Transcription
My viewers everywhere, I am very happy to meet you. Welcome to a new episode of "Life Taught Me." In this special and exceptional episode that I have been waiting for, and you have also been waiting for it throughout these episodes, from aboard "Life," I host for you an Algerian who launched and propelled himself with great speed, transforming from the sands of El M'Ghair to Silicon Valley, surpassing many scientists of the world with his genius and achievements. We are talking about a scientist among the top 100 most productive scientists of ideas and technological genius, with over 2,000 patents, even exceeding 2,500 patents. Surely, from this small and brief introduction, small compared to the great competence and great value my guest possesses, you have recognized him. We are talking about the Algerian who, if you are watching now on your phones or smart devices, you are holding in your hands or in your pockets something of the genius and ideas of my guest in this episode, who is, of course, Professor Bakhsem Habba, the great one. We are greatly honored to host you with us and we are very proud whenever a word is written about you and whenever an achievement is highlighted. This is not my idea or the idea of the one who is with us now, but the idea of all Algerians. So, a warm welcome to you, Professor.
"Peace be upon you, and God's mercy and blessings be upon you. First, the introduction makes me a little dizzy. When I hear these things, I get scared of myself, that I might say something wrong."
"This is your right, and this is your status, and this is your position. And first, I told you three years ago that I would come to you, and I didn't. So, please forgive me."
"On the contrary, and I thank you very much for your kindness in communication and for the smoothness as well. For three years, we have been waiting, arranging this day. It is written that we meet, God willing."
"Welcome, God willing."
"God willing, we will benefit the people watching us now. Professor Bakhsem Habba, we speak of this name that everyone knows in Algeria, outside Algeria, in America, and so on. But many of us do not know where Professor Bakhsem Habba started. We only know him from El M'Ghair. Before joining Stanford and so on, what are the important moments you cherish in Algeria from your childhood, your youth?"
"Well, one starts from the beginning, as they say, the place of origin. The place of origin was in the city of El M'Ghair. At that time, it was a small city with only one street, a big street. Born in '57, from a conservative family, like other families, palm farmers, and the mother at home. When one remembers things, one remembers them with a glance. At that time, one did not know that they were living and the way they were living. El M'Ghair did not have electricity, it did not have water. We had a well and a waterskin, and that's what is known to us. So, I grew up until about 11 or 12 years old, not knowing electricity my whole life until after 12 years."
"Around 11, 12 years old, I had never seen electricity."
"How did you study?"
"With a candle, my brother. The candle. The candle and the kerosene lamp. My father, God rest his soul, would buy us and give us money, 'Go buy a candle.' So, you study with the candle, and we know the candle lasts about an hour. We used to calculate it. So, you had a lesson, and we used to talk with my brothers and sisters, 'When you talk to them, turn off the light,' so you don't eat the candle, and the lesson is enough for the exam. So, there was the kerosene lamp and other things."
"How was the financial situation you were raised in?"
"It was difficult. It was difficult financially. We didn't know about the financial situation. We were like the rest of the people in El M'Ghair. We were... no."
"But perhaps clothing and so on, did a person have only one outfit or?"
"No, والله, they would buy you shoes on Eid. Once a year. And the rest, you have a djellaba, you wear a djellaba, and you are fine."
"But these things did not affect you in your studies? Studying by candlelight, what was your level in studies?"
"Well, I was good at math. I don't know, I understood it, I understood it. I was weak in other subjects, like languages and things. Or perhaps it was a joke that I will tell later when the time comes. In math, I was not getting good grades, but I understood math well. To the extent that in middle school, I used to study high school math on my own."
"Ah, you were ahead of them on your own, studying them."
"In math only."
"In math. Other things, I was weak."
"So, the great scientist Habba, his academic level in middle school was not among the advanced students?"
"Normal, normal."
"You were not the first and always the first?"
"In math, first. With... no, in the average."
"Ah, in the average, I was among the first group, not the first."
"Beautiful. What are the memories you don't forget about your life here in Algeria, in El M'Ghair, or when you reached Bab Ezzouar?"
"Well, at every stage, I remember a moment. I remember the primary school. Our primary school in El M'Ghair opened in '58. The first school had only four rooms, four or five rooms. Only a small minority went to study at that time. Then we went to middle school. When we entered middle school, it had only four classes and was open. It was the market. And when the fourth year came, they couldn't find a place for us. They put us inside the FLN party's classroom. We studied in the middle of it. They were working, and we were studying there."
"The conditions were difficult?"
"The conditions were difficult, difficult. In the baccalaureate, how was the level? We went to boarding school. We went to boarding school in Tikurt. Ah, not to the valley. No, there's a point for the audience to know that at our time, from Batna to Ain El Kzouz, the east of Algeria, there was only Tikurt, the only one existing."
"Only one high school."
"Only one high school, I think, at that time. Everyone came to study there in the boarding system."
"Everyone came to study in the boarding system. And... so Tikurt opened, of course, at the same time. But later, Biskra opened, and the valley opened, and then Ouargla opened. So, I studied at Tikurt High School. From the things that are etched in your mind is going to the high school of Emir Abdelkader in Tikurt, meeting other people, and getting to know something good that I liked at that time, and, between parentheses, currently things have changed in Algeria. We used to study with Algerians from all over Algeria."
"Ah."
"And this creates a mix of cultures. You learn that people think differently from you. Currently, you go and find a university with only residents of its area. This leads to collapse."
"It limits thought and limits the bond between Algerians."
"When I went to Bab Ezzouar, people came from all over Algeria. I got good grades in the baccalaureate. I did the baccalaureate in '76. And that year, I think it was the first year the baccalaureate was in the south. We did it a month before... May. We did it in May. Because of the temperature. The heat. They did it for us. I remember well. The baccalaureate, one time, there was no air conditioning, and there were no curtains on the windows. The sun was beating down on my head the whole time."
"Ah."
"You didn't fail even once in your studies? You didn't repeat a year?"
"No, I repeated a year."
"You were always... I got the baccalaureate, so my grades were good, but not the excellence I hear about now. At that time, when you got 14 or 13, you were at the top."
"Ah, true. But what is your relationship with technology? We are talking about an environment where you studied by candlelight, you didn't even have electricity."
"Now you are one of the top 100 scientists in the world who talk about technology and engineering. What is the connection?"
"Well, many things, but as they say, random. But I had curiosity. Curiosity, the desire to know what I see."
