Hello, welcome everyone to today's live session. Good morning, everyone, good morning, good morning, good morning. I hope you people are doing good, are well, are fantastic, and are excellent. Here we are, the ultimate final revision session. Making full use of time, since we are five minutes, seven minutes late, let's start directly. Look, what you need to do now is just sit quietly for the next 2 hours. I will tell you all the questions that you absolutely need to know, the ones you cannot miss. And moving forward with that sequence, let's raise the questions.

Look, the very first thing I am telling you is that we are proceeding with your Section A revision. The questions that will come in Section A, all 20 questions of Section A, you will see that all types of questions will be there. Some will be statement-based questions, some will be direct questions, some will be picture-based, some will be assertion-reason, some can be called match-the-following type, from which you will have to choose one option. All such questions will come. Out of the multiple questions, half the questions will be solvable on the spot, half the questions will be solvable from the theory you have studied. I will keep revising some areas of the questions for you now, you need to pay attention to the points I mention there.

Section B, Section C, Section D. Now, look, Section D has one question of five marks. There will be four questions, all four questions will come from one book each. Meaning, one from Economics, one from Geography, one from History, one from Civics, each will have a five-mark question. Now, where do they come from? So, for example, in Civics, from Chapter 5, Outcomes of Democracy, the possibility is higher. So, I am telling you that the five-mark questions, the four five-mark questions will come one from each book.

Then, regarding the two-mark and three-mark questions, these two-mark and three-mark questions, they are not necessarily direct. They will be story-based. For example, questions about organized and unorganized sectors will come, and you will have to attempt those questions. So, I have broadly told you how the questions will come. 12 marks will be in case-based questions, and the area for case-based questions is not specific, it can come from any chapter. Water Resources, for example, is a primary important chapter from where case-based questions are seen, and five marks are secured by us in map work. So, while other students are joining, let's quickly revise the map work.

Look, I told you yesterday, what is it that losing marks in map work is a very big sin. Bring Chikara's Oji Gun, where is it visible? So, marks should not be lost in map work. So, here, if you look, in History, there is one mark of map work. Here is your Kolkata, Nagpur, and Madras session. So, Kolkata Congress Session, where the proposal for the Non-Cooperation Movement was made. Nagpur Congress Session, where the proposal for the Non-Cooperation Movement was accepted. Madras Congress Session, where the Simon Commission was opposed. These three Congress sessions are important for you to remember, one mark is confirmed.

Let's confirm the second mark. So, out of these five points, there will be one mark of map work. So, to help the indigo planters, they went to Champaran, Champaran in Bihar. Then, if you look there, Kheda, Gujarat, so Kheda, Gujarat, these three points are in Gujarat. Kheda is in the center. Below it is Ahmedabad. In Ahmedabad, they went in support of cotton mill workers. And in Kheda, it was for the peasants' Satyagraha. And below is Dandi, a coastal town from where the Civil Disobedience Movement was started. So, there will be three points in Gujarat. Remember the Jallianwala Bagh incident, Amritsar, Punjab. This is your one point. So, these are eight points, five and three. This means two marks for History, i.e., two marks for map work are confirmed. The paper remaining is 78. Clear? Let's revise quickly.

From Resource and Development, this map work comes, but the probability is least, so even if you ignore it, it's fine. But where are the different soil types? That is the thing. Different soil types, where are they? But don't miss the map work related to dams. Because there will be options in dams. So, as you can see, Salal Dam is in Kashmir. Then Bhakra Nangal Dam is in Himachal Pradesh, on the border of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab. Tehri is in Uttarakhand. Rana Pratap Sagar, Rana Pratap Sagar is on the border of Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh, on the Chambal River. Fine. Let me recap everything once. Sardar Sarovar Dam is in Gujarat. So, this Sardar Sarovar Dam is in Gujarat. Hirakud Dam is in Odisha on the Mahanadi River. Nagarjuna Sagar is on the border of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh. This Nagarjuna Sagar and Tungabhadra is a dam which is in Karnataka, on the Tungabhadra River. So, these are the dams. In these dams, meaning the remaining three marks of Geography map work, dams will also come. You will have to select three out of four options. So, if dams come, these are the dams.

Agriculture chapter. In the Agriculture chapter, major areas of rice and wheat. This shaded part was given in the map work, but it doesn't come, skip. Let's move ahead. In the Agriculture chapter, major producing states. This is definitely asked. Major producing state of sugarcane is Uttar Pradesh. Major producing state of tea is Assam. Major producing state of coffee is Karnataka. C for coffee, K for Karnataka. Okay. Rubber. So, Kerala is the major producing state of rubber. It is a tropical crop. Major producing state of cotton is Maharashtra, and major producing state of jute is West Bengal. So, is this clear? Okay. This is the map work for the Agriculture chapter. After the Agriculture chapter, if you look, in the Minerals and Energy Resources chapter, what comes in map work from the Minerals and Energy Resources chapter?

Now, for example, there will be four options. So, in four options, you will see that remove Chapter 1, remove Chapter 2, also remove Chapter 3. Chapter 2, also remove. Chapter 3, Chapter 4, Chapter 5, Chapter 6, and Chapter 7. Points from four chapters will come, four points will come. You have to select three out of four. So, out of these three to be selected from the four, one will definitely be from the last chapter, Lifelines of National Economy, it will definitely come. Okay. So, now, talking about Minerals and Energy Resources, there are mines. Now, what is it? Mayurbhanj mine is where? It is in Odisha. Durg, Bastar, Durg Bastar, the Bailadila iron ore belt. In that, you will find both Durg mine and Bailadila in Chhattisgarh. Both mines will be visible. Then, then we come to what? The Bellary, and Bellary, Chitradurga, Chikmagalur, Tumkur belt. In that, you will find both Bellary and Kudremukh mines in Karnataka. Fine. So, these are your four iron ore mines coming from the iron ore belts.

Talking about coal mines, so BJR, Bokaro, Jharia, Raniganj, all these are in Jharkhand and West Bengal. So, this Raniganj is in West Bengal, Bokaro is in Jharkhand. Below it is Talcher, which is in Odisha, and Neyveli, Tamil Nadu. These are for coal mines. Okay. This is for coal mines. Let's move ahead. Next, oil fields. So, now, in oil fields, we had made three pairs, if you remember. So, Digboi and Naharkatiya are in the North-Eastern states. So, Digboi and Naharkatiya, both are in North-Eastern states, in Assam. Oldest oil field is Digboi. Mumbai High and Bassein. So, if you look, Mumbai High is below, and Bassein is above. Both are offshore mines. And Ankleshwar and Kalol. You will see Kalol is above, Ankleshwar is below. Both are mines in Gujarat. So, these are three pairs of mines, meaning oil fields. After oil fields, what? Thermal power plants. So, three thermal power plants are given. Namrup is in Assam. Singrauli is in Madhya Pradesh. Ramagundam is in Telangana. These are three thermal power plants. After three thermal power plants, come to nuclear power plants. So, there are four nuclear power plants. Which are they? Narora in Uttar Pradesh. After Narora, Uttar Pradesh, Tarapur in Maharashtra. Tarapur is here, below Maharashtra. In third place is Kakrapar in Gujarat. Kakra, from Fafda, Kakrapar will be remembered. Gujarat. And Kalpakkam in Tamil Nadu. So, these are your nuclear power plants.

Now, come to Manufacturing Industries. If you look at the map work for Manufacturing Industries, these are all industries. Now, these are cities. So, in cotton textiles, you know Mumbai. Mumbai will be repeated many times. Indore is in Madhya Pradesh. Surat, here it is in Gujarat. Remember the points of Gujarat. Surat, Ahmedabad, Kheda, all these points are almost in this region. Dandi, all are in this region. Densely populated is this part of Gujarat. Okay. Kanpur in Uttar Pradesh and Coimbatore in Tamil Nadu. Coimbatore in Tamil Nadu. Then, let's move ahead. If it is iron and steel plants, then it is repeating the same. Like Bokaro, you have studied. So, Bokaro is here in Jharkhand. Below Bokaro, Jamshedpur is also here. After Jamshedpur, Durgapur. So, Durga festivals are celebrated in West Bengal. So, these Bokaro, Jamshedpur, Durgapur are all here. Now, what is it? Bhilai is in Chhattisgarh. After Bhilai, what is it? Vijayanagar. Vijayanagar was an empire in Karnataka, in South India. And Salem is in Tamil Nadu. Understood? Salem. Now, let's move ahead. Then what? In Software Technology Parks. So, again, these are cities. Software Technology Parks. Noida in Uttar Pradesh, near Delhi. Gandhinagar in Gujarat, next to Ahmedabad. You have placed Mumbai. Then Pune, a little further down from Mumbai, on this side of the Western Ghats. Then after that, Hyderabad, the capital of Telangana. You will see Bengaluru, Bengaluru in Karnataka. Chennai in Tamil Nadu and Thiruvananthapuram in Kerala. So, these are all the cities for software technology parks.

Now, major ports. Come to Lifelines of National Economy. One mark of map work is confirmed to come from Lifelines of National Economy, from which only map work will come. So, all ports are mentioned. Major ports. Where to start? From the Western coast. So, Kandla Port is in Gujarat. Mumbai Port is in Maharashtra. Then what is it? New Mangalore. Sorry, Marmagao Port is in Goa. Below Marmagao Port is New Mangalore Port in Karnataka. In Kerala, which port are you seeing? That is Kochi Port, it is in Kerala. Now, if it comes like, what is the southernmost port on the Western coastal line? Then it is Kochi. But if the major southernmost port of the entire country is asked, then what will you mark? Tuticorin, which is in Tamil Nadu. Let's start moving on the Eastern coastal line. So, Tuticorin. Above Tuticorin is Chennai. Chennai is in Tamil Nadu. Above Chennai, where? Then you will go to Visakhapatnam. It is a landlocked port. Visakhapatnam is in Andhra Pradesh. Above it is Paradip. Above Paradip is Haldia Port of West Bengal. Fine. You need to remember these 10 major ports, which are running from the entire Western coastal line to the Eastern coastal line. So, out of these 10 coastal ports, either one point will come, or these six international airports. Which ones? Raja Sansi International Airport is in Amritsar. In Delhi, which one is it? Indira Gandhi International Airport. In Mumbai, Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport. And in Chennai, Meenambakkam International Airport. Then the fifth one is Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport in West Bengal. And Rajiv Gandhi International Airport in Telangana. So, I hope this is clear that you need to remember these six airports.

