TRUJILLO.El Poder del Jefe III

Ah, ah. I, bueno, no, no. Cavani a preparar. Iniciado el acto y habrán de verificar identificación. Mi pensamiento y mi alma, la nación entera tiene sentido. El palo, el Generalísimo, Doctor Rafael a significaba denigrarlas toda la ciudad. Ah, y era el nombre con que fue asignado al surgir a la palestra pública. Representa el pensamiento, la conciencia de la colectividad nacional. En sus filas se agrupan todos los hombres y todas las mujeres que aman a la patria y rinden culto a sus héroes inmortales. Cuando permanecen fuera del cuadro, los campos llenaron la República, o los que son diferentes a la gloria sintetizada en su tricolor. A cruzados es en el partido de mexicano, identificado desde que nació con mis reales patricios. Solo tienen cabida los que participen ante los sueños de superación nacional, de que en forma hermosa agrupación política para ponerla al servicio de la patria y jamás al servicio de sus intereses personales. Para ser miembro del Partido Dominicano, de esta agrupación es condición indispensable la de ser dominicano auténtico. Así como el mar repele hacia las playas los desperdicios que depositan en sus senos las corrientes, es así el Partido Dominicano rechaza la traición y en este punto inexorablemente sus filas.

A principios de los años 50, la dictadura de Trujillo se encontraba en uno de sus mejores momentos. Estas son las emisoras H y 2 PH y 3 PSV. La Voz Dominicana Televisión es el ala del Senado de la República para transmitir el acto solemne de la juramentación del Presidente electo de la República, General Héctor Bienvenido Trujillo Molina, y transmitir al mundo el trascendental mensaje del insigne benefactor de la patria. El 16 de agosto de 1952, Héctor Bienvenido Trujillo Molina, alias "Negro", hermano menor del dictador, fue juramentado como Presidente de la República para el período 1952-1957, convirtiéndose así en el tercer presidente títere instalado por Trujillo. En la toma de posesión de "Negro" Trujillo se realizaron numerosos eventos: un desfile militar en el Malecón de Santo Domingo, donde la dictadura exhibió el poderío y la profesionalidad alcanzadas por las fuerzas armadas y su cuerpo de élite, la Aviación Militar Dominicana; una feria nacional agropecuaria en la que se mostraron los logros de ese sector y a la cual asistieron numerosos invitados. Completaron el programa de actividades competencias deportivas, fiestas y recepciones a la planta. La toma de posesión de "Negro" Trujillo, aunque simbólica, evidenciaba cuán fortalecida se encontraba la dictadura de Trujillo durante esos años, con una economía sin problemas evidentes, sin oposición interna, con los Estados Unidos en plena campaña contra el comunismo y con la Guerra de Corea acaparando la atención internacional.

En esas circunