the initial phase of my preparation, there is a test for Polity. This year's test, say, a 2020 test. So, the Polity test from 2019, you will find the model answers somewhere. You will find them. From the same coaching institute, it happens that here I used to read the model answers from 2019. Then, when I go to give the Polity test, the 2020 test. So, in that, 10 questions will be repeated. So, 10 questions are being repeated. It's correct, and you are getting the content, and I did it in two hours. And then I went and gave the test. So, I was studying GS a bit in between. And what happens is that this way, even though this doesn't look very ethical and doesn't seem very systematic, but this way, you will be able to cover a lot of questions. And if you are able to cover questions in GS, believe me, it will cover 80% of your syllabus. And you practice so much from test series that you will be able to handle any new random question as well. And you have to keep following newspapers and whatever monthly magazines or whatever you are following. Okay, sir. Thank you so much. Sir, one more question. After reading so much, did you never get demotivated in between? A lot, you know. Actually, one should know how to manage stress, or whatever it is, how to manage stress. One thing I used to do for stress management. Many times, you will feel that you are not studying properly or not. So, for this, I had two-three methods. I always had a very close friend circle. A friend circle of four-five people, among whom I am more connected with two-three people. I don't talk to too many people. So, with close friends, you can share anything. Whatever problem you are having, you can share it. I used to be very close with my family. I used to talk every day. I have a close family: father, mother, sister, uncle, aunt, many people. So, I used to stay in touch with them. If there is anything that is bothering me, I used to share it with my father. So, for example, if I had doubts about whether this is good or not, my father didn't have much idea, but still, I used to share it because it will reduce your stress a bit. Then, after this, it was that if I give a test, it used to work like... you know, it used to work like stress relief for me. I never used to compare my test scores. Reason: I know that even if the score in the test is low, I am performing well in Prelims or later in Mains too. I know that this is just a mock test. Even if I perform poorly, it's okay. But that used to give me a lot of confidence that if this is my percentage, then I used to give tests. Then, in the evening, I used to go for a walk with a friend. I was in a library in Vasant Kunj. I left from there. For an hour, I used to walk around for half an hour, one hour, eating something and walking around a bit. And discussing in general preparation or beyond that. So, it used to... you know, relieve my stress. And I used to be surrounded by positive people. Always remember, always remember, when you are in preparation, there will be a lot of people who will misguide you and put negativity in you, saying you can't do it, or your answer is not that good, or indirectly. They generally don't do it directly, but indirectly, they will say that my preparation is not good. And in this way, they will demotivate you. You will get to know when people are demotivating you. So, try to distance yourself from those people. And whatever is distracting you, you know, it's very common. Especially in Vasant Kunj, you know, I will tell you a story. This year, in 2020, I was staying in a room, and there was a lot of disturbance. I don't know what the owner is like here or not. They really like to disturb. So, they would come and say, this is not clean, this is not that, do this, do that. So, I even changed the room. Then, in the 2020 attempt, because I was already selected, there was a bit of an argument with me. They were IRS, you know, income tax officers. I threatened them completely, saying if you come back, I will file a case against you. Then, when I vacated the room, they were not returning the complete amount, you know. Then, now I am getting calls saying, brother, you are getting disturbed. So, I removed the tiffin. So, you know, you have to self-analyze your strengths, weaknesses, and your own situation, and try to have your own strategy. And stay away from whatever distracts you. Then, sometimes I used to spend too much time on calls, so then I would focus, no, I will call these people on this day. I divided it like this, day by day. Like this, you can manage your time. Manage your... And when you manage your time well, your stress will also reduce. When you know your goal, and then you are setting small, small targets, stress reduces automatically. You will see that when you don't even know what to do, how much to study, you feel more stressed. So, these things used to work for me. And at the end of the day, there will be some stress. It's about how you are managing your stress. And when you are in the final exams, generally, my last few days, you know, some people relax, some have their own method of relaxing, of dealing with stress. Mine was that if I revise the syllabus well, all the things, that used to give me confidence, and that used to reduce my stress. So, in that, I used to make short notes, then I used to revise everything. And I used to tell myself, even if I haven't covered all the topics, I used to tell myself that I have done it. I have read everything I needed to read. UPSC won't ask questions from what I haven't read. So, like this, I used to boost myself up. Sir, how many hours did you study? Yes, this is a very common question. If you see my entire UPSC journey, on average, it couldn't be more than 8 hours. I will share