Is everything clear up to here? Have all the maps been revised by everyone? Tell me, have all the maps been revised by everyone? Okay. So, this was just the warm-up. Let's start from here. Now, it is the turn of what? Now, it is the turn of your Rise of Nationalism in India, starting from History. So, the very first thing, one MCQ will come in History on chronology. So, either the chronology will be asked from Chapter 1, or from Chapter 2. Where does the chronology of Chapter 1 start? 1789, French Revolution. Then after that, what happens? Napoleon comes to power. After Napoleon comes to power, in 1804, he brings the Napoleonic Code. This Napoleonic Code is also called the Civil Code. After the Civil Code, he is defeated in 1815. After being defeated in 1815, the Treaty of Vienna is imposed. So, who comes to power? After imposing the Treaty of Vienna, the conservatives come to power. Now, these conservatives who come to power, they will also start losing from when? From 1830. So, between 1830 and 1848, what is it? The Age of Revolutions. In this Age of Revolutions, what do you see? France becomes a constitutional monarchy in 1830. Fine. After this, what do you see? The Treaty of Constantinople is signed. So, Greece becomes independent. Along with that, you see that in February 1848, France completely becomes a republic. In 1848 itself, what do you see? The middle classes revolt. So, these are the chronological events. I am telling you the chronology of the chapter. If a question comes in MCQ, then it will be solved. Either it comes from Chapter 1, or from Chapter 2. Understood? So, this happened in 1848. After 1848, then what do you see? Now, you are seeing the unification of countries. So, in 1871, German unification is completed. In 1861, Italian unification is completed. After this, after this, what? 1871. World War event is there. So, the First World War will start from 1914. So, these are some major events on which if chronology is formed, then you need to remember.

So, now, if we talk about questions, then the first and most important question. Is it clear up to here? Clear? The first and most important question will be, how was the sense of collective identity developed in the French Revolution? So, what were the steps taken by the French Revolution to create a sense of collective identity? What did they do? So, as you will see, they first introduced ideas like La Patrie and Le Citoyen, in which they decided on the idea of a united community. So, those five points, you need to remember. This is for sure. This is the highest probability question that you will see. The question will change, the way of asking the question will change, but the concept will remain the same. So, how was the sense of collective identity developed from the French Revolution? So, you will have to write all these points in it. That they brought a new French flag, introduced the idea of La Patrie, Le Citoyen. Along with that, the meeting of the Estates-General was replaced by the National Assembly. Along with the National Assembly, what do you see? New hymns were composed, martyrs were commemorated, a uniform system of weights and measures was brought. Regional dialects were discussed, and French language was made a national language. I have told you this question multiple times. Are you confident with this question? Now, tell me in the chat, are you confident with this question? That this question will come in the exam, and you will be able to solve it? Tell me quickly in the chat. Yes. Come on, let's move ahead.

The second question. Now, if you look, what is happening? The painting of Frederick Sorrieu, etc. The small facts. I am telling you, we have practiced many MCQs. I will tell you the core areas from where objectives will definitely come. Like, it can come on chronology. Okay. Then what? The Civil Code of 1804, called the Napoleonic Code. Again, a potential question. What changes did Napoleon introduce after coming to power? So, after Napoleon came to power, he brought the Civil Code, due to which all privileges on the basis of birth were abolished by Napoleon. He established equality before the law. He abolished the feudal system and freed all peasants, etc. Napoleon also removed guild restrictions and gave people freedom to trade. Along with that, he brought a common currency, a standardized system of weights and measures. So, the Napoleonic Code is one of the most probable questions for today's exam.

After the Napoleonic Code, if you read further, then you will see the ideology of liberalism. You will see questions on liberalism. Like, the two-mark questions, Solven, etc., can be seen. So, the probability is that a five-mark question will definitely come from Chapter 1 or Chapter 2. So, all the major topics. What is the ideology of liberalism? So, politically, it should be government by consent. There should be equal rights. Equality is being discussed. The way the question is asked can change, but the concept will remain the same. So, tell the ideology of liberalism. So, talking about the ideology of liberalism, what does liberalism represent? Freedom of the individual, equality before the law. In a political sense, liberalism says that there should be government by consent. Liberalism says that there should be constitutional representation. The ideology of liberalism, however, did not believe in equality of voting rights. Why? Because liberals at that time wanted only propertied men to have voting rights. But if we talk about the economic sphere, then liberalism talks about freedom from state control or state-imposed restrictions. So, liberalism stood for the freedom of the market and the abolition of state-imposed restrictions.

Talking about economic nationalism, what happens due to this? The liberals wanted a unified territory to be created. For example, one such unified territory was the Zollverein, which was created on the initiative of Prussia. Zollverein is seen as an important short question. Fine. Now, let's move ahead. Then what is it? What were the main provisions of the Treaty of Vienna held in 1815? Who signed the Treaty of Vienna? So, as you will see, the conservatives signed it. Remember the name of Duke Metternich here. He considered Giuseppe Mazzini as one of the greatest enemies of their social order. He said, "When France sneezes, the rest of Europe catches a cold." Duke Metternich was the Chancellor of Austria who hosted the Treaty of Vienna. So, Duke Metternich becomes an important character whom you need to remember.

Now, if we move ahead of Duke Metternich, then this Duke Metternich led the Treaty of Vienna. So, what was the Treaty of Vienna? The Treaty of Vienna was an agreement through which the conservatives consolidated their power. The changes that Napoleon had brought. The main intention of this treaty was to restore the changes made by Napoleon. According to the Treaty of Vienna, what do you see? The Bourbon dynasty was restored to power in France. To prevent further expansion of France, a series of states were established. Fine. Along with that, what is it? Like, new states were formed. So, Prussia was given new territories, including Saxony, on the western border. Austria was given control of Northern Italy. The Kingdom of the Netherlands was established. So, the main intention, the main intention of this treaty was...

It was that the monarchy which was overthrown should be restored, so the Treaty of Vienna becomes an important part. After the Treaty of Vienna, listen to me very carefully. In the unification of Germany, Italy, or Britain, the probability of unification of one country out of Germany and Italy was the highest, which was the unification of Germany. So, the responsibility of German unification was given to Otto von Bismarck. Now, a question might also arise as to who Otto von Bismarck was and what he did. So, I am telling you, do not think like naive children that if it is written like this, how will it come? Grasp the concept. Questions come on unification. So, when you look at Otto von Bismarck, Otto von Bismarck played an important role in German unification. He fought three wars for seven years. Whom did he defeat? Not Prussia, Russia, and Britain. Whom did he defeat? Under his leadership, he defeated Austria, Denmark, and France. He defeated Austria, Denmark, and France. These were the powerful countries. Remember, Prussia, Russia, Austria, Britain, these powerful countries signed the Treaty of Vienna. Remember this from the perspective of objectives. The rest was defeated. In German unification, what do you see? The Prussian Empire fought for seven years, defeated three countries, and after defeating three countries, completed the unification. Now, when this unification was completed, and since Prussia led the unification, Prussian dominance was definitely seen. In this way, this Prussian unification was completed. German unification was completed with the help of Prussia. Similarly, if we talk about the unification of Italy, remember four characters. Who were they in the unification of Italy? So, the first character, you will see, was Giuseppe Mazzini, who tried, but he was not successful. Now, after Mazzini's failure, what do you see? Who takes responsibility? The king there, Victor Emmanuel II. Victor Emmanuel II takes responsibility and hands it over to Cavour. So, when the king gives the responsibility to Cavour, what does Cavour do, sir? Cavour, Count Camillo Cavour, who was the chief minister, tactfully took the help of France and liberated the northern part of Italy from the Habsburg Empire. Then, the work of liberating the southern part was done by Giuseppe Garibaldi. After a long struggle, Giuseppe Garibaldi unified the southern part of Italy. Is this clear? This is what you have: Giuseppe Mazzini, or you can say, remember these four characters who played an important role in Italian unification, and in this way, your Italian unification was completed. Then, if you move forward, describe the implications of the First World War on the economic and political situation of India. If you are jumping into Chapter 2, let me tell you once again that the chronology of this chapter. Where does the chapter begin? Mahatma Gandhi comes to India in 1900. See, the First World War was going on in 1914. What was the impact of the First World War? On the socio-economic condition. Write it down. This is one of the most probable questions because it is asked repeatedly. So, what was the impact of the First World War on the Indian economy? On Indian society? We will see that now. But before that, if we understand the chronology, how does the chronology go? In 1914, the First World War was going on. After the First World War, Mahatma Gandhi came in 1915. After Mahatma Gandhi came in 1915, what happened? As soon as Mahatma Gandhi toured the country, he went to Champaran in 1917. After going to Champaran in 1917, he went to Kheda in 1917 itself. In 1918, where did he go? After Kheda, he went to Ahmedabad. After Ahmedabad in 1918, then the Rowlatt Act was implemented in 1919. Multiple events happen in 1919, which you need to remember. What all happens in 1919? So, in 1919, you see that the Rowlatt Act also came. Against it, the Rowlatt Satyagraha also comes. In the same context, martial law is also imposed. In the same context, the Jallianwala Bagh incident also happens. In the same context, the idea of launching a big movement arises. So, in September 1920, a proposal was made for the Non-Cooperation Movement, and in December 1920, the proposal was accepted. The movement started in 1921. The Non-Cooperation Movement was called off in 1922 due to the Chauri Chaura incident. And from 1922, there is a big break in this entire event until 1930. There is a big break until 1930. What will be the next event? The Lahore Congress session of 1929, where the talk of Purna Swaraj took place. Then, after that, what happens? The Salt March is started in 1930. After the Salt March, you see that after reaching the Dandi coast, the Civil Disobedience Movement starts. In 1931, on 5th March 1931, this Civil Disobedience Movement was called off. After calling it off, what do you see? This is the entire chronology of your chapter. So, now, if a question is formed based on this chronology, you can do it. I have revised it once. Come on. So, now, if we look at the detailed questions from this chapter, what will come in the detailed questions? Describe the implications of the First World War on the economic and political situation of India. What was the economic and political situation of India? What was its impact? What was the impact of the First World War on the economic and political situation? The questions will be twisted. How did the First World War create a sense of collective identity? How did the First World War fuel nationalism? So, however the question is asked, what happened due to the First World War? Defense expenditure was being increased on us. Due to which, income tax was introduced on us for the first time. Customs duties etc. were increased. Income tax etc. was introduced because the British needed money to fight the war. Fine. Along with this, the prices of essential commodities started increasing. When taxes were imposed, the common people were suffering. Then, there was forced recruitment during the period of the First World War, meaning people were forcibly taken as soldiers, taken into the army, taken to Britain, where our people did not want to fight. So, such wars were being fought, hence there was resentment and anger among the people. And due to all these problems, crop failure and diseases like the influenza epidemic were also spreading, due to which the common people were troubled. So, these were all the reasons due to which people blamed the First World War for their troubles and started uniting. Move forward. The Civil Disobedience Movement was different from the Non-Cooperation Movement. If you look at the entire chapter, there are only two big topics: the Civil Disobedience Movement and the Non-Cooperation Movement. Now, what do you need to see? What is this Civil Disobedience Movement and what is the Non-Cooperation Movement? So, first, look at the timeline of both. The Non-Cooperation Movement started with the withdrawal of cooperation. The Disobedience Movement started with the withdrawal of cooperation. The movement started in 1921. The Civil Disobedience Movement started in 1930. In the Non-Cooperation Movement, there was Hindu-Muslim unity, but in the Civil Disobedience Movement, there was no Hindu-Muslim unity. Fine. Along with this, women did not participate in this movement in the Non-Cooperation Movement. But the specific characteristic of the Civil Disobedience Movement was that for the first time, women participated in a broad movement. Fine. Now, after this, the Non-Cooperation Movement was called off after one year in 1922. The Civil Disobedience Movement was also called off after one year, but in 1931. It was called off after the Chauri Chaura incident, and this was signed off after the Gandhi-Irwin Pact. Keep grasping the details. Like the Gandhi-Irwin Pact and these small facts, questions can be directly formed from them. Move forward. Why did the Non-Cooperation Movement gradually slow down in cities? So, now, the Non-Cooperation Movement itself is a very big topic. You see that there are four participants in it. People participated in towns, participated in the countryside, participated in tribal areas, participated in plantation fields. Questions can come from anywhere, but if we consider the high probabilities, then, for example, why did the Non-Cooperation Movement gradually slow down in towns and cities? Because what do you see happening in towns and cities? In towns and cities, Khadi was expensive, and those who boycotted indigenous institutions could not boycott them for a long time. They had to go back to schools and colleges. So, the boycott of foreign institutions could not continue for long. There were no alternative institutions. So, this was the limitation of the Non-Cooperation Movement in towns. What was the limitation in the countryside? Violence would occur. What was the limitation in plantations? The plantation workers, poor things, could never even reach their homes. Participants can also be asked. Big questions can be asked. But if you look, this part is related to the participants