"Curiosity."
"Curiosity. I like to understand it. Let me give you an example to understand. Our house, we bought a television the day they brought us electricity. The television came to El M'Ghair around '70, '70-'71. We bought a black and white television. So, they brought it and put it down. I said, 'How does this television work?' I opened it."
"You opened it."
"I opened it."
"And it broke, or did it keep working?"
"When I connected it, the wires got tangled. [Laughter] All I had to do was, my cousin and I, we went and got a spare part. [Laughter] There was no... so we connected it, and..."
"And it started working again?"
"It started working again. And if I had been punished, the greatest punishment in life. Especially by my father and uncle. والله, if they had seen his brother. [Laughter] There was no Stanford or anything else. These are some things. When I saw something, I always..."
"And when you opened it, you didn't get an idea? You got an idea?"
"No idea. والله, I just wanted to see. Curiosity. In '66, when we went to Ain Mlila, for the first time I saw electricity and things like that. In '66, we went there and rented an Arab house for hospitality. Travelers from the south, going in the heat. We spent our summer in a house that had electricity."
"You still didn't have it? People still didn't have it. We didn't know about plugs. You just turn on the electricity. My cousin came to me and said, 'Look at this wire, and look at those two balls.' When we put them in, the fuse blows. [Laughter] This one wants to kill you."
"No, he tried it. Fortunately, when he tried it, the fuse blew. We went to connect it, and he said, 'We did this and that.' We did it many times."
"One was simply unaware of the danger."
"Yes. Then you learned physics. [Laughter] Then you had two options: either die or learn physics. Physics."
"Ah, but before that, surely you had inventions when you were young. [Laughter] I don't call them inventions because, for example, my father, God rest his soul, used to tell me, 'I have to teach you how to know the time so you can go to the field and put a pin and see the shadow. He taught me how to know the time by the shadow's direction, how to know the time.' So, I paid attention to these things."
"You didn't have a watch? There were watches then, I think, but I didn't have one."
"We didn't have a watch. So, things like this start to make you think."
"True."
"They stay in your memory."
"Exactly. When you got your baccalaureate, what did you choose? You told me that when I was young, at that time, I also told you before about the issue of being interested in geography. I wasn't interested in the geography of Algeria or not. I was interested in things. When they sent me, 'Go buy soap.' In the past, when you opened a bar of soap, you would find toys inside, especially candy. There were maps. Maps. It would say the name of a country, its population. I used to collect them. I would wait for anyone who wanted to buy soap. I would tell them, 'I'm ready to go buy soap.' I made a game out of it, and I started playing with my family, my cousins. Then it occurred to me that the game was good. I made a game."
"You made a game?"
"Yes, I made a game. I explained it to them, and they didn't see anything. He said, 'No, leave this game. What are you talking about?' They didn't put your dreams. I don't know dreams at that time. The game, meaning..."
"So, time passes, and time comes, and that game stayed in my head until I got my doctorate."
"You returned to it?"
"I returned to it. After my doctorate, I worked on it. And I used to play it at Stanford, at Stanford University, with everyone. They liked that game. They told me, 'Why don't you develop it and make it a real game?' I went to the Intellectual Property department for patents. I went to them and told them I had a game. They said, 'We will help you, but you have to do it yourself.' So, they put me in touch with National Geographic, and I received a letter from National Geographic. They liked that game."
"The inventor in El M'Ghair. The inventor from soap. From soap to El M'Ghair."
"So, they gave me a letter saying the game is good, but wait two years, and we will work on it with you. I took that letter and sent it to another company in Germany called Ravensburger, one of the largest toy companies. I sent it to them. They contacted me, and we made a deal for it, and the game was later sold worldwide."
"Subhanallah. Were you unemployed at this stage? Had you not started working yet?"
"I was between finishing my doctorate and looking for work."
"So, the dream that was in you, how old were you when you made it?"
"Around 10, 11, 12."
"11 years old. The point here, which is worth mentioning, about making a game or not making a game, is that when an idea comes to someone's mind, they must always hold onto it and try to implement it when the time is right."
"Ah."
"Don't let opportunities pass by. They come and go on their own. The important thing, between parentheses, is..."
"Wonderful. The lesson from this story is wonderful. That a person strives to realize their ideas and does not stop. They don't just consider them fleeting and random events."
"You got your baccalaureate. You went to Bab Ezzouar. What was your specialization? What was your dream when you were young?"
"When I was young, I wanted to be a primary school teacher."
"A teacher."
"A primary school teacher. Because in El M'Ghair, there was only primary school at that time. I wanted to be a primary school teacher. That was my vision."
"When you reached high school, I said, 'No, let's move up a bit.' A high school teacher."
"Let's move up a bit. I wanted to be a pilot."
"You moved from teacher to pilot."
"Pilot. So, in Tikurt, they held a math olympiad. They sent me to represent the south. They sent me here to Algiers. They brought us by plane. The plane took off, landed. Then it ended. The dream of the plane."
"The dream of the plane."
"You were afraid of the plane?"
"It stopped."
"It stopped the dream. It stopped the dream. We went to Bab Ezzouar. I started thinking a bit more. To be a high school teacher, things like that. An engineer. So, I entered Bab Ezzouar."
"Specialization."
"And I was in Tikurt, my specialization was math. So, when I reached Bab Ezzouar, after the first year, they tell you to choose a specialization. I said, 'It's either physics or math.' I had no other choice. And at that time, there was no one to advise you, and I knew nothing. I came to take a dinar, threw it in the sky three times, it came down twice. Physics."
"I chose physics. [Laughter]"
"I went."
"This is destiny."
"Subhanallah. From here, the story of your professorship began. Then I went and studied solid-state physics at Bab Ezzouar."
"From Bab Ezzouar, you transformed to Stanford. And Stanford, for some of those watching, they don't know it. It is the number one university."
"And it's in California. And it's the first in startups. It's among the top three universities in the world."
"How did you transform from Bab Ezzouar to..."
"Well, they gave me a scholarship. I finished Bab Ezzouar. They said, 'You have good grades, and you know.' They sent me. They said, 'You can go to America.'"
"And had you heard of Stanford before, or?"
"I had never heard of it at that time. People didn't know anything. There was nothing. So, when I went to America, I started doing the first year, doing the language, and then..."
"You didn't know English?"
"No, I knew two or three words. Hello, good morning. So, a big story happened to me. Anyway, I tried to go to universities. I stayed with an American family to learn a little English. They helped me. They told me, 'We will give you names of universities.' I told them, 'About 20 universities or so.' They gave me some names. MIT, list. They gave me some names. They said, 'We will give you others, good ones, and others, average ones.' So, I applied. Most of them accepted me. I don't know them all. How did you choose Stanford?"
"How?"
"I made a map and put pins on those places. And the places where it was the lowest, I took them all."
"Subhanallah. You were looking for the south, the heat."
"This is in addition to... [Laughter] that you have a connection with the south."
"No, no, it has nothing to do with the heat."
"Ah."
"I know that the further south you go, the hotter it gets. And up north, it's cold."
"Cold. So, Stanford was the easiest among them."
"Don't you think that here the matter was decisive from God Almighty?"
"From God. You first drew lots to choose physics. Then you closed your eyes and drew lots until you chose. You chose Stanford. This is a divine matter."
"A divine matter. So, when I reached Stanford, this was a very important point. I came here from El M'Ghair, from the English language. I came to El M'Ghair, and they sent me a letter. At that time, everything was by letter. They sent me a letter saying that when you reach Stanford, from the airport, you take a bus called 'Sven F.' You take it, and the other one, that's Stanford. I reached San Francisco with my luggage. I got on the bus and went..."
"And it was the first time you traveled outside Algeria?"
"No, no. I did English. I did English in that year. So, I took the bus. When it finished, I found myself in a big garden, and I didn't know anything. Bills going up and down. It was beautiful. I grabbed someone and asked him, 'Where is the university?' He said, 'You are in the middle of it.'"
"I said, 'Where is the entrance?' The entrance to study. I learned on the first day that universities here all have walls. Ah. So, we isolate the university. A person thinks, when a student enters the university, they are in the image of the professor. They think their work is in the pictures inside. We have no connection with the outside society. They have an open university. People enter, go, buy there, go, take pictures, eat at the university. So, a mix, integration of society with the university."
"And this is an intentional idea, not random, of course."
"Not random. So, that was the first time I knew that there was a big mistake. In these walls. And the guard at the door."
"Ah. A correct idea."
"No."
"And this, of course, you said it's not random."
"Ah. I went for my master's, and then my doctorate. Of course, master's and doctorate are research. And you chose physics. What were the research topics you worked on initially?"
"First, I did applied physics. Applied physics. It's a bit funny. The first time, they brought me. The first time, they said, 'Work on fiber optics.' At that time, people didn't know about carbon fiber. And they said, 'You have to pass light through it, and when it bends, it changes.' I looked at it and said, 'This is useless.' [Laughter] Let's leave it. It's useless. I changed the topic. [Laughter]"
"What did you choose?"
"I changed the entire department and went..."
"Because of this thing with the wire?"
"This wire is useless. This shows that one... takes things lightly. No, it's a lack of information. Yes, it was taken lightly. And at that time, when I went to choose the topic, I was thinking about Algeria, about returning to Algeria. In Algeria, what would I do with this wire? Go and do solar energy. True. Because at that time, they were telling us Algeria would be the largest country in solar energy. The desert would be covered. This is in the 70s. So, I changed that and went and did materials science. I studied thin-film semiconductors for solar energy applications. And I did my master's and doctorate."
"What was the research? Did you continue with the same research?"
"The same. Because how do you make solar cells, thin films for solar energy? I went directly to the thin films, which is a very difficult and complex issue. From the beginning, how do you make them?"
"Ah. What led you, what attracted you to thin films?"
"Well, I knew that at that time, to do solar energy, you need solar panels. And these solar panels, if you divide them, and you want to know the importance in a solar panel, what is the most important? The thin film is the most important. The rest is not important, it's just assembly. Anyone can assemble and stick. That's not technology. So, I said, 'Why shouldn't one learn and go and make these things? The future, a big future.' And I was studying electrical engineering. And there were two professors working. I decided to go with one of them to work on this topic."
"You completed your doctorate."
"I completed it. Now, what is the next step you will take? You said at the beginning that you went back to Algeria, and that was the idea. But when you get a doctorate in America, as they say, the horizons open up for you."
"Let me go back a bit. Two years back, before I did my doctorate, two people were working with me, studying with me. They came to me and said, '84, 85, 86, at that time, no, enter '84, '85. They said, 'Bakhsem, let's start a startup company. Before people, let's start a startup and make machines that make conductors. We'll make special machines.' They said, 'You'll be in charge of technology management.' So, we started a company together. I told them, 'No, first, I didn't understand the word startup when they said it. Honestly, I didn't understand it. And I said, 'How can we start a company here?' They said, 'We'll start a company.' And my vision was, I came from Algeria. The company is owned by the government. Because... you can't start a company.' Collective thinking."
"Collective thinking. So, I told them, 'No, I am sent here. I have a contract of 11 years. I must return to Algeria and fulfill that 11-year desire.' So, the matter was settled. Two years later, I think, one or two years later, I went to a conference and found those two. They were selling materials. I asked them, 'Companies that work?' They said, 'The one we talked about.' We did it."
"That moment of realization."
"Ah. Or perhaps that was the first point in my life that changed..."
"Your thinking."
"My thinking. That the problem is not in our education, or the problem is in our thinking, how we are formatted, as they say here in Algeria. This means that these people believed that I was capable of doing things with them, but I didn't believe in myself. Yes. When you realize that you don't believe in yourself to do things, you will never succeed."
"A very important observation. So, I said, 'The time has come to learn how to change this thinking.' Especially Stanford, all the companies come out of there. True. And I am thinking about how to go back to Algeria to expand. So, I didn't leave, despite my studies and travel and everything. I still didn't understand anything. So, you start to understand how a company is formed, how it works, how companies work, how ideas are generated. So, this was the first very important lesson I learned."
"The biggest lesson for me is to learn that our education in Algeria at that time, at least, did not teach us how to think. They taught us how to memorize only. And here... So, the idea changes, and you know how to say, 'Now is the time. I must work on myself only.'"
"Very beautiful. We will pause for a short break, and we will return to continue the discussion about these very big lessons and insights, Professor Bakhsem Habba. Our viewers, a break, then we continue. Stay with us."
"Welcome again, our viewers. We continue with you in this special episode of 'Life Taught Me,' in which we host the scientist Professor Bakhsem Habba to continue learning about these great lessons he offers as a summary of the most important moments that have brought him together in this very great journey, the journey of science, invention, engineering, and technology. Welcome again, Professor Bakhsem."
"We stopped in the first part at a very important point, which is a lesson learned when thinking changes. From socialist thinking to more open thinking, that one must work on oneself."
"Ah. And I don't know if I called it socialist thinking. Thinking that you don't think alone. Ah. You must rely on yourself in thinking. You are a person with an opinion and things. We used to go to school, and they would tell you the lessons you have to study. You go to university, they give you the model you have to study. Then you finish university, and they tell you, 'Go and find a job.' So, we have no contribution in decision-making."
"Ah. There is an important point, Professor. Your parents."
"Ah. Did they teach you or not?"
"They didn't teach me."
"Or?"
"They studied at university. Even writing, when they write, they write the 'fa' with a dot underneath. Is your father alive, or?"
"God rest his soul."
"God rest his soul. And your mother, may God grant her a long life, God willing. May God protect her and grant her a long life. May God protect her and grant her a long life."
"They didn't study."
"They didn't study. But they were able to put this scientist we see today on the true path of science. Or perhaps they used to say, 'Read, read, and you will become...' And I always give an example that happened to me when I was young. I was in the sixth grade. I was living in El M'Ghair and Tikurt. How old was I? Maybe 10 years old."
"So, he would give me 10 dinars, 5 dinars, as a bonus to go by yourself. And you are 10 years old. Yes. I went to take the exam and stay there and take it. Where will you stay? Figure it out. I was happy. I had the sixth grade. Before I went, he told me, 'My son, look, I'll give you these 10 dinars.' He said, 'Five dinars, but if you win, buy sweets for the family.' Or that for the family. If I didn't go, bring us a hoe. We use the hoe to work the land. Ah, true. A symbolic lesson. You understand the lesson. True. If this path succeeds, this path doesn't succeed. Great wisdom. They had wisdom. It doesn't mean they would chase you with a stick or anything. They would give you wisdom and say, 'Here is the path you want to study, here is the path you don't study.'"
"God rest the father's soul, and all greetings to the mother as well for this good upbringing. After that, you chose in your studies and in science. There are two paths. Some choose the path of university, and some choose the path of production. You graduated from Stanford and went directly to the path of production."
"Things happen. First, I wanted to go into economics, into industry. I didn't want to go to academic university. I wanted to produce. Ah. My desire is to open, to break, to work. And I liked to do research, not production. Ah. So, I was looking for work in any research center, a laboratory, possibly. And I was lucky. And perhaps this is the point. When I tell you how I found my first job, you would say this is written by God. How?"
"Ah. I finished my time. At that time, unemployment in America was high. Meaning, for them to hire me, and I am a graduate from university. So, I wrote at that time. You don't write by hand, you type a letter. I sent it to IBM. IBM was the largest laboratory in America. It takes a lot of months. So, I wrote to them. I wrote to a professor working there. I told him, 'I want to join your laboratory.' And a week later, or after that, he called me on the phone. 'Bakhsem Habba?' I said, 'Yes.' He said, 'I'm looking at the letter you sent me. Your address is 26 B Escondido Village, Stanford.' That's your address. I said, 'Yes.' He said, 'That's where I used to live.' Subhanallah. Subhanallah."
"He said, 'I'd like you to come next week, or the week after, to come and see. We'll have an interview, and we'll see if we accept you or not.'"
"No, it's as if it was written, planned, engineered by God."
"By God. In detail."
"In detail. A lesson."
"I was happy. I found myself in the largest laboratory in America. IBM."
"IBM."
"Your first job at..."
"My first job."
"Subhanallah. And after IBM?"
"So, at IBM, I had my first invention. I started working there. They told me, 'We had disks. In the past, they used to write on... And that reader, the one that reads and writes, the actuator rotates over the disk.' Ah. We hear it. You hear it, and it lifts like an airplane, and it stays about 100 microns. We hear it. It lifts. They carve it and make grooves in it so that when it starts to rotate, it enters it and lifts it. And it stays lifted and reads the information. This is the first invention."
"No, no. I told you this is an effort, a time. So, when the electricity stopped or something happened, it would break everything, and it would break. So, they were looking for a new material that was good and wouldn't break. So, they found a material called aluminum titanium carbide, almost like diamond, very hard, but they didn't know how to carve it. So, they were looking for someone to find a way. So, that was my project. I did it."
"Beautiful."
"So, I found the way how to carve it with lasers, things like that. And when I finished, my supervisor came and said, 'Invention. Here.' He said, 'You have to write a... article.' No, 'file a patent for it.' So, first, I didn't know about this in life. You learn on the way. You learn from people. He told me, 'This is an invention.' I started learning about invention and how to recognize an invention. How..."
"Excellent. What was your feeling when you reached your first patent in the largest American companies, IBM? And your parents, what was their reaction? Did they understand what their son was doing?"
"I never told them. I never told my parents. I never told anyone. I have something in my life that I don't like to talk about what I'm working on. I have important points in this world that people should hear about, but you shouldn't talk about what you're working on. Let your work speak for itself all the time. True. The point. No one heard about these inventions until years later."
"What was your feeling then? You have reached from El M'Ghair, from El M'Ghair to an invention. You gave a solution to IBM, and through IBM, to all companies. So, when... we made that invention, and they give you that plaque, and you hang it on the wall, and you feel something. But the thing that makes one look at it. First, when they gave me the first invention, I saw the people around me, those I worked with. One was 50, and one was... You start to say, 'I just want to become like that person.' The one who is 50."
"The one who is 50. How did he become 50? That's why you start to look. Your vision. You start to see an idol. You start to look at him and say, 'I want to become like him.' Who was your idol, Professor Bakhsem Habba, in life? In the beginning. [Laughter] Wherever you go to work, choose someone in that place where you work."
"This matter of idols is important."
"No, in your life, you must first have, every year, an idea of what you will do that year. You must have a goal you will achieve in the year or in five years. In English, they say you have to be laser-focused. You know exactly what you want to do. The important thing. And the other point is that you see successful people and you want to become like them. The important thing. And you follow them, and you go until you become like them. And when you reach them, you look for someone else."
"You surpass him. You surpass him and look for someone else, and you move on."
"This is something that one must always raise their ambition. Raise your ambition. Set a goal for yourself, and then... At every stage, there are goals. Each stage has a goal."
"Now you have obtained your first patent, and we are talking now about one of the scientists with the most patents and production in Silicon Valley. And this has been written many times in the American press, Western press, and Arab press. Everyone is proud of Bakhsem Habba, who now has patents exceeding the inventions of many scientists. The word 'scientists' frightens me a little, but... [Laughter]"
"This is your modesty, Professor."
"I have to catch up with them. This is your modesty. The essential point that one must understand well is that people must understand why I have this number of inventions. It doesn't mean I am strong, or I fell into a good environment. Understand me. Or perhaps if someone else came, they would do as I did, or better. Let me explain a little, because perhaps people don't understand this point."
"Please."
"To have a large number of inventions, first, you must be in a laboratory that invents, and your role is to invent things frequently. Understand? It must have money to invent, and you must be capable of inventing. Understand? So, these things must exist. You can't go to a small laboratory and say, 'Why don't I have...?' Or someone working in a small laboratory and producing five inventions. Their capacity is not the same as my capacity. Their company just doesn't invest a lot of money in inventions. So, from the beginning, I liked inventions. I was looking for companies that like to invent, that invest money, that do these things. That's what interests me. Understand? So, I fell into an environment that gave me that opportunity."
"What were these 2008 patents about?"
"First, to correct the inventions. Inventions, when you file an invention, you file an application. It goes through the American patent office, which reviews it, and then they issue you the invention, saying it's registered. And it comes out with its number and things like that. And in all regions, they have their own. So, in America, registered in America, when it's registered and issued, I have about over 600 or 650 inventions in America. And I have them in Japan. When I worked in Japan and worked in other places, and I sent them to China and sent them to that place. And there are others pending, but they still say 'application pending.' They have been issued, and it's true, but the official registration hasn't come out yet. This is the total that has come out, what hasn't come out, what has been sent. This is the number that people might be talking about. But the registered ones and those that have been issued are fewer than that. But the others, God willing, all of them will be issued."
"God willing, of course, since..."
"I wanted to explain."
"Since you started, we are sure that you will complete them. You, a game in El M'Ghair at 10 years old. When you got your doctorate, you completed it. So, we are sure you will complete them all. Yes."
"This plaque, what was it about?"
"Of course, of course. What we know now is that every person carrying a smartphone, Apple or Samsung or... and carrying... in their pocket, there is a part of Bakhsem Habba's genius."
"Look, nothing in this world, we say, happens alone. Ah. I heard. So, the people who invent, they invent only a part of the whole thing. This phone, I tell you, has at least about 100,000 inventions in it. How many do you have in it?"
"I have a little bit, but years ago, when we started the company, Tasra, which is a startup, we started it. Our vision was that the phone was big, and we wanted to make it smaller. So, these chips, we wanted to reduce their size and things like that. So, that was our startup program. They gave us 30 million dollars at that time to develop this thing. And we went and developed it. When we developed it, that technology that we developed was used."
Companies started using it, everyone began to use it in that way. We don't manufacture those things; we invent them and the method of how to use them. Then people take that technology and start paying. Meaning, they don't pay me, they pay the company. >> The company, understood. >> [Laughter] >> So >> What were the first companies that took this invention? They started at that time. >> No, the companies that started working with it. >> All companies, mobile companies. >> Currently, we've stopped, not just mobile, laptops, everything uses the same chips. >> So, there were about 500 billion chips that used that technology. >> A huge number! And we stopped. Sometimes, the patent, when you start it, it only lasts for 20 years. >> The day that patent ended, we stopped. We no longer feel that the technology is ending. >> They continue to use it. >> To this day, it's still being used. We don't count it. >> The time we counted, there were 500 billion chips that used this technology. >> Its goal was to reduce size, reduce size. Once, the phone was like this. >> Few people used it. When the phone and things became smaller, reducing the size of things, it's used in a small phone, a PlayStation, tablets. We made it in Google, we made it. Those things go into the ear. How can chips and such things go into the ear? These things that are needed, PlayStation, Xbox. >> Xbox was especially in medicine, where things that go into the body require fewer things. So, we don't make all these things. >> We make the means of how to shrink it, and its technology, how it works, and how to fix it. >> So, this was the first, the first. >> That your startup company started with, and it became public, and you went to the people. >> And after that, surely there is a wave of patents owned by Professor Qassem Habba. >> After that, our company started selling licenses to other companies and taking money in return. And we take 30% of that money and make inventions with it. So, we started funding. >> Your inventions, by yourselves. >> You don't wait for companies to come to you. >> And that was about 30 years ago, it's been going like this. We fund ourselves for 20 years, funding ourselves. So, this method works. You must have an idea. And this is the difference between an inventor in industry and an inventor in academia. In industry, you must invent something that brings you money to pay yourself. >> Yes, correct. >> Academia doesn't care about the point of whether if they invent something, it will bring them money, or they work on a topic that will bring them money, or they pay themselves. >> Is there an invention you regret? An invention you regret because you invented it, and an invention perhaps you regret not pursuing and being ahead of? Listen, the president of the company, who was the president of the government, the president of the company, used to say, "Only the paranoid survive." Except for the paranoid, those who fear their shadow. >> Those who succeed only. You must fear all day the people who have the ideas you are working on, they are doing the same thing. And how can I compete with them all the time? Have your inventions always been successful? You always make inventions and sometimes lose a lot of money, and the next day you find someone who invented it before you. >> Yes. >> Because they don't tell you for two years or... >> In this field, Professor, there is loss, loss of money, loss. >> Big loss. >> You lost before in inventions. >> Not me, the company lost, we lost. >> How much, for example? How much was the biggest loss you had in an invention, and then another party preceded you? What was the value of the loss? >> 90% of the inventions we made all failed. >> 90%? Most of the inventions that work are a minority. >> Why? Because you start working on many things, and most of the things you work on, people are going in one direction, and you're going in another. >> But you must. >> This is a wild field. >> You must work until you find something good that brings you money, and that which brings you money covers all the other things. >> What we know now is these inventions, this honorable face of Qassem Habba, and this very great scientific value. But we don't know the moments of breakdown that Qassem Habba went through, the difficult moments, perhaps a moment you felt your dream was shattered, you felt you failed, you despaired. Are there such moments? >> 100 times. >> 100 times. >> Not 100 times. >> Many. >> Many. >> What were these moments? >> One of them was when I came to Algeria and wanted to work in Algeria, and the world started to boil. I entered into... >> And I love to make inventions. You know what's in a person's mind. And I found myself in Biskra, stuck in transportation. There was no laboratory. You feel like you're caged. >> Restrained. >> And you know you can do things, and you can't do them. Meaning, there's nothing that harms a person in your thinking more than knowing you can do something and you can't do it. And this is what I suffered in this stage. >> I didn't suffer. I knew that I had to travel to do something else. So, I went to Japan. This is one of them. Sometimes, I started a company, for example, I started it with me and some people, and the country's economy collapsed that year. >> This happened to you? We were working on starting a startup, and that year the entire American economy collapsed. You go with them. >> You feel like your dream is over. >> No, it's not a dream. You say that the dream never dies. >> Yes. >> Opportunities come and go. >> So, you say, this wasn't meant to be, let's move to the next one. The hardest of them all is that I had a son with special needs. >> May God heal him, God willing. >> When he was born, I thought that I had to leave everything, and he would take all my time, and my family. So, your vision changes. I used to think like this in life, and suddenly you say, "That's it, my life is going to change the world." >> But it turned out that at that point, I thought my vision for inventions and my life was over. >> And that was what I used to do before, inventions, running, jumping, and all that. And it turned out that when my son was born, it changed, it changed the world for the better. >> Subhanallah. >> Subhanallah. >> How? >> I knew that, first, your way of life changed. For example, I decided that my wife, who is a dentist, had to stay home with him. So, I decided that I would no longer work at night until I went in to help. I would work during the day. >> You help your wife. >> I don't work on weekends. I stay with them. >> You never worked at night before? >> And I never worked at night, and I never worked on weekends. >> For your family and your son. >> We try, at least. So, you see that your way of life has changed, but it has changed for the better. May God bless you, Professor. This is a very big human aspect. One doesn't think that he is happy. And we always say, we always take the example of poker. People don't like poker, but we have a president in Vegas who plays poker. Everyone wants to come to him to win. And I tell them, "One person comes to you, but when four come to you, you win." It doesn't matter what cards you are dealt. May God bless you. May God enable you, your wife, and your son. May God heal him, God willing. >> Indeed, you have given us a lesson today that no matter what difficult situations a person faces, they strive to overcome them. I take advantage of your presence with us because many people fall into problems, Professor. >> They don't know how to solve problems. Professor Qassem Habba, how do you solve them? How do you deal with the problems you face, whether at home, outside the home, in invention, research, thought, science? How do you deal with problems? >> Look, problems always exist. One must differentiate them a little. There are problems you don't have the ability to solve, outside your scope. From the first time, forget them. Forget them. Meaning, don't think about them because you have no solution. If you have no control and can change something, don't rack your brain about it. >> Move on to something else. >> Just look for the problems you have as a person that you can change. Don't break your head over other things. >> Beautiful. Among the things we have recently been talking about a lot in the era of social media and the internet is the issue of the climate. You spoke earlier. >> That the climate is very important. >> Sometimes, a person enters a negative climate through friends, through family. You can't, it's not like that. >> When I see you now, Professor, I believe that nothing is impossible in the world because I am in front of a living example. A person who studied electricity, had no electricity, was poor, a very weak environment in the desert, reached the point of obtaining a major patent in Silicon Valley, one of the most important scientists in the world. Meaning, nothing is impossible. >> This issue of negativity in the climate, does it really affect? What do you advise people? Look, how many times I am with students, especially young boys, they always ask me, "What advice can you give us?" The first point is always the people around you, your colleagues. If one of them is negative, get rid of them. Remove them from the list. Even if one person is warning you and hindering you, one is enough. One is enough to hinder you. If you want to succeed, only make friends with people who want to succeed. >> Positive. >> Positive, positive. >> Positive. >> Negatives will destroy you because every day we know that the world is not going well, it's ruined and broken. And we know that. Why would you tell me about it? It doesn't benefit me. Tell me, "What are we going to do?" So, if you enter into that perspective, that perspective will change things. >> In your life. So, this is very important. One must see the other point that you mentioned, that you must have a goal. In my case, I have a goal for a year, for five years. Always a year, five years. I know what I'm doing. Professor Ben Qassem Habba, Algeria possesses great names in the world of technology, science, research, and so on. Professor Ben Qassem Habba, Professor Kamal Toumi, Miloudi Zerhouni, great scientists. The list is long. And all of these are products of the Algerian university. But why, until now, have we not reached an Algerian Silicon Valley, an Arab Silicon Valley? >> Why did they surpass us? >> Look, my friend, have you ever played with ants? Ants. >> When they come out, I always mix them up, they go, they don't find where to go. >> That ant has no direction, but quickly they find themselves with a vision. >> A vision. People never become great unless there is a vision from above. >> Hmm. >> An economic vision for the masses, and these people play a role in it. To bring people, each one in his corner, and tell me, "Let's do something." It will never happen. And that's why there must be a vision that guides a vision from above and a climate from below. Did you hear what he said? The climate. The climate has two parts. We say the climate is personal. I, as a startup or something, have things I must learn to do to succeed in the climate. >> And there is the climate itself that I will live in. For example, how to make a business plan, how to write it, how to get your data, who will buy from you, who will sell. Each person does it alone. But there are things, for example, there must be people who provide money. >> Yes. >> There must be laws that are established on how to respect ideas, companies that buy new ideas. All of this, a person doesn't have the power, doesn't have a role in it. So, the issue is that there must be a climate and a horizontal vision. Very beautiful. We will stop for a short break, Professor. We will return to continue the discussion on other matters that we believe will benefit students, youth, and so on. Viewers, a break, then we continue. Please stay tuned. Welcome back, viewers. We continue with you in this episode of "On the Move of Life" to continue listening to these lessons presented to us by Professor Qassem Habba, as a result of his great journey. Welcome back, Professor. So, if I asked you about the secret of this great success, I am absolutely convinced that you never imagined that one day, that little child in El M'Ghair would become the scientist he is today. True or false? >> False. >> False. What is the secret now? Every time I read you or watch your videos, and I believe many Algerians feel this way, I always wanted to ask you: How did you manage to launch yourself from a poor environment, where there wasn't even electricity, and you had to go to Tikrit to study, with very great difficulties, but you reached this great scientific value, being one of the most productive scientists in the world in Silicon Valley? How did you manage to reach it? How did you manage to reach it? To explain it, honestly, it started once when you grow up in an environment like the one you grew up in, where you are in all the wells. >> Listen. >> You see everyone better than you. >> Yes. >> You have no choice but to rise. Understand me. In El M'Ghair, I see the world, I see Algeria in front of me, above. I'll give you its value. Honestly, I don't know if I should tell it or not. I was in my second year of high school, I was 14 years old, and I went home to find my mother sitting with a friend of hers, talking. I sat next to them. Her mother asked her friend, "Your son, and where is he studying?" She said, "I enrolled him in Algeria to study." She said, "My son is 14 years old and hasn't reached Tikrit yet." [Laughter] Algeria is still far away. You grow up with the vision that everyone is better than you and older than you, and you have to catch up with them. >> You grow up with this vision, and yet you surpassed them. >> You never surpassed them. >> I never surpassed this vision until now. Always when I look up, I see others who are more than me. So, I always look, as I told you, you must always look at someone older than you. >> But now, do you see someone older than you? Now? >> Oh, yes. Now. >> Yes. >> Tomorrow, infinitely. >> Or you go down. >> Or you go down. >> No, no, I don't go down. Always. >> No, if a person doesn't achieve his ambition, he might regress. >> You regress or stop. >> Or stop. So, when you grow up with the vision that it's still far away, and that vision is ingrained in your mind, you always see it that way. Now, with this great wave of artificial intelligence, Qassem Habba, we read articles daily, and people in professions are afraid that such-and-such a profession will disappear, AI will eliminate it, professions will disappear. Do you believe that artificial intelligence will replace humans in some fields, and what are the fields that might disappear in the coming years due to artificial intelligence? >> This question is important because it's a predictive question. >> Yes. >> And prediction is always half wrong. [Laughter] Most of the time. So, I always tell people that artificial intelligence is coming and will change things, like any technology before. Perhaps this will be a radical change. But let's go back. We are currently in the Fourth Industrial Revolution since 2010. But one learns from the past. In 1969, the Third Industrial Revolution came, electronics, automation, and such things. Automation came at that time. Everyone thought that automation would eliminate humans and that machines would do everything. >> And we would all be unemployed. >> Robots. >> Yes. And everyone would be unemployed. And in the end, it didn't happen. >> Yes. >> Society changed. The countries that succeeded, how did they succeed? They succeeded by taking their workers, who might have lost their jobs, and teaching them how to deal with robots, automation, how to operate those machines. >> Do you think the same thing will happen this time? >> The same thing, I think. The same thing. Some things will change, but I know that jobs will disappear. >> Many will disappear, for example. >> Tomorrow, computer science people, they created it, and they will be the most affected, perhaps. >> Do you think so? >> Because computer science, Google currently, this year, half of Google's computer science employees were laid off. They were told to work on other things. Because AI can write programs, it can write programs for you. >> What other professions do you see being affected? >> IT, IT, for example. Today, in a lecture, I gave some finance-related things. Things that mathematics can connect and process. All of that will disappear. Things that require manual labor, for example, someone working with the elderly, a nurse. That work won't disappear. >> But the doctor, can they disappear? >> The doctor, or perhaps there is a prediction of medicine, how to make it, what disease it is. The machine will be used to help in the solution. >> Teaching, for example? Can we see that this time, AI will become the teacher? Will the teaching profession disappear? >> Teaching, people are creating programs on computers and learning on their own. >> Without a teacher. But in the long run, I think that doesn't work well because a person is not just about numbers and reading. It's about connection, how to play with other children, how to deal with the teacher. These things are important in life. If that interaction disappears, you will have a society where children today are too many who cannot ask a question. >> Because they are used to seeing everything on the phone or such things. So, it won't be as people think, but many things will change. It will improve the standard of living, many things. >> I mentioned today in the lecture, who will lose their jobs due to AI? >> Yes. >> People who don't know AI. >> You must now get on the AI train. >> Anyone who doesn't know AI, I tell them, "AI is your future, you must know it." If you learn AI, you might have reduced the risk for yourself and found another idea to work on. The big problem is that companies, and this is what they must do, develop their employees and teach them how to avoid problems so they can develop. >> Professor, can you give us some advice on how to deal with artificial intelligence well? How can we deal with it well? >> Uh. >> Correctly. >> Honestly, I'm not involved in writing software or such things. The issue is that you know the information that comes to you. It doesn't mean all the information that comes to you is true. >> Yes, this point is important. >> You must know how to differentiate between true and false information. There are things you must do that will help you in your life. >> The organization of your life, it reduces half of your work, the routine. That helps you. That is important. In the future, it will help with diseases. The doctor will find solutions, for example, they will find medicines. For a sick person, there's no need to give them a special medicine that is specific to them. So, these are the important things that will play their role in society. >> We don't have much time left, Professor. I will try to focus more on students. And I know that many students have always written to me, "When will you host Professor Qassem Habba? When?" Because they consider you an inspiration and want to emulate your story. So, what are the top three pieces of advice you offer to students for achieving success? >> To students, always when I meet them, especially, I like to talk to primary and middle school students. I have a program, I always talk to them. Every week, every week. >> Every week you talk to them? >> Every week. I have a video conference. I try to find a high school or middle school that is present in the area, and I pick one, and I talk to them every week. So, it's important. We must play our role. The fundamental point is, first, I tell them, you must not believe that someone else will solve your problems. If you wait for the state to solve your problems, or you believe in yourself as a person. So, first, among the points we have discussed, we have discussed them. The first point is to stay away from negative people. If the advice is true, don't be negative. We are living in an era of negativity. So, stay away from them. What benefits you? To know that something is not good, we know that. This is very important. No one has Solomon's ring that you can do and succeed or not succeed. It's about work, work. Did you hear? And you must put your head down and set a goal to work on. Laser focus. Work on your work. What will you do? What will you become in this life? >> Beautiful. So, there is no such thing as a magic injection. Put your head down. And if the place you are in is not successful, or it's difficult to succeed there, just move to another place. God's earth is vast. >> Try to solve problems yourself. >> Professor Ben Qassem Habba, in addition to the great interest in science and inventions, it is known that you have a great interest in geography, to the extent that your first invention was related to geography and soap. >> The issue of soap and geography. And I know you have a special view of Algeria's geography. We want to know about the idea that Qassem Habba has for Algeria's geography. >> Look, this, first, regarding that game, it's not an invention. It later became, it later became something of an invention. >> Yes. Before, when I came from the south of Algeria and went up to Algiers, Bab Ezzouar, and started talking to people, I found that most people had no idea about Algeria as a whole. So, I made a small study. Now, transportation is a bit better, there's a bit less. So, I made a paper, and I drew the map of Algeria, and I started giving it to people. And I would ask them where they were born and the furthest place in the south they had been to, and the furthest place in the north they had been to. And when I finished all of that, I did a small statistic, not scientific, and I found that everyone had not gone more than 100 kilometers from the south, from the place they were born. And the majority went 1000 kilometers north. >> Ah, so. >> The journey is always to the north. >> The journey to the north. This is a point. Geography started playing in my mind. I learned that. And the big point is that when I hear on television, my head spins. I hear them say, "Eastern Algeria, Western Algeria, Central, and then the South." For me, when they talk about Eastern Algeria, they say Eastern Algeria starts in Annaba and continues in Djanet. My friend, Eastern Algeria starts in Annaba and continues in Djanet. It's one country, we don't have two countries. Western Algeria starts in Oran or Tlemcen, not in Bechar, it continues in Tindouf. Central Algeria goes up from Algiers to Ain Salah. This is Algeria. Thank you. Its north has an east and west, and the south is another mass. Look, we are raising a generation that Algeria is almost divided in this way. So, this concerns me. For example, there are no people who think this way. Also, you hear on the radio, they say "Ain Salah, the furthest south." My friend, geographically, Ain Salah is in central Algeria. >> Geographically. >> Geographically. And the real point in central Algeria is Tiguentour, a small city in the province of Ain Salah, about 100 kilometers north of Ain Salah. >> This is geography. >> Geography. And the real point is about 20 kilometers from the national road. Meaning, one can go there and tell them, "Here is central Algeria." That point that unites us all as a society is not the furthest south. >> Exactly. >> Did you hear? So, when you stand there, you say, "I saw half of Algeria to my right, that's Eastern Algeria. To your west, that's Western Algeria. Above, that's the North. Below, that's the South." We must not confuse the North and the South, the coast and the desert. They are not the same. >> Correct. I salute your connection to Algeria and your connection to your region, El M'Ghair. When you come to Algeria, where do you go? What do you point to in El M'Ghair? >> In El M'Ghair. >> You spend most of your time there. >> Qashabiya and I have friends who sell beans. I sit with them. >> In the street? >> In the village. >> To this day? >> To this day. >> What has changed in Qassem Habba, who started from El M'Ghair and returns to El M'Ghair today with this great wealth? What has changed in you? >> Honestly, nothing big. At least, what I see myself. I went out with a paper 20 years ago, a paper like this. They wrote the 50 people who influenced electronics. >> And you are among them. >> In inventions. They put me, and I was put at number 36. So, one always looks at himself. So, when I go to my village, I find my friends. >> What does El M'Ghair mean to you? >> My head is messed up. >> What does all of Algeria mean to you? >> My lord, this is your country, with its good and bad, and its confusion. These are your components. This is your religion. People say they are ruined, they are sick. My friend, the truth is, but I am a part of it, and like them, I am ruined. And I walk. You cannot separate. >> Algeria has a revolutionary history. It has culture and that. That culture that formed us, that revolutionary history that formed us. >> Professor Qassem Habba, how long have you been living in America? How many years? >> I went to America in 1980. >> So, now 46 years. >> 46 years. >> 46 years. You still maintain your dialect from El M'Ghair? You speak in the dialect of El M'Ghair. >> 46 years. You speak Arabic fluently. You have no problem with it. What is the secret to this? >> I don't know. The only other thing is my English is not good. [Laughter] No. >> If all these inventions. >> No, honestly. Listen, when you pass a certain age, 20, 25 years, you cannot learn another language fluently with the pronunciation of people from those countries. It's impossible for me to learn to speak it well. >> But your dialect from El M'Ghair is still the same. >> Yes. >> The dialect of El M'Ghair and Arabic are still strong in you. >> Yes. If you hear me enter the house. [Laughter] >> In America, do you speak Arabic? >> With my wife, in Arabic. In Arabic with the children. We try to speak in Arabic, but English has prevailed now. >> Thank you very much. The Algerian audience loved you, and now they are sure they will love you even more for this simplicity, this humility, your knowledge, the ideas you shared. I am truly honored to have listened to you, Professor Qassem Habba. >> I gave a lecture not long ago. One of the guys told me, "Sheikh, your story and the Qashabiya." >> True. >> He said, "They always call you the owner of the Qashabiya." >> Always in El M'Ghair with the Qashabiya. >> Not just in El M'Ghair. >> You have it in America. >> In America, meaning. So, I told him, "Let me explain this to you. For the first and last time." I told him, "The Qashabiya, I bought 10 to 30 million costumes. Your wife and children still don't have money to buy clothes." [Laughter] I. >> And it's important in our formation and our identity, and we are proud of it. >> No, I have worn it my whole life to university. >> Did you take it with you to IBM? >> No, I took one with me to Silicon Valley. And then I found that my son always wears them. The older one always wears three. >> Those short ones, he wears them every day. >> I send all my greetings. What has life taught you? Last question. >> Life has taught me that, how do they say it? Don't take yourself seriously. Don't think you are something big. You must always know that you are a mosquito in this world, a very small speck. >> This is the most important lesson in life. >> This is life. I learned. I learned that no matter how much you do, no matter how much you do, there are still a thousand, a thousand things. Perhaps people know more things than you. You are surrounded by them. So, you are just a point in this vast ocean. >> Professor Qassem Habba, we are greatly honored to have spent this very useful time with you, which was full of lessons. Your humility is a lesson, your determination is a lesson, and the simplicity with which you spoke is also a lesson. And all these situations, we were pleased with this meeting. Thank you very much. We have reached the end of the program. >> It's a great honor to be with you. >> It's an honor for me, Doctor. Thank you very much, and all the best to you, God willing. >> Viewers, we have reached the end of this episode, in which we tried to present to you a very small part of what the Algerian scientist Qassem Habba has achieved. And he was able to launch himself, as you heard, from a harsh environment where even electricity was not available, but he transformed himself, always moving step by step, until he became among the top 50 most productive scientists in the world. This is always the biggest lesson. A person strives for their idea until they achieve it. And the biggest lesson that Professor Qassem Habba gave us is that one must distance himself from negative environments and climates. One must always associate with positive people to achieve his ideas. We have reached the end of this episode of "On the Move of Life." I will see you next week. Peace be upon you. [Music]