my... this thing also. I used to make a daily... what did I do to track hours? I still have it. I used to have a stopwatch. Here, there was a... there was a thing there. I used to wear it, the stopwatch. Then I would sit in my chair, start it. Then, I had made a timetable here. Here is the date, and here, 7 to 9, I had broken it down like this. My target was to study for 10 hours. And finally, when I calculated it, it came out to be 7 to 8 hours. And then, when UPSC Prelims came, I was studying well. Then what happened was, I am a fan of OTT. So, OTT episodes used to come. The whole day went into that. I watched the whole OTT episode. Because if I don't watch it, I will be thinking about it the next day too. I watched the OTT episode, then analyzed it. What could have happened in the episode? And I watched all the videos. The whole day was wasted. So, on average, my hours decreased. Then I analyzed, no, I can do this later. So, I studied a bit more. So, on average, it became 9 hours. My real study used to happen very well between Prelims and Mains. This year's Prelims, I was very scared in 2020 because I had only 40 days. And Prelims, I know that in two hours, it can make or break your attempt. The whole year's effort goes into it. So, here, I studied well. There were three of us. For a month, we didn't even set foot on the ground. We were in a flat, on the third floor, discussing, studying. And in the evening, we used to discuss. It relieves stress a bit. We discuss, and things are remembered too. So, here, I studied for 9 to 10 hours. And between Prelims and Mains, it's very easy. Between Prelims and Mains, you just have to study, nothing else. So, whatever else you are doing, minus it. My friend told me. I used to ask him, brother, how many hours are you studying? He said, brother, remove all these things, remove this, remove that. Otherwise, I am studying. So, like that, it generally comes to 10 hours. Because you will take breaks in between. I used to have a maximum sitting of one hour. And if I studied for 50 minutes, I would take a 10-minute break. Now, it is very difficult to focus for one hour also. So, here, what used to happen was, I would study for 10 minutes. My mind would say, oh, I need to study this, or I need to do this. Whatever relevant thing it is, it will come to your mind in an hour. So, tell your mind, okay, we will study for one hour, and in the 10 minutes at the end, after 50 minutes, I will think about it. Many times, it will happen that when you complete one hour, the distractions will not come to your mind. Then, again, take a 10-minute break, walk around a bit, then sit for another hour. So, I used to study by taking breaks like this. And I was in the library, so it was underground. In 2019, all the libraries were inside, downstairs. So, in Vasant Kunj, it was there. And then, after an hour, I used to go upstairs, walk around for 5 minutes, then come back inside. So, it used to go on like this. And then, in the evening, I used to take a one-hour break. If you look effectively, if I reached the library at 7:30 in the morning (I am telling you the second attempt), I used to stop at 10:30 at night. And in between, I used to take half-hour breaks for eating and drinking, and a one-hour break in the evening. So, I prepared in this way. And this is not, you know, you cannot continue this for one year. You cannot continue this for one year. This you can continue for three months, between Prelims and Mains. And before Prelims, it depends on your strengths and weaknesses. I was very clear about Prelims that no matter how easy the paper is, I will get 20 questions wrong. So, this was clear to me. I gave mock tests. Even if the paper is easy, 20 questions are wrong. So, I tried to get 70 questions correct. 20 questions are going to be wrong for me. So, I will have to attempt 90 questions. So, a way to reduce negative marking is to attempt only what you are sure of in the first iteration. In the second iteration, as I said, you have to take it from 50% to 70%. Focus on that. And in the third iteration, I used to analyze. See, I used to analyze everything. The third iteration, I used to analyze with my friend. There were two things: the questions which you should have attempted but you have left. So, that category was separate. And we used to mark them with a sign. We used to mark them with a sign, say, S. Questions that I should have attempted but left. Then there were questions that I should have left, but I attempted them. So, we had an L sign for that. So, I used to analyze that too. In this also, I tried to increase its efficiency. So, by doing this, the blunders, which were five questions in the beginning, then I thought, no, I should not attempt those questions where I am not sure, because it requires a lot of second thought. So, I reduced it. One way is, for example, Polity. See, there are many ways, you will develop them yourself, and it will become very common. There were many blunders in Polity because I was overconfident. The question was very easy. I saw the answer A, B, C, D and marked it. This method is not correct. Then I saw that there is an easy way. What UPSC asks is, what is the best option? What is the most correct option? Or what is the most incorrect option? It doesn't ask what is absolutely correct. So, in that, what I used to do was, I used to eliminate which is the most incorrect. Then eliminate which is the second most incorrect, third most incorrect. Even for the easy questions. This will reduce your blunders. Sir, once we have read the optional, can we join practice tests? Can we join test series for optional? Yes, sir. For optional. Yes. See, my strategy for GS and optional was a bit different. In GS, I used to go to write answers even without studying. But in optional, it becomes a bit difficult to write like that. So, in optional, I used to cover it first, then write the test series. Now, in 2020, in 2020, what I did was, I didn't join the test series because time was short, and I had problems. So, what happened was, in this, what I did was, the topics of optional, you had all the topics. I actually prepared GS and optional in a question-answer format. All of it was in a question-answer format. And in GS, there was value addition. In optional, there were also some pages for value addition. In 2020, for optional, what I did was, I didn't join the test series, but topics, like any topic, say marriage in Anthropology, I used to scribble it on a rough page. These are the topics. Or I had a whiteboard, and I used to scribble on it. So, you can scribble a few things like this. It all gets remembered. Then you will scribble, and I did it at the very end, not from day one. Then, one thing which worked for me a lot in optional, which I will highly recommend, I will highly recommend. There was a gap from 9th to 10th, some paper, 11th to 15th. Okay. So, I realized that time management was a bit difficult in GS. In GS, I attempted 18 questions well. Two questions, three questions very fast. So, I knew that time management was not good in GS. I had to do well in optional. So, on the 11th, I revised. On the 12th, I gave mock tests. Now, where did I give the mock tests? For optional, if I am attempting in 2020, so if you see the pattern, the questions from 2018 will be repeated in 2020. Questions from 2016 will be repeated. So, you know, two years, two years like this. In 2019, questions from 2017 will be repeated. In optional, I analyzed all the previous year questions. I predicted what questions might come. Then I separated four-five questions. Those that had a very high probability of coming, I practiced them before the exam. And on the 11th, I revised. On the 12th, I wrote the test papers. And I wrote this test because what happens is, if your exam is from the 8th of January, then you will almost stop studying optional from December 15th. You will start focusing on GS, or at the latest, December 28th. So, this gap becomes very long, almost 20 days. So, in this break, I wrote the optional. So, my...

Time management was very good in the main examination, so it helped me a lot. I did not do this in 2019. Rather than only studying in this five-day break, if there is a break, you can write mock papers. For optional, this time in 2020, I only scored in the paper and wrote only one or two tests. I did not join any test series. I wrote from previous year questions. Okay, okay, this question, yes, see, it is October now, okay, and your prelims are in June, let's assume. So my approach used to be that you first analyze your strengths, weaknesses, and how much you are in the preparation phase. If the examination is in June, then from February, since prelims are becoming a bit fact-based, I will start studying from February. I will revise all the basic books and concepts again and again. See, in the questions that are coming in prelims now, it has become very important that you do not make blunders, you do not make mistakes in easy questions, because there are quite a few random questions in it, so you will make mistakes. So, do not make them in easy questions, and do the basic things, the static part, well, revise them again and again. So, from February, I will start at the latest from February 1st. And before that, in January, I think I will start giving one test weekly. And for the last days, as per the 50-day program mentioned, let's remove the last 10 days, so in these 40 days, if you remove 15 days, then in these 30 days, I will give one test every day. I will give some tests before that too, but I will give continuous tests in the last 30 days, every day or every alternate day, you can decide. And from October to January, you can prepare for Mains. If you have not prepared well, and even in this, you can give 50-50 based on your strength. If you have prepared your optional, then you can focus on GS. If nothing has been prepared well, then you can give equal weightage. Give some equal weightage to optional and GS in October. But it is very important that you write test series for GS and optional. If you write three tests each in GS and three tests in optional, it can work like a wonder because what you have learned remains in your mind in the back of your mind, and when you prepare for Mains again after three or four months, it will come very clearly. Any questions? How did I explain? For example, you can follow the newspaper. Initially, it will take you two hours to read the newspaper, then you have to reduce it to 45 minutes. For example, generally, The Indian Express is relevant for GS. You should always read your syllabus and previous year questions. Through that, you will realize what all topics are important for UPSC. When you know the importance, then you can read the newspaper accordingly. And whenever you find any very different example or something, then you can make notes out of that. Let's look at this. Neha Das is asking, sir, what was your strategy for economics and paper three? I have discussed a few things. For example, I had my own notes, and then I used to read newspapers, magazines, monthly magazines, and this year I also took Mains 365. For example, my approach in general papers was that if I was reading a new source, I would read it very quickly. So, one day I sat with my friend, and because we were very thorough with newspapers and reading from here and there, so one day I sat and covered Mains 365 Economics in a single day because it has a lot of content. After filtering out the important parts, I did that. Then what I used to do was give another two hours, make short notes, then take mock tests, read their model answers, and thoroughly make model answers for previous year questions of Economics, and then almost everything is covered. From this test series, I think many of your questions will be covered, especially the peripheral topics like IR, Science and Tech. I used to do all these from the test series. Apart from this, for economics, the static part will also be covered in the sectional tests. So you can do it from there. Plus, your own notes or the basic books you read yourself will be useful. Abhishek sir is asking, is it necessary to cover the entire syllabus of GS for Mains? No, I don't think so. I could not cover the entire syllabus, yet I, you know, used to sit with a friend and go topic-wise. I sat with a friend, he would say these are the topics, tell me if you know any five unique points or not. So, I used to do this kind of exercise. That used to help me a lot. It's like brainstorming. So, you can do it this way, but generally, try to have a fair idea of whatever is in the syllabus, and for that, you should have some value addition. If upon graduation, you have never had work experience or you have taken two to three years gap, so one is asking, Sandhya is asking, if upon graduation, you have never had work experience or you have taken two to three years gap, it's a similar case for me, that I did not study much for three years. That's why I did it. Because I picked up NCERT books and felt that I would not be able to complete them. If someone taught me, it would be easier. So, I did it for this reason, and there is no problem. If you have not, if there is a break also, you can always see, UPSC is a great leveler examination. Every kind of person gets selected, and it is important that you have a good plan, and if you are 100% committed, then I think anyone can clear it. Shreya Shrestha is asking which channel should be followed for GS. I did not follow any YouTube channel. I used to Google topics, meaning I used to search for them. If I found that I have less content on a topic, then I used to add pointers from there. Khushboo is asking, how did you cover any question? Yes, I will speak for about 10 minutes on the interview, then I will take questions. Any GS questions, sir? In ethics, for personal examples, personal individual examples, what was your approach? What approach did you take? Secondly, as there is less time for prelims now, and there will be less time for the next Mains as well, which was available until last year. So, apart from two to three, how should we approach the preparation of Ethics paper, optional, and essay in ascending order? Like, should we prepare the optional first, or ethics paper, because sir, if we are going along with classes, then we cannot rely on clearing prelims and Mains, because our batch is already very late. I got your question. So, the first approach is that regarding personal examples, some teachers will suggest you not to give personal examples, but I think you should give personal examples, there is no problem. One thing I will suggest is that your identity should not be revealed. In optional, I also used to put my thoughts or things in examples. For example, if a settlement pattern is asked, but I would write a line like, as a student of anthropology, I also observed this, and write something like that. You can write your own examples, there is no problem. And as far as this is concerned, I also faced this difficulty that some classroom classes were not completed. I used to leave them. According to my understanding, whatever is important, I would leave the classroom. Because you can watch videos later, and many times the later topics are not very relevant. So, you can leave them. And if you feel that you can do it yourself at that time, then do that. Sir, like I saw some toppers' videos, they were saying that the ethics paper, for ethics, then optional, and thirdly, essay. Okay, I used to give most of my time to optional because in GS, once you get the art of answer writing, then if marks are good in one GS paper, then marks will be good in all GS papers. You can see any topper's marks. If someone's marks are low in one, then they are consistently a bit low in all. So, if you want to improve in GS, then you improve in all. So, I would focus more on optional first. Then I would do GS, then I would do essay. In essay, it is that you can do GS and essay together. When GS is about 50% done, then I will do essay. Last year, I did not dedicate any separate time for essay. I just wrote tests. This year, I gave five days separately for essay, but I was not able to implement that well in the real examination. What happened was that I selected the wrong topics. That's also a bit of a different story. But you know, you give 5 minutes in GS to select topics properly. So, select the right topic, and implement it in the essay according to the plan you make. So, sir, should optional be the first priority? Second, essay and ethics, sir, before GS or after GS, can be done together? See, one thing is very good in ethics, that without knowing anything, you can attempt the paper. In ethics, simply because you can write from your own experience. So, in 2019, what I did was, to start answer writing, I started with the ethics paper because there is nothing new to study. So, every day I started with five to six questions of ethics. In 2019, and in ethics, if you compare, you can give. In ethics, there is no need to give separately. If you give too much time to ethics, then you will not have time for GS. Thank you, sir. Sir, sir, when should test series etc. be joined? The voice is not coming. Sir, when should test series for optional be joined? When should optional test series be joined? In 2019, I joined it before prelims, and their policy was that they could not give tests after prelims. Still, I thought that even if I give four or five, it will suffice. So, I joined earlier, and then again in 2019, and in 2020, I did not join at all. I gave a few, three or four tests. My opinion is that you should give it before prelims, and I gave it in 2019. That was my Mains preparation, GS and optional, that happened in 2019. So, I appeared for GS and optional tests before prelims. Sir, for optional, sir, if the syllabus is completed, then it is not necessary for the syllabus to be completed. See, in optional, in Anthropology, I divided my entire syllabus into 10 parts, and those tests were also like that. So, if I have covered 30 or 40 percent of the syllabus, then I can give tests accordingly, right? So, I appeared for three or four tests before prelims, and I could only cover that much. So, I just gave tests for that. Sir, like we are targeting 2022, so sir, if we want to join optional test series now, can we do it? You should join. You should give. I think you should appear for three to four tests before prelims. So, sir, which will be beneficial, joining in January or joining now? It's beneficial for us, I don't understand what you said. So, sir, will it be beneficial to join the test series now, or to join in January or February before prelims? It depends upon you, right? If you have not appeared for tests, then I will recommend that you should appear for tests. You should join now. If you do not want to join any test series, then also you can write tests. It is very easy to divide questions in optional. Divide previous year questions by syllabus, then attempt those questions. There are 19 questions in total. Attempt 19 questions. You can make them yourself. You can attempt previous year tests. Okay, thank you, sir. Sir, in tests, it is important that more than anything else, it is your self-analysis. It is your self-learning. I used to read comments too, but I did not take them to heart. That, okay, he commented this, he commented that. Okay, after checking, I would look at it. If I liked it, I would implement it. And the main focus was on tracking my own analysis, my own improvement. Any more questions? Sir, yes. Firstly, congratulations on your success. Yes, sir. Can you tell us the sources for the Anthro that you followed? For Anthro, etc., I will take a lecture tomorrow and explain it properly. It will come on YouTube. I had never given an interview in my life. So, the first focus is that you should cover all the topics related to your Detailed Application Form. The basic thing is that your background, like mine was Bihar, IIT Bombay, so questions related to that. For this, I made an online note on Evernote. We, like two or three people giving interviews, collaborated. Those who are from the same background, and then I prepared the DA F in question-answer format. Why in question-answer format? Because ultimately you will answer there. Then why online? Because at the interview stage, it is important to update the answers a bit, get feedback from people, and if it doesn't seem good, then update it a bit. So, that's why. Newspaper, I could follow it. Then, apart from this, for issue-based questions, there were PDFs in question-answer format from The IAS Hub coaching. I joined their interview guidance program. So, I used to read that because I had less time to see the entire analysis and do all this. So, I used to do it from here. So, these two broad aspects remain. In current affairs, there is also economics, then there is international relations, and society. These three main questions are asked from there. And after that, there is an interview transcript channel on Telegram, where the transcripts from last year are available. So, by going there, I used to see what type of questions were asked by the board, etc. I compared all that. Last year I got 146, this year 176. The reason for this is that this time I was very underconfident there. My heartbeat used to increase, and it was English, but I was not very fluent. I used to fumble a lot. I think I was not comfortable in any language. Even in Hindi, I used to use a lot of English words. That's why I decided I will go with English. But then in this attempt, this changed. I went for some training, etc., and my friends were from South India, so I was forced to speak English with them. So, it improved a bit, and I focused on confidence. When I got low marks here, I believed that I was well prepared. Here, I prepared over 200 questions in question-answer format. So, what was happening there was that by remembering and speaking, it doesn't convey the feeling. So, here I focused that I will write points. I will not frame a model answer kind of thing. I will just write the points and frame them there and speak. And secondly, I improved fluency. The basic way to improve this is to read the articles you read. Read them aloud. When you read the articles from the newspaper aloud, and then try to summarize those articles in three to four lines, so you will learn this technique of articulation. It will improve a bit. I did not follow for long, followed for 10 days, then this is the method. Secondly, practice in front of the mirror. For my HR questions, there should be a sense of conviction, like why you want to join civil services, etc. So, when you practice in front of the mirror, believe me, it works a lot. You introduce yourself once in front of the mirror. There was no smile on my face. Second time I introduced myself, a little came. So, it improved gradually. I must have done this for 10 days, and then thirdly, I followed this. I am telling you how to improve fluency a bit and how to build confidence. Thirdly, I sat with my friend and asked him to ask any random question, and I will try to handle those questions promptly, answer them immediately. So, I did this. And along with this, one more thing I did, you know, yes, I used to be very shy. I couldn't talk much to people, especially new people. So, when I went to the academy, I used to interact with a lot of people. Whoever new people I met, I used to interact with them, just to remove my shyness. So, I followed all these things. And before the interview, I remembered only two words: confidence and smile. If you follow these, then easily you will get average marks. You will get average marks with just these two things. And you should always remember that even if I don't know, sir, this is also an answer in an interview. So, follow this a bit. And if you are coming from a certain background, you know, the interview board, they are intelligent enough to consider those facts. That you are coming from this background, you are coming from here, you will not be so fluent, you will be this. They analyze everything. So, you should not bother about those things. For interview preparation, if I look at it now, then you should prepare well. Some people say that interview is personality, but you know, the impact of your personality can change with preparation. And I believe that you should, because we tend to prepare for prelims and Mains, and remain completely blank for the interview. And they expect you should know about your hobby, you should know about your state. So, in my opinion, it takes 2.5 to 3 months to prepare well. Any more questions? This group mock, I was not able to implement this very well, but my seniors implemented it, and all of them got good marks in the interview. They used to do group mocks. They used to form a group of four to five members, and every day, a person used to sit, and the others would interview him. So, this will help you more than mock interviews. Where did I give mock interviews? This time I gave it only at KSG, and Khan Sir actually motivated me a lot. And secondly, I gave it at Anugrah. At Anugrah, there is a retired IRS sir, he guides very well. It is one-to-one, and you don't find it. It is not that famous, but it helped me. And last year, I gave 10-12 mock interviews. More than that, it will help you if you form your peer group and do one-to-one sessions. Any question? Sudhir Chandra sir, he is here at Anugrah. Okay. One question, sir, please explain how to deal with interlinked questions, like science and AI. See, there will be many questions where different topics are linked and asked. So, if you are very thorough with the syllabus, then you will gradually come to the answer, how to link it. It is not very difficult. For Geography, I did not do much. I covered previous year questions. Remember, Geography questions are being repeated. If you do previous years well, then you will cover Geography. And I had a few maps, and you can also find a way to draw maps. It's very easy actually. How is it easy? For example, if I have to make a map of floods, then I will make a map of India. You will learn to make a map of India very quickly. It doesn't take much time. If I actually draw it on paper, then this is the map of India. In this, I have to show the flood area, so I will show it like this. I will double it like this. This area gets a bit of flood, then I will show an area where there is a bit less flood. So, here I will make three boxes, where the area has heavy floods, where it is like this, where it is moderate, and where it is arid region, like this, three high, medium, low. Like this, for anything, earthquake zones, etc., you can show all that in three figures. And actually, I learned this approach from Ashima Mittal ma'am. She mentioned it in a topper's talk. And after this, in many areas, you can do it like this: one is heavy, medium, and low concept. Anything more, and we will wrap it up. Remember, this preparation, you know, it will teach you more than after you get selected. Our training in the academy is more than that. I think people learn in the preparation itself. So, whenever you feel demotivated, you should remember this, and that this journey is actually making you a good bureaucrat. You will always have this conviction that I don't know about others, but I will definitely become one day. We used to discuss like this, that we will prepare well, and you know, I used to fool my mind a lot. Before prelims, if I had any doubt, then I used to say that I will study well for two months, then for three months, five months. If I study well for five months, then I will be in the top 70. I will become an IAS. I used to think like this. I used to motivate myself and my friends too. So, always believe that this is just a journey. If there are some failures, then try to analyze your strengths, weaknesses, and then try to work upon that. Do not blame anyone else, whatever the circumstances are. It is very obvious, you know, it is very common to go through those emotions, and you will go through every emotion. I used to be on the other side, in topper's talks. But when you prepare like this, you make a good strategy and prepare, and try to become a better version of yourself. You know, the ultimate aim should be to become a better, you know, a better person, a good human being. And then, whatever things are there, try to be ethical in your conduct. It will help you a lot. People tell me that, you know, your luck is very good, you know, everything falls in line, like that. But I say that when you have this conviction, you work hard, and you have a positive mindset, then you will see the world in a different lens. So, that's it. Thank you. [Music] Everyone.