of the Non-Cooperation Movement and their limitations. Fine. Move forward. Describe the spread of the Non-Cooperation Movement in the countryside. So, as mentioned, in the countryside, Baba Ramchandra and Jawaharlal Nehru together formed the Awadh Kisan Sabha. And in the countryside, the movement was more against the landlords. So, things like Nai-Dhobi Band were organized. All these things were done. But at times, the movement became violent. Now, if you are asking about the countryside, remember that it will not just be villages. The countryside also includes tribal areas. So, you have written about tribal areas that Alluri Sitarama Raju was a leader who led the movement. And he can be said to be a tribal leader who, if we open up the layers, there is a possibility that questions will come from different segments. But if you cover the broad areas, then everything is covered. So, who was Alluri Sitarama Raju? He was a tribal leader who, people believed, was an incarnation who could withstand bullets. He could even bear the bullets that were fired. I am not able to have a lot of discussion and conversation with you because I want that not even a minute of your time is wasted. You can revise as much as possible in two hours, and I can tell you as many important questions as possible, the better it will be. We will talk later when you come back after the exam, when you tell everyone that we gave our best exam, our exam went very well. Then we will talk. So, the tribes used violence in their struggle against the colonial laws. So, the limitation in the tribes or the countryside was that they became violent. Now, come on. Questions are formed from the entire truce period. Which truce period? For example, if you look, who was heading the Simon Commission? Sir John Simon. Who were the leaders of the Swaraj Party? C.R. Das, Motilal Nehru. So, factual questions will be formed from there. Questions will be formed from the truce period. The Congress session of 1929, the Lahore session, had Purna Swaraj as its outcome. So, these are factual questions. They will become objective, but if you talk about descriptive questions, then, for example, a question is formed on salt. Why did Mahatma Gandhi use salt as a symbol of protest in the Civil Disobedience Movement? Because salt was something that was consumed by both the poor and the rich alike. The British government imposed tax on salt. This showed the monopoly of the British government. How cruel they are that they are imposing tax on it. So, you need to remember this part, why salt was used as a symbol in the Civil Disobedience Movement. Because salt was something with which you could involve more and more people in the movement. And for this, Mahatma Gandhi included salt in his 11 demands. Will you remember? So, this salt question is clear. After this, let's see, what were the cultural processes through which we developed a sense of collective belonging in India? Again, a five-mark most probable, most potential question, if you ask, is how was the sense of collective identity developed among our people? In India, how was the sense of collective identity developed? Not just through united struggle, but there were also cultural processes. So, the question is disguised, my friend. Listen one last time. The question is disguised. It will be asked in different ways, but you need to grasp the concept. So, what was happening? What were the cultural processes? For example, images of Bharat Mata were made. Along with this, you see that songs were written, like the Vande Mataram song was written by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay. Then folk tales, folklore were collected. Like Rabindranath Tagore, Desha Shastri, they themselves used to go and collect folk tales through which people could be united. The next thing is, the next thing is the use of icons and symbols, like flags were used. The Swadeshi flag was made. The Swaraj flag was made. So, when was the Swadeshi flag made? During the Swadeshi Movement. The Swaraj flag was made by Mahatma Gandhi during the Non-Cooperation Movement. So, the details of these flags, what is on the Swadeshi flag? Eight lotuses. Are you recalling everything? So, this, this entire topic, this topic in itself carries a potential five-mark question and it also comes in the exam. Clear? So, all these questions, once the session ends, you will look at them, revise them, and go. Got it? Let's move forward. Describe the significance of the Silk Routes in the pre-modern period in the field of cultural exchange and religion. If we move to Chapter 3, Chapter 3 is The Making of a Global World. From The Making of a Global World, what is a very potential topic? It is the Silk Route. What is the Silk Route? Basically, it is a pre-modern vibrant trade route. The Silk Route, which flourished in the Christian era until the 15th century, was a pre-modern vibrant trade route through which people moved goods, through which people, you see, moved goods from one place to another. This was the Silk Route. Along the Silk Route, silk cargoes from China. So, silk cargoes went from China, hence its name became Silk Route. Spices and textiles went from India, and in return, gold and silver came from Europe through the same route. And it was not just a trade route. The question arises: How was the Silk Route not just a trade route? It was also a cultural route. So, what do you see? Buddhist preachers, Christian missionaries, Muslim preachers, they also came through this route. So, trade and culture both went hand in hand. The significance of the Silk Route in the context of both trade and culture. Transfer of diseases. Global transfer of diseases. The Making of a Global World chapter is itself a very short, crisp, and lovely chapter. In that chapter, what do you see? There are only two prominent topics: how diseases played an important role in the conquest of America. Now, the way the question is asked will change, so you have to write the same thing: that Europeans were not immune to diseases like smallpox. And when the Native Americans were not immune, and when the Europeans reached there, before their cannons and bullets could do anything, the Native Americans were dying from diseases. So, diseases, in this way, gave them an opportunity to establish dominance, the Europeans. So, that's the same thing: how the global transfer of diseases, how diseases played an important role. Now, if we move forward in the history book, the last chapter, what is it called? Print Culture in the Modern World. This chapter, Print Culture in the Modern World, what do you see in this chapter? Facts, facts, facts. So, let's quickly revise all the facts. As the chapter begins, it talks about the traditional Chinese book called the Accordion Sutra. The oldest Japanese book is the Kitagawa Utamaro, who developed the art form of Ukiyo. The oldest Korean book printed with movable metal type is Jikji. Martin Luther King wrote the 95 Theses. After Martin Luther, the Grimm Brothers compiled traditional folk tales for children. The Grimm Brothers. Along with this, Hafiz. So, Hafiz of the Diwan. This is a detail in the box, and I am telling you this because, for example, the Jayadeva's Gita Govinda, Gita Govinda was written by Jayadeva. This box detail appeared in the sample paper and previous years. So, the probability that it might be asked in the exam is high. So, I am telling you this box detail. James Augustus Hicky was an Englishman who wrote the Bengal Gazette, a weekly magazine. Along with this, Gangadhar Bhattacharya was an Indian who started a newspaper, its name was also Bengal Gazette, but this was a newspaper. Raja Ram Mohan Roy was a social reformer whose newspaper was Sambad Kaumudi. The Hindu orthodox, to counter Raja Ram Mohan Roy, started a newspaper called Samachar Chandrika. Along with this, you will see that two more newspapers were running, whose names were Jam-e-Jahan Nama and Shams-ul-Akhbar. Also, a Gujarati newspaper was run. So, remember the names of all the newspapers, whose name was Bombay Samachar. The Deoband Seminary was established by Muslims in fear that the significance of religious authorities who issued fatwas for Muslims might diminish. Raj Sundari Devi was the female author who wrote her full-length autobiography, Amar Jiban. Kashikashi, Kailash, Bhashan Devi, Tarabai Shinde, Pandita Rama Bai, these are the women, these are the women authors who openly wrote about women's lives. Along with this, if we talk about the Khalsa Tract Society, there was the Khalsa Tract Society in Punjab, which used to write booklets on the quality of good women. Similarly, Jyotiba Phule, so what did he do here? A name is missing. Ram Chadda. Tell me, what is the name of Ram Chadda's book? Why is the name not there? Ram Chadda, write. What is the name of Ram Chadda's book? Tell me. Who wrote a book on the conduct of women? In the chat, tell me quickly. What is the name of Ram Chadda's book? Tell me. So, that would be Ram Chadda's book, named Stri Dharma Vichar. Jyotiba Phule.

The book was "Gulamgiri" in which he wrote about caste inequalities. Laxminath Bezbaruah, a picture-based question once came in a previous year about Laxminath Bezbaruah, whose book, whose stories were compiled as "Buri Aair Sadhu". Okay, then what is Kashi Baba? Kashi Baba was a mill worker from Kanpur, who wrote his book titled "Chhote aur Bada Sawal" (The Question of Small and Big), in which he writes about caste inequalities. Sudarshan Chakra was again a pen name of a Kanpur mill worker, under which all his poems were compiled under the name "Sachchi Kavitaein" (True Poems). Bal Gangadhar Tilak's newspaper was "Kesari", and Batala Publication in Bengal was a dedicated area where all kinds of books were printed. So, all these names, all these books, objective questions are formed from this chapter, so keep that in mind. Is it clear? Now, if we talk about what questions will come, the probability of asking a long question is very low. A long question will definitely come from Chapter 1 or 2. Here you will see that short questions can come, the probability of theory questions is a little less. A case-based question can come from here. So, one prominent question that arises is how print contributed to the French Revolution. If you look at the contribution of print in the French Revolution, it is explained very well that first of all, the ideas of enlightened thinkers became popular through print. With the advent of print, a new culture of debate and discussion started. With the advent of print, there was an outpouring of literary material, which made people question the enjoyment of the king and the suffering of the people. Meaning, the people are suffering and the king is enjoying. So, this opened up the possibility for people to think in a way that they started questioning. But what to write in the conclusion is that people were not just reading one thing, people used to read good things, so they also used to read the opposite, and because of this, there was a possibility of being influenced and not being influenced. Understood? The Vernacular Press Act is again a high probability area of this chapter. What is the Vernacular Press Act, sir? It is a law issued by the British, under which our vernacular press was to be controlled. Why was the Vernacular Press Act passed? Because after the revolt of 1857, you see a change in the attitude of the British government towards local publications or local publishing houses. They felt that local publishing houses played a very important role in bringing about a revolution. Therefore, if local publishing houses wrote anything seditious, they would be warned, and if they did not obey even after the warning, then their machinery would be confiscated. So, this is the Vernacular Press Act of 1878. The impact of print technology on poor people and women in India. What was the impact of print technology on poor people and women? If you look at this context, it is covered that poor people and women are two sections that have been discussed in the case of Europe as well as India. The probability of short subjective questions coming on poor people and women is there. The effect of print on the poor people. You will see that public libraries etc. were established. And in the Indian context, it is captured. Jyotiba Phule and others used to write this. In the context of women, Raj Sundari Devi, Kailash Bashini Devi, Pandita Ramabai, who defied such authorities and wrote about women. Understood? So, women and workers, this section becomes probable for short questions. Shall we move forward? Problems associated with the indiscriminate use of resources. Now, if we start geography, listen to me very carefully. In geography, you already have a three-mark map work. 17 marks of geography are left. A five-mark question comes, and that five-mark question will come from the previous chapters. By previous chapters, I mean Chapters 4, 5, 6: Agriculture, Manufacturing Industries, or Minerals. Now, even in these three chapters, we know which questions are worth five marks. So, in the later chapters, three-mark, two-mark questions come, like what problems can arise from the indiscriminate use of resources? This is a probable question. For example, you see that there will be depletion of resources due to indiscriminate use of resources. Resources will be accumulated in the hands of a few people. Society will be divided into haves and have-nots. Then, situations like global ecological crises can arise. In global ecological crises, you can see problems like global warming. Got it? So, why do we need resource planning? The most important segment of this chapter. Why is resource planning needed? Because resources are unevenly distributed, and three-step resource planning is asked, in which you will write. First, you identify the resources. Then you see how the resources should be developed. So, you determine the technological know-how, how we can extract resources. So, first is identification, in which qualitative and quantitative estimation etc. are all determined. Where is the resource, how much is it? Second is, a proper planning structure is made, in which you see what machinery will be needed, what all things will be needed. And third is, the resource development plan is matched with the national development plan, so that the resources are not limited to just that place, but their development happens overall in the entire country. So, three-step resource planning is important, remember. After three-step resource planning comes land degradation. Now listen to me, an objective question is certain on this: what is the cause of land degradation? For example, land degradation occurs due to mining, like in the states of Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha. After land degradation, you see overgrazing as a cause of land degradation. So, where is overgrazing happening? Like in Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, and Maharashtra. Why is land degradation happening due to overgrazing? Or in which states is land degradation happening due to overgrazing? It's like catching the ear from the front or from behind, it's the same thing. The question will be asked by twisting it. I am telling you again that the questions will come twisted. You will get direct questions like this: a statement is given, and then you are asked to tell the reason for the rise in the tertiary sector. So, be mentally prepared for that, the question will come twisted. But if you focus a little and look there, you will get the question. The concept will remain the same. For example, objective questions come from here. Over-irrigation is a cause of land degradation. Mining, over-irrigation, deforestation is a cause. Now, states are mentioned for these three causes. For example, where is over-irrigation happening? In Punjab, Haryana, Western Uttar Pradesh, where agriculture is done a lot. So, this is done. Now, cause and consequence. Sorry, after cause, this is the problem. Tell me the solution. If mining is the cause, then mining should be regulated, controlled, and all those things. Similarly, if overgrazing is the cause, then grazing should be controlled. If deforestation is a cause, then forests should be planted. Understood? So, the opposite of the cause should be written in conservation. Moving forward. Now, look, from Chapter 1, the probability of any crop being asked in detail is very low. If a crop is asked, then you... sorry, I said crop, any soil being asked in detail, the probability is low. What is asked in detail? What can be asked in detail is that you give three or four statements and after giving four statements, you are asked to identify the soil. What is soil? And factors of soil. Like, in alluvial soil, there is Khadar and Bangar. So, this can come in a short question. Otherwise, a big question specifically about crops or soil will not come. So, keep that in mind that a big question about soil does not come. What is asked about soil are objective questions, short questions like what is leaching, tell me in which soil it is found. So, it is found in laterite soil. So, answer this question for me. In this way, you will see direct questions that will ask about the features of the soil, about identification. Here, your right answer is B. Yes, B, B, B is the right answer. Well done, B is the right answer. Great. So far, all the geography is complete. I will talk to you for two minutes. Wait. Describe how communities have conserved and protected forests and wildlife in India. Case-based questions will come from forests and wildlife. You don't need to prepare separately for case-based questions. The question is there, and the answer is there. But if you look, there are three such areas. What are the three areas? Like, how have communities played an important role in conservation? So, Joint Forest Management, for example. So, Joint Forest Management, one thing is that it will be asked as a competitive-based question: tell me a place where people, in a way, save forests by working with the government. So, what kind of example is this? So, you will see community and conservation, in which Joint Forest Management is an example. So, such competitive-based questions are asked by connecting the theory you have read with real life. They are asked by connecting the theory with real life. So, now, if asked how communities have played an important role in conservation, there will be five points. For example, you will see that in Sariska Tiger Reserve, people, by ignoring the Wildlife Protection Act, banned hunting and mining activities there. Then, in the Alwar district of Rajasthan, 1200 hectares of land were declared as Bhairon Dev Dhak Sanctuary. Along with that, the Chipko Movement ran in the Himalayas, which stopped deforestation. The 'Bachao Andolan' in Tehri and Navdanya, an NGO that conserved traditional seeds. Joint Forest Management, which started in 1988 from Odisha, where you see that the government and private communities, villagers, together conserved forests. In return for this, what will they get? When there is a harvest, they will get timber on a successful harvest, and they can bring and use non-timber products from the forest. So, this is how communities can play an important role in conservation. Now, what has the government done for conservation? The government passed the Indian Wildlife Protection Act. You see that wildlife sanctuaries, national parks, etc., were established by the government. The government ran specific projects like Project Tiger. So, that topic, what the government did and what the community did for conservation, comes in theory. In objectives, there are many facts, like what are the three types of forests: reserved forests, protected forests, unclassified forests. Be prepared for this section, as objectives can come from it, in which you see what a permanent forest is. If you combine reserved and protected, it is a permanent forest. Where is the highest share of permanent forest? Madhya Pradesh. So, these facts that we have studied throughout the year, again and again, objective questions will come on them. Objective questions will come on these facts, and I am telling you about the theory questions. Then, state the importance of multipurpose projects. Again, the Water Resources chapter. Again, from the Water Resources chapter, the probability of case-based questions is increasing. So, case-based questions will come in Water Resources, but what about theory questions? So, how can theory questions come? Tell the importance of multipurpose projects. Multipurpose projects generate electricity, supply water, control floods, are used for recreational activities, inland navigation, fish breeding. So, they might ask for advantages, importance, in any way. Why are dams known as multipurpose projects? They might ask anything. You just need to understand that the question is a shapeshifter. Understood? So, the importance will be asked. Along with that, what are hydraulic structures? Ancient hydraulic structures, a direct five-mark question, meaning a big question type. The probability of a question coming from this chapter is low, but topics with direct pointers can be asked in three marks. Tell about ancient hydraulic structures. So, ancient hydraulic structures, you will see ancient hydraulic structures near Shringverpur, near Allahabad. Chandragupta Maurya, in his time, if you see, developed sophisticated lakes, dams, and irrigation systems for irrigation works. Along with that, you see sophisticated irrigation networks in places like Kalinga, Kolhapur, Nagarjun Konda, and Benur. One of the largest artificial lakes is found in Bhopal, built in the 11th century. In the 14th century, Iltutmish built the Hauz Khas tank for himself, to supply water to Siri Fort. So, keep these five pointers of ancient hydraulic structures in mind. Ancient hydraulic structures. The cropping seasons of Rabi, Kharif, and Zaid. Objective and subjective questions of both types come on this. So, we have learned what the Kharif season is. Your school's Term 1 is Kharif, Rabi season is Term 2, and these are summer holidays. So, Kharif season: crops are sown with the onset of the monsoon, harvested in September-October. Crops like paddy, maize, jowar, bajra are all called Kharif crops. Remember? Rabi: Rabi crops are sown in Term 2, meaning October-November, and harvested in March-April. Wheat, barley, peas, gram, mustard are all examples of its crops. Similarly, Zaid is a short season of summer crops like muskmelon, watermelon, cucumber, etc. So, remember these three cropping seasons. Now, now let's talk about what. From this chapter, like I am telling you, from this chapter, either theory questions will be formed on crops, or on beverage crops, or tea, wheat, or rice. Otherwise, only objective questions are mostly formed. Objective questions are mostly formed from the Agriculture chapter. But for subjective questions, like I told you, the topic of primitive subsistence, intensive subsistence, and one of the strongest contenders, which holds the most important dominance as a theory question, is Technological Institutional Reforms. In Technological Institutional Reforms, you see that since independence, focus has been on collectivization, land consolidation, land holding, etc. Along with that, the Zamindari system was abolished. After abolishing the Zamindari system, rural banks of Bangladesh, cooperative societies, etc., were established. Rural banks of Bangladesh will not come here. Rural banks were established, cooperative societies were established to provide credit. So, in the initial phase, you see that land reforms were brought. In the 1960s-70s, an attempt was made to increase production by bringing the Green Revolution. An attempt was made to increase production by bringing the Green Revolution and the White Revolution. But it did not benefit everywhere. For this, a Comprehensive Land Development Program was brought in 1980, in which rural banks were established, special bulletins were run. Announcements like Minimum Support Price were given. Schemes like Personal Accident Insurance were run. All these things were done when? All these things were done after 1980 in the Comprehensive Land Development Program. So, an attempt was made to bring technological and institutional reforms in three phases. Understood? Let's move forward. Next question. Next question is about your crops. The thumb rule for crops is that every crop has a cultivation season, a temperature, an annual rainfall. Every crop grows in a region, and every crop has an X-factor. So, this X-factor thing can be asked in short question types, like tell about pulses. Why are pulses consumed more in India? All these things. But, but, but objectives will be formed like this: statements are given, crop identification. It needs bright sunshine at the time of harvest and a cool period at the time of sowing. So, questions are formed in this way. Questions are formed in this way on crops. You should glance at the entire chart of crops once. I explained the entire chart very well while teaching. Moving forward. What is next? The same case will be for non-food crops. In non-food crops, what will come? Sugarcane, oilseeds, tea, coffee, horticulture crops. Let's say, for example, sometimes be prepared for such questions that horticulture crops, we are taking them lightly, but if horticulture crops are asked, where are oranges? So, they are Nagpur's oranges. Similarly, if apricot and apple are asked, they are from Kashmir. So, the different classifications given. Guava of Uttar Pradesh. So, which crop is found where, that thing. Understood? Moving forward. What is the next question? The next, next part is non-food crops other than grains. So, food crops other than grains are done. Now, non-food crops. So, like rubber, cotton, jute. So, rubber, cotton, jute will also be considered in the same context. Now, let's come to minerals. Minerals and Energy Resources. Listen to me. A five-mark question will come from geography. Now, this five-mark question from geography will either come from minerals, or from the agriculture chapter, or from manufacturing industries. Because this is the pattern. Now, in the agriculture chapter, we have seen, like, either a five-mark question will come at the beginning: tell about primitive subsistence, intensive subsistence, or commercial farming. Or it will come from the back on technological institutional reforms, on which we are placing a big bet that it is probable to come. Now, if we talk about minerals and energy, then only one big question is seen from minerals and energy: what are the different modes of occurrence of minerals? Modes of occurrence of minerals are minerals in veins and lodes, in the form of beds and masses of weathered material. After weathering.

The material that remained will be seen by you in that form. Then, minerals will be seen by you in the form of placer deposits, which will be found in valley areas. And minerals are found in the ocean. So, these are the five modes of occurrence of minerals. Now, in the form of veins and lodes, you will find zinc and lead, etc. In the form of beds and layers, what will you find? You will find coal, etc. Okay. So, coal and iron ore will be found. In the form of a residual mass of weathered material, what will you get? In the form of a residual mass of weathered material, you will get bauxite. Similarly, you will see that in the form of placer deposits, you will find gold, silver. And in oceans, what do you get to see? In oceans, you will see that your this material, like salt, bromine, will come in oceans. Okay. Moving forward, the next question is: Minerals are an indispensable part of our life. Justify the statement with suitable examples. With suitable examples, tell us why minerals are indispensable to our life, or why minerals are important in our life. Because, as I told you, our life revolves entirely around minerals. Our body itself is composed of various minerals. So, this can be understood through the following examples. So, let's explain through examples. For instance, from a pin to a ship, everything is made of minerals. Okay. Minerals form the basis of all our industries. Our food contains minerals. Therefore, minerals are an indispensable part of our life. Okay. So, the mode of occurrence is a prominent topic. Then what is there? In manufacturing industries, similarly, if you look, then in manufacturing industries, there are not many questions on the entire industry. What is the importance of manufacturing industries? So, the importance of manufacturing industries is that it modernizes agriculture and saves us from heavy dependence on the agricultural sector. Then what is there? Industries provide employment to people, they end unemployment, and poverty, they also end poverty. Along with this, if you make and sell products from industries, you will get foreign exchange. And in industries, there is value addition in the country. So, prosperity will come to the country. Can you make ketchup from tomatoes only if you have industries? So, when you make and sell ketchup instead of tomatoes, you will earn more money, right? So, industries add prosperity to the country. Got it. Agriculture and industry are complementary. Minerals and industry move hand in hand. So, agriculture provides raw material to industry, and industries provide machinery, etc., to agriculture. So, under this, what do you see? That both are complementary. Industries support each other. How are both complementary to each other? Keep this in mind. So, agro-industry boosts the agricultural sector. Industries provide raw material to industries. Sorry, the agricultural sector provides raw material to industries. Industries provide them machinery in return. Okay. So, industries sell products such as irrigation pumps, fertilizers, etc. All these things. Industries have made the production process of agriculture very efficient. Agriculture provides a huge market and consumer base for industrial products. So, this story of yours about agriculture and industry is done. Got it. Explain the ways through which the industrial pollution of fresh water can be reduced. Okay. Tell us the ways by which you can reduce industrial pollution of a a industrial pollution of wastewater, of fresh water. So, now if you look at this chapter, manufacturing industries. In manufacturing industries, either you are asked the initial part, the importance of manufacturing industries, etc., or in subjective questions, the last part, how environmental degradation is happening. So, air pollution, water pollution, noise pollution, all these pollutions and how to conserve them. So, now, as a question comes, industrial pollution of fresh water can be reduced. How? So, you will say that if you want to reduce water pollution, then you will have to recycle, reuse. Industrial effluents must be properly treated before discharge. This is an example I am giving you. That in this way, the pollution question, the pollution topic, industrial pollution topic includes air pollution, noise pollution, then thermal pollution. So, all pollutions and the methods to check them are important from the last theoretical part. Fine. Let's come to the ethnic composition of Sri Lanka. I have covered the history and geography part. Now it's civics and economics. Do you have any doubts, any questions, any problems, any difficulties? Tell me. Yes, tell me any question. Be confident. What is martial law? Martial law is like a curfew that was imposed before the Jallianwala Bagh incident, where people were not allowed to gather. That was martial law. It will be over by 6 o'clock. Spam Motivation Motivation is now only that we have come very close to our destination. Here you just have to believe in yourself. You are sufficient in yourself. You are ready. You are excellent. So, go and give your best. Okay. Understood? Shall we move forward? So, now if we move forward, then if we talk about the ethnic composition of Sri Lanka, understand the ethnic composition of Sri Lanka. So, what do you see mainly? That only two or three questions come from power sharing: tell the ethnic composition. So, like the ethnic composition of Sri Lanka, Tamil speakers are 18%, 13%, and 5% combined make 18%. Uh uh, what can we say? Yes, 18% Tamil speakers, 74% were Sinhalese. And most of the Sinhalese spoke which language? So, Sinhalese Buddhist language. What am I saying? What language did the Sinhalese speak? So, basically, there were 74% Sinhalese, 18% Tamils. Among Tamils, what do you see? That among Tamils also, Sri Lankan Tamils, who are native to Sri Lanka, are 13%. 5% are Indian Tamils. Most Sinhalese were Buddhists, and most Tamils were Hindus, speaking both languages. Okay. This is the ethnic composition of Sri Lanka. Now, from this Chapter 1, Power Sharing, objective questions can be formed like this: Why is power sharing desirable? So, why is power sharing desirable? They might ask for its moral reasons, prudential reasons, form a statement and ask a question on it. In objectives, what is there? A direct question for three marks: Why is power sharing desirable? Tell us. One moral reason is that power sharing is the very spirit of democracy. And in power sharing, people have to be consulted. If you talk about democracy, then in democracy, people are supreme. So, at least people should be consulted, right? So, in this sense, this is the moral reason. And what is the prudential reason? That by sharing power, there will be no fights. Power sharing reduces the chances of conflicts. If power is shared, why will people fight? Now, if people don't fight, then the stability of the political order is ensured. That by sharing power, things will remain stable, smooth. By sharing power, what do you see? That you are not giving power to the majority community to impose its will on the minority. Both majority and minority will have power. Understood? That thing. Describe the elements of the Belgian model of accommodation. Belgium, Belgium had conflicts, but in Belgium, there was accommodation. How was there accommodation in Belgium? Because in Belgium, you see, they amended their constitution four times. This question, what amendments they made, is an important question. Okay. So, as you will see, in Belgium, they amended their constitution four times, due to which they did what? First, the number of French and Dutch speaking ministers in the central government will be equal. State governments will not be subordinate to the central government. Brussels will have its own separate government where French and Dutch speaking ministers will be equal. And the third thing, see this. This can be a small objective question or a question for two markers: What is community government? So, there will be a community government in Belgium, which will have the power to make decisions on issues related to education, language, and culture, religion, religion-related issues. So, every language speaking group will have its own community government, like French Community Government, Dutch Community Government, and German Community Government. Got it. Different types of power sharing. Come, let me tell you one thing directly. What you are seeing today is either the vertical form of power sharing or the horizontal form of power sharing. Okay. Meaning, in the horizontal form of power sharing, power is shared among different organs. In the vertical form of power sharing, power is shared at different levels. Either a question will come on this, or this can be a big question: What are the different forms of power sharing? Forms of power sharing. From the power sharing chapter, this is a probable question. It will be seen in some form, objective or subjective. So, it will be seen in some form, objective or subjective. So, what do you see here? Focus more on the above two points: power is shared among different organs. This creates checks and balances. This is the horizontal form of power sharing. Power is shared among different levels. This leads to federalism. This is the vertical form of power sharing. And two more forms of power sharing are: when power is shared among different groups, social groups. How is power shared among social groups? So, you are giving reservation to Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes. Community government is an example of that. Okay. So, power is shared among social groups. And power is shared among different political parties, pressure groups. For example, forming a coalition government is an example of sharing power among political parties. Fine. Federalism. Listen to me again. Features of federalism is one of the most important areas. You should know the features of federalism. At least know five out of all seven. So, what is it? Two or more than two tiers of government. Different tiers of government are governing the same citizens, but their area of jurisdiction should be different. And that area of jurisdiction, power, should be constitutionally guaranteed. This power is fundamentally guaranteed. So, no one can change these fundamental provisions from one side. If it needs to be changed, then the approval of two levels of government is required. Courts should work to interpret the constitution and act as an umpire if there are disputes. They should resolve disputes between the two. Along with this, the sources of revenue for both levels of government should be clearly specified for all three levels of government. And federalism has dual objectives: what it does is it accommodates diversity and at the same time keeps the country united. So, these are the seven features of federalism. Most important. Shall we move forward? So, what makes India a federal country? India is a federal country. But why is India a federal country? How is it? Tell us. So, what makes India a federal country? So, how is India a federal country? Now you have to tell this. So, those features of federalism apply. That in India, you see, there are three tiers of government. There are different areas of jurisdiction. Union list, state list, concurrent list. Now listen to me. The issues of Union List, State List, Concurrent List, what comes in Union List, what comes in State List, what comes in Concurrent List. These come as objectives. I will tell you now. Okay. Now, as we are studying forms of federalism, so coming together, holding together federation. Examples of these are asked. What is the example of coming together federation? What is the example of holding together federation? In objectives. So, any amendment. See, this is done. That how India is a federal country. So, there are different areas of jurisdiction. Then what is there? Some states are given special powers, while some states are union territories. So, this is holding together federation. India, in which unequal power distribution is shown. That India is a holding together federation. Along with this, what do you see? That in our constitution too, if you have to change something, you cannot change it unilaterally. You will need a two-thirds majority. You have to take approval. So, due to this, what is it? That fundamental provisions cannot be changed unilaterally. Along with this, the judiciary plays a very important role when it comes to the implementation of constitutional provisions and resolving disputes. If there is a dispute to be resolved, then the judiciary has an important role. Okay. Now, after this. After this, understand. After this, what is there? From the federalism chapter, I have told you: what makes India a federal country, features of federalism. These are two things. The third thing is: what constitutional amendment was brought in 1992? What changes were made? Due to which, due to which, G20 will not come, I am telling you now, G20 will not come, it's over. Okay. So, if you see, what changes were introduced in 1992? Due to which decentralization was strengthened, local governments were strengthened. So, those five points. In 1992, see, now the question will change. Here it said three, here it said five. Here it directly says: what constitutional changes were brought? Here it asks: how were local governments strengthened? So, the question is of various forms. I keep saying that the words will change, but the concept will remain the same, right? So, if you look at the concept, holding regular elections under the local government body has been made compulsory. This was the first change brought. Second, what? Reservation was given to Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, OBCs. One-third seats were reserved for women. Okay. Then what? An independent institution, the State Election Commission, was created. What will be the work of this State Election Commission? It will conduct elections. Whose elections will it conduct? It will conduct local level elections. Independent State Election Commission. Okay. Then what? State governments are required to share some power and revenue with local government bodies. So, that revenue and that power will have to be given by the state government to the local bodies. So, these five changes are seen to be included in the constitution to strengthen local government. Okay. Now, from this chapter or in the entire paper, specifically the objectives will be: So, I told you, one coming together federation, one holding together federation. When independent states come together to form a larger union, it is a coming together federation. Remember its examples, like USA, Switzerland, Australia, and Next Toppers. It is a coming together federation. What is the example of holding together federation? That when an independent unit, the central authority, gives power to the states, as happens in India. So, a large country divides its power into constitutional units. Like India, Spain, and Belgium are examples of a holding together federation. What are Union List, State List, Concurrent List? So, Union List, State List, Concurrent List, you see, are three lists. Lists in which power has been divided into different areas of jurisdiction. In the Union List, issues of national importance come, like foreign affairs, banking, communication, and currency, on which the Union Government has the power to make laws. In the State List, issues like police, trade, commerce, agriculture, and irrigation come. On these, the State Government has the power to make laws. And in the Concurrent List, issues like education, forest, trade unions, marriage, adoption, and succession come. Remember these examples because objective questions are formed on them. Okay. This is done. Now, come to what. Last year a question came as a surprise: these 20 languages given in the scheduled languages, which are given in Schedule Eight, which are called our scheduled languages, which are they? Now, there were two MCQs on this, and due to confusion, students missed them. You should not miss them. Okay. So, as you will see, Assamese, Bengali, Bodo, Dogri, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Maithili, Malayalam, Manipuri, Marathi, Nepali. Nepali is also a scheduled language. Okay. Odia, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Santhali, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu. So, these are our scheduled languages. Okay. So, these are our scheduled languages, which you need to remember. Got it. Okay. Let's move forward. So, now Chapter 3, which is yours, Gender, Religion, and Caste. I am telling you one thing based on the feeling of caste. There will be some question on women's political representation. So, women's political representation is important. Why? Because if women's political representation happens, then women will be able to stand up for themselves. But currently, women's political representation is not that good. Why? Because for the first time in 2019, approximately 14% women came to Parliament. Before that, it was even lower. In state legislative assemblies, that percentage is even less. So, demand for reservation has been made, and that reservation has been recently granted. Now, because this reservation has been recently granted. Okay. So, it is expected that a question might be formed on things like women's political representation. Okay. This graph etc. of women's political representation, keep this in mind. Fine. In which it is shown that women's political representation in India is very low. Compared to the world average, in the world, at least 24% women are elected representatives, but not in India. Now, after this, the terms in this chapter, like what is a communalist? A person who believes in the dominance of one religion. Who is a feminist? One who believes in equal voting rights for men and women. Who is a secularist? One who sees all religions equally. Who is a casteist? One who talks about creating society on the basis of caste. Who is a patriarchal person? One who talks about a male-dominated society. In this chapter, these small, one-word and one-story things are more probable to form objective or short answer questions. Okay. This is done. Now what is there? Now, if we look at the women's part, a question is formed on women: women face discrimination in various parts. So, you will see that women face discrimination. So, women, first of all, you see that people prefer boys' education. Families prefer to educate their male child. So, women are facing discrimination in the part of women's literacy. So, it is simple: where do women face disadvantage, discrimination, oppression? So, in education. After education, what do you see? In wages. That in highly paid jobs, women's jobs, like you see, can say that women are fewer in senior positions. Then we have the Equal Remuneration Act. Equal Remuneration Act means everyone should get equal salary. But for the same work, women are given less salary. So, discrimination in wages, discrimination in jobs, discrimination in literacy. Okay. Along with this, what is it? If you look at the sex ratio, then

Parents prefer to have a male child when compared with a female child. Okay, so what is seen is that females are aborted. This is a discrimination, and they also face discrimination in the private domain. For example, a woman faces harassment, exploitation, and violence in our society, in their homes. So, these are the various aspects. Got it? What is the idea behind communal politics? That is, a question arises on communalism. So, what is communalism, my friend? Communalism means a belief where you consider religion as the basis of society and discriminate on the basis of religion. You tell people that people of one religion should have one country. Where will people of other religions go then? Okay. So, when you believe that people of one religion should have one country, one community, okay? And when the government supports this idea, it is called communalism. Okay. But this idea of communalism is fundamentally flawed because people belonging to the same religion may have different opinions. In an extreme case, communalism, communal politics increases to such an extent that people will not be treated equally, riots will happen, stereotypes will be created. So, communalism can take various forms. That part extends further into this. But communalism is an important topic, keep that in mind. You will be able to answer questions on communalism because it has been explained well. After communalism, comes secularism. Either there will be an objective question on secularism, or there will be a subjective question on secularism. But there will be a question on secularism because secularism is something that you see repeating every year. What is secularism? Where you treat all religions equally, that is known as secularism. So, remember secularism. What makes India a secular country? So, what we do is, India does not have any official religion, like Islam in Pakistan, like Christianity in England. But we do not have any official religion. Okay. The constitution gives every individual an opportunity to... every individual is free to follow any religion, not to follow any religion, as they feel. The constitution makes India secular by not interfering in religious matters. But when it comes to law and order, okay? When it comes to equality, the constitution also allows the government to intervene. So, this makes India a secular country. Secularism and what makes India a secular country, this topic is clear. Let's move on. Three factors that are responsible for the breaking down of the caste system. The caste system has gradually reduced. Why has the caste system reduced? Because we see that political leaders and social reformers have taken a very important step in the reduction of the caste system. Like Jyotiba Phule, B.R. Ambedkar, Mahatma Gandhi. They raised their voice that the caste system, caste discrimination is wrong. Second is socio-economic development that has happened. Okay. So, now look, this has become a big area. A question can also be formed like, how educational and economic development led to the breaking down of the caste system. So, a topic in itself, a question can also come from one topic. From one topic, tell us how the caste system is breaking down. So, from one topic, you will tell us how the caste system is breaking down due to economic development. So, you will explain that as urbanization increases, literacy grows, education increases, occupational mobility increases, meaning people will start leaving their jobs and doing other jobs. They will not do the work that their ancestors have been doing. So, the caste system will automatically break down. Those people who followed the caste system more, like landlords and others, now what will happen is, they will start practicing the caste system less. Just give me a minute. Okay. Okay. So, this happened. Now, come. The Constitution of India prohibited any caste-based discrimination. So, the third thing because of which caste-based discrimination is ending, the caste system is ending, is that we have now written in our constitution that caste-based discrimination should not happen at all. So, why will it happen? Okay. So, social reformers, one point. Economic development and social development, second point. And the third point is that constitutional provisions have come, because of which the caste system will be... because of which the caste system will be abolished. Okay. Understood? Let's move on. How caste can take several forms in politics. Caste in politics is being discussed. Politics in caste is also a topic. But if you see, in Civics, the probability of a five-mark big question is from the last chapter, Outcomes of Democracy. From these chapters, small questions of two marks, three marks come. So, in that, questions like how caste plays an important role in politics. So, while choosing candidates for elections, political parties consider caste composition. So, how caste plays an important role in politics. So, caste composition is considered before giving a ticket to anyone in a constituency. Do you remember? I told you all this while teaching. That caste sentiments are appealed to. If you go to Maharashtra, the caste sentiments of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj will be appealed to, to get votes from voters. If you go to Rajasthan, Maharana Pratap will be talked about. Okay. So, political parties make appeals to caste sentiments to win votes. Also, some political parties are said to favor certain castes. So, this shows that caste plays an important role in politics. And with the advent of universal adult franchise, now every person has one person, one vote, one value. So, every person has become important. You cannot ignore any caste. Therefore, caste does play a very important role in politics. Okay. Now, come to the chapter on political parties. In the chapter on political parties, what are you seeing? A straightforward question: What is a political party and what are its functions? Or the features of federalism, or the features of political parties. Something or the other will definitely be seen in your paper today. So, features of a political party, or functions of a political party. So, now this question can come, it can come with a slight twist. Like, tell us that there is a political party, a political party has lost. After losing, what is it doing? It is still sitting in Parliament. What role is it playing? So, it is playing the role of the opposition. Such situation-based questions will come. Be prepared for this. I am telling you that direct questions are not necessarily always there. One or two, four questions will be situation-based. Do not get scared, do not panic. Because that is the nature of the exam. Competency-based questions are called that. Think about the question and read it, because I have taught you all the topics. So, like, what are the functions of a political party? So, what is a political party? It is a group of organized people who come together, contest elections, to hold power in the government. They come together to hold power. Now, what do they do? They contest elections. This is the first role, the first function of a political party. In which what do you see? That the party nominates tickets, nominates candidates, gives them a ticket, and they contest the election. Second, election. The second role is: Parties formulate policies and programs. After forming the government, those parties will propose policies and programs, right? Whether laws should be made on these or not. Third is: Along with proposing policies and programs, when political parties form the government, political parties will also make laws. Political parties influence the law-making process. That is the third. Fourth is: Political parties form and run governments. Political parties form governments and run governments. Okay. After contesting elections, forming and running governments is also the job of political parties. If a political party loses, it also plays the role of the opposition. Those who lost, what will they do? They will play the role of the opposition. And political parties shape public opinion. Because political parties have so many followers. See, I am telling you the same thing. If such a specific question comes, like, a political party plays the role of the opposition, then what will you write? You will say that yes, the political party that loses, it provides different views or an alternative to the ruling party. That if the ruling party is not working well, give us a chance, we are also good, like that. Okay. So, it plays the role of the opposition. It shapes public opinion. This part is done. If we talk about the two-party system and the multi-party system, then what is it now? The functions of political parties and all are understood. After that, what is it? What are the different party systems? So, in different party systems, what you see is, there is a two-party system, there is a multi-party system. In a two-party system, there are two parties. This is a democratic system, especially seen in the USA and UK. Okay. Several parties are there, but the probability of winning the election, you can say, is oscillating between the two major parties. And if you look at a multi-party system, where multiple parties have chances of coming to power. It accommodates diversity better. The example of a multi-party system is India, where you see coalitions and alliances. That if one party cannot form a government, many come together and form a government. And along with that, what is it? Apart from two parties, you will see a third party forming a government somewhere, whether it forms it alone or with someone. Now, the criteria for national party and state party. Listen. The criteria for national party and state party has been seen very little in exams so far. But this time I am expecting that something or the other will come on national party and state party. Because one or two national parties have been added this time. All this. So, what is the criteria for a national party? That it has influence over the entire country. It is called a recognized party. To become a national party, you have to secure 6% of the votes in the Lok Sabha elections or in four assembly elections, and win at least four seats. And to become a state party, what you have to do is, to become a state party, you should have a hold at the regional level. That's why state parties are called regional parties. You have to secure 6% of the votes. Regional parties, state parties have to secure 6% of the votes, and along with that, win at least two seats, or secure 6% of the votes and win two seats, then a party is called a state party. Okay. For example, what will you see? Rashtriya Janata Dal, Shiv Sena. Will their names be asked? Not necessarily. But an overview should be kept in mind. Okay. BJP, Congress. So, these BJP, Congress, Bahujan Samaj Party. So, it has ended now, hasn't it? Bahujan Samaj Party has now become a state party, not a national party. So, this... or no, Bahujan Samaj Party, Kanshiram's party. It is still there. Bahujan Samaj Party is a national party. Okay. Now, if we look at the criteria for these parties, then simply, what we learned in the rule of thumb in a video? That every party has a founding year. Every party has an ideology. Every party has a symbol, a leader, and an area. According to that, you are seeing all these national parties. Now, there are six national parties. According to the new book, Aam Aadmi Party and National People's Party, two parties have been added to the book. What you need to remember about them is, when they were formed, what is their ideology, when they were formed, what is their ideology, and along with that, what is their symbol, who is the leader? You need to remember all these things. Especially these two parties that have been added. Will there be a direct question on this party? There is no guarantee. What will you do with a screenshot, brother? I will put it on Telegram. And brother, if a five-mark question does not come from Outcomes of Democracy, in that case, it will come from the chapter on political parties. And if a five-mark question comes from the chapter on political parties, it will come from this topic: What are the challenges faced by political parties? First challenge is lack of internal democracy, where what you see is that top party leaders make decisions. Okay. Those at the bottom do not even know. There is no use in keeping loyalty towards the party. You have to flatter the leaders. Due to lack of internal democracy. Second is dynastic succession. In dynastic succession, what happens is, people from the same family or the same family keep sitting in the top positions of the party, due to which incapable people keep becoming leaders, and capable people never get to become leaders. Third challenge is the influence of money and muscle power. How is the influence of money and muscle power? That political parties often use money and muscle power to remove genuine candidates from the race, or people who have a lot of money and muscle power get party tickets. Okay. So, money and muscle power also influence. It is a challenge for political parties. And the fourth thing is limited choice for voters. Political parties are all the same. Okay. There is not much difference in political parties. They are all almost the same. Where what you see is that if one party is telling you an economic policy, then another party will also tell you a similar economic policy. Drink water, everyone. Let me drink water for a minute. Okay. Chikara brother, you will be missed a lot later. Do all that later. Right now, your focus should only be on this. Arjun's goal is the fish's eye. So, right now, you should give a very good exam. If you want the next toppers, we will give them to you. Give a very good exam, top it, then I will come to your house with a gift hamper, which will contain the bottle of the next topper. Happy. Okay. Understood? Pinky promise. Elinity. Elitaire. The problem is not there, focus on the solution. What steps have been taken to reform political parties? So, you will see that to reform political parties, the anti-defection law was brought, due to which now if party MPs and MLAs are changing parties, then change them, but you will lose your seat. Second is, the Supreme Court passed a law that candidates have to disclose their property and any pending criminal cases against them. So, what describes the efforts to reform political parties? Three things have been done. Like, the Election Commission brought a rule that political parties have to conduct internal elections, file ITRs, etc. And there are some suggestions, like regulating party rules. There should be internal elections in the party. They should keep their records. Who is in the top position, how it is fair or not, all these things should also be focused on. Women's representation should increase. If political parties are to be reformed, then reserve 1/3 seats for women. That 1/3 tickets should be given to women. Along with that, focus has been given on state funding of elections. If money and muscle power are being used, then elections should be state-funded. The government should give money, and elections should be fought with that money. All these things. Now, come. Listen to me. You will definitely get one five-mark question from Outcomes of Democracy. In which this question: The democratic system is better than any other form of government. How is democracy better than non-democratic systems? What are the advantages of democratic government over non-democratic systems? The question is multifaceted. No matter how it is asked, why is democracy better? Because it promotes equality, enhances dignity, improves decision-making, resolves conflicts, and provides an opportunity to correct our mistakes. So, this question, I have told you 1000 times, I am telling you again, that how democracy is better than non-democracy, a question is formed on this. Fine. Move on. How does democracy produce an accountable, responsible, and legitimate government? It produces legitimacy. So, accountable means it is answerable to the people. Responsible means what? That a democratic government responds to the needs of the people. And a democratic government has legitimacy. A democratic government is people's own government. It is a government that we ourselves have chosen. So, a democratic government is a responsive, legitimate government. Remember these three terms. Okay. Next five-mark question is: Democracies do not appear to be very successful in reducing economic inequalities. So, it is not that democracy has not tried to reduce economic inequalities. But, but what you see is, but you see that there are still inequalities. You see that a small number of people, the ultra-rich section of society, enjoys a huge proportion of wealth. Whereas those people who are at the bottom, they cannot even arrange their two meals. In countries like South Africa, Brazil, what you see is that 20% of people take away more than 60% of the national income. So, these are some arguments that show that yes, there are inequalities in democracy. But still, we adopt democracy. Why? Because democracy has better advantages. It has other advantages too, which democracy provides. Fine. Democracies lead to peaceful and harmonious coexistence among citizens. How does democracy conduct a peaceful and harmonious life? So, you will explain that democracy is the only system of government where you can accommodate different sections. In democracy, you can celebrate differences. In democracy, what you see is, in democracy, there is a procedure through which you can tackle healthy competition among different communities and groups. Okay. In non-democratic systems, people are crushed, right? Democracy always accommodates minority views. Democracy has the ability to handle differences. Social differences very peacefully. Democracy reduces the possibility of tension because it tries to keep every group together. Democracy. Got it? Democracy stands much superior. Because, see, there are five topics here. From all five topics, you will get five-mark questions in different sets. So, democracy stands much superior to any other form of government in promoting dignity and freedom. So, what will you say? That democracy can be slow, can be less efficient, can be everything. But in democracy, what you see is, the dignity of individuals, especially like the example of women, and after women, you will see on a caste basis, it will not happen at all in democracy. Why? Because democracy talks about this, that at least democracy guarantees this thing to you, that every person is equal. And when every person is equal, then...

Everyone's dignity and everyone's freedom will be given equal treatment, and if equal treatment is not happening, at least you can raise your voice in a democracy. In a non-democracy, you won't even be able to raise your voice, okay? That very thing has been explained in this question and answer. Now let's come to economics. In economics, you get to see 20 marks completely, meaning there is no map work or anything like that. So, in these full 20 marks, the areas for objective questions are clear, and the areas for subjective questions are clear, okay? As for the subjective questions, looking at them so far, topics like globalization and money and credit are more frequent. Objective questions come more from Chapter 1 and Chapter 2. So, if we start first, "Different people can have different developmental goals." How will you substantiate this with examples? So, what is development for one person is destruction for another, okay? In the example, you can write the example of dam construction, that when dams are built, building a dam is development for one person, but it is destruction for another. So, people have different developmental goals, as well as conflicting developmental goals, okay? Explain this with an example. So, you can give the example of dam construction and explain this theory. This is important. Now, speaking of this importance, if I tell you, then on the objective questions about "different people have different developmental goals," what will be the developmental goal of a landless laborer? You will see what will be the developmental goal of a prosperous farmer, whereas for a farmer who depends only on rain, what will be his developmental goal? That he gets rainwater, like that, okay? So, this comes in objective questions. Take a look at this table once to see what will be the developmental goal of whom. And even if you don't look, keep some presence of mind that a person will be described, and what could be that person's developmental goal? Along with that, table-based questions will definitely come. You will definitely see one question based on a table for one mark. So, look at those tables, understand them on the spot, and try to solve the answers, okay? Keywords like what is infant mortality rate, what is literacy rate, what is net attendance ratio, questions are also formed on these. So, what is infant mortality rate? It is the number of children dying before the completion of one year out of the 1000 children born in a particular year, okay? That's infant mortality rate. In literacy rate, what is seen? In the age group of seven and above, how many people know how to read and write? So, a question on this table. What is Human Development Index? So, Human Development Index and World Development Report are facts. I told you that facts will come more from Chapters 1 and 2, so the probability of objective questions will be higher. So, in the Human Development Report, on what basis do you compare countries? On the basis of income, health, and education. In the World Development Report, what do you do? You compare countries only on the basis of income. So, those questions. What is per capita income? How do you compare countries with per capita income? What are its limitations? I told you this question again today in the marathon session. So, what is per capita income? It is the total income of a country divided by the total population. What do you see from this? That countries with higher average income will be considered developed. Countries with lower average income will be considered less developed or developing. But its limitation is that averages hide disparities. Averages will not tell you the reality. Averages will only tell you averaged-out things, got it? Let's move on. What are the different sectors of the economy? Different sectors of the economy: primary, secondary, tertiary sector. Examples of primary, secondary, tertiary sectors come as objective questions. Primary, secondary, tertiary sectors can be asked in theory like this, and their examples, these examples become objective questions. In objective questions, they might ask you to match the pairs, or after matching the pairs, they might ask you which sector agricultural activities will come under. So, it will come under primary, okay? A case is given, like a milk vendor, in which sector will they go? Like this, a doctor who is treating patients, in which sector will they go? So, there is a probability of such questions coming from primary, secondary, tertiary sectors. Primary sector, primary sector, secondary sector, tertiary. You know all three: that it is related to nature, it processes nature, and it provides services. And all three are interdependent. The example of tomatoes, that you get tomatoes from the primary sector, in the secondary sector, ketchup will be made from it, but it will be transported by truck, so it comes under the tertiary sector. So, these three sectors are interdependent, this is being explained. "Why is the tertiary sector becoming more important in India?" Put a dot on this question, Chandan. You will definitely see this question in the exam today. Why is the tertiary sector growing? Why is the tertiary sector growing, my friend? So, what happens is that some services will not come directly as a story, but you have understood the concept, right? So, just hold onto that concept. It's not recorded. Ashmit Yadav, son, all the best. Give your exam well. Don't get caught up in recorded and live. What is important is that every minute of yours is used correctly, and you give your exam well. I told you so many questions today because there are three sets, so I have to tell for everyone what will come in whose set. So, be ready, because these are the areas. It's not like I get the paper. It's not like I have any connection somewhere. It's all about intensive research. It's all about the teaching experience of the last nine years that we can at least understand and catch the pattern of how questions will come. And I am very confident about that. I have taught you everything. You just go confidently and give your exam well. Don't panic. The paper will be very easy. I believe you will give your exam very well. So, let's cover the remaining one or two chapters. Why is the tertiary sector growing? So, several services are very important. These services are basic. These services will grow with time. If the primary and secondary sectors grow, then the tertiary sector will definitely grow, okay? Rise in income leads to a rise in the living standards of the people. As people's income increases, they will be able to afford more and more services, and new services based on information and communication technology are also emerging, okay? New services are emerging, okay? This is done. Let's move on to "Describe the key features of MNREGA (Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act)." Now, the question on employment generation, I will give you the PDF for that. PDF will be given to you based on questions, like a story is created and a question comes. So, from organized and unorganized sectors, that question will come: a condition is given, tell whether it is in the organized sector or unorganized sector. It is unauthorized and unofficial. Rules and regulations are followed with the government. Working hours are fixed. Everything is like that. And the opposite of that is unauthenticated. It charges and pays interest to the depositor. The interest charged is always high, okay, compared to the interest paid. The interest paid is low. The difference in between is the income. The difference is the income of whom? The difference is the income of the bank, okay? So, this loan activity of the bank, you need to remember this. Remember the loan activity of the bank. After the loan activity of the bank, what is it? Why is there a need to expand formal sources of credit in India? Because people, okay, if we talk about formal sources of credit, then what do you see in formal sources of credit? The need to expand it is because otherwise people take credit from informal sources and get trapped in debt. For the development of the country, formal sources of credit are necessary, okay? So, expansion is necessary so that we can save people from informal sources. Formal sources charge low interest. People need to be saved from debt traps. If cheap and affordable credit is available, then the overall development of the country will happen. Where did the RBI question go? Did I not include the RBI question? Reserve Bank of India. Listen, a couple of things are left here. Reserve Bank of India's functions. RBI prints currency. After printing currency, what do you see? That RBI does the work of bankers' bank. It sets interest rates. It supervises whether everyone is getting loans. RBI ensures that loans are not given only to one section of society, but also to the poor people, okay? These are all the functions of RBI. So, remember the functions of RBI. Questions are formed from the examples of the formal sector and the informal sector, okay? A five-mark question, like from this chapter, comes on Self-Help Groups. What is a Self-Help Group? It is a group of 15 to 20 people who gather together, who save funds. By saving funds, they decide how to fulfill the credit needs of their members without asking for collateral and by giving them loans at low interest rates. And these self-help groups, okay, what functions do they perform? They give loans at low interest. Bank loans and groups, you can say, for groups, that by showing their group's savings, they can get loans from the bank. There is collective decision-making, in which members themselves make decisions. And along with this, since women, etc., are part of self-help groups, their empowerment happens, women's empowerment, okay? These are some advantages of self-help groups. After this, the chapter on globalization. So, listen to me. The five-mark question in economics will come from Chapter 3 or Chapter 4. So, in Chapter 3, as I told you, what will be the question? RBI's work, bank's loan activity, or you can say bank's loan activity. And money, money and credit. Money as a not water exchange, etc. These will be short questions. Water exchange, etc. I am missing one question. It is coming to my mind but then it skipped me. Which one is it? Yes, in the globalization chapter. Did liberalization come? Yes, this is the same. Barriers on foreign trade and foreign investments were removed to a large extent in 1991. Why were barriers removed? So that we can make our domestic industries grow, okay? How liberalization strengthened the globalization process, that part, okay? That how liberalization played an important role in the globalization process. So, with liberalization, we opened up the economy, which made it easier for foreign investment and foreign goods to come in, so the connection between liberalization and globalization. In factors that have enabled globalization, what is more important than technology? The liberalization part. Remember the liberalization part. Is it clear? Will you remember everything? Rise in the tertiary sector, remember this, okay? Rise in the tertiary sector, remember this. So, I have told you all the most probable questions that could be asked. I am confident about this that you will give your best. This PDF, what is PDF? So, it is the preparation for your Class 11th, "Prarambh." In Prarambh, you will see Team Humanities, Team Commerce, Team Science, in which I, your Shobhit Bhaiya, your Prashant Bhaiya, all of us will be teaching you. So, for that, we invite you all. We have started early bird enrollments and are giving enrollments at heavily discounted prices. You have to use the coupon code EARLYBIRD without space, and you will get enrollment in these batches at a discounted price. Along with this, along with this, what is it? Along with this, you can connect. Like, we have another channel called Social Brains, on which we will connect even after 10th. Fine. This journey is formally ending today like this. See, I won't take much time. There is a lot to say, but first, give a very good exam, which I fully believe you will give. After that, we will talk. When you come out after giving the exam, you have to tell me that sir, this year's hard work, these four days, these 4 AM mornings, all this hard work was worth it. I will be waiting for your response videos. I will be waiting for your stories. I will be waiting for all the edits that people are going to make after your exam. So, did all this hard work pay off or not? It will pay off. Why won't it pay off? And you have to tell this. I believe now you are all set for your exams. Are you ready? How to write chapter chronology, sir? Chapter chronology will not be asked. Questions come in objective. The moral reason for chronology, potential, explained. PDF made. PDF went on Telegram. So, all the best. Vijay Bhav. Vidai 4.0. I will miss you all. But more importantly, just make all of us proud. Give a good exam. Go with confidence. I know you will give your exam in a very excellent way. You people know. I want to say a lot of things, but now I will just say, go and give your exam in the best way. Make good use of time. Revise once, and everything will be fine. Okay. So, I want to say a lot, but now I will just say, you give a good exam. See you in the evening, okay? We will definitely meet live in the evening. So, this was a lovely journey with you all. My words are fumbling. What should I say? Okay, I am just telling you that you give your exam well. Go, bye-bye. All the best. Best of luck. Be the best version of yourself. You people are going to rock it. Okay. Go. We will see you all soon in the live session. We will see you all soon in person. In person, at the Parcham meetup. We will be waiting for your responses. As soon as you come out after giving the exam, tell me immediately how the exam went. More than you, I have excitement, nervousness, and the spirit to ace it. I have it in me that you are going to do very well. Okay. Bye-bye. Take care of yourself. All the best for your exams. Go forth and conquer. Bye.

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SST Important Questions Class 10 CBSE 2026 #digrajsir #cbse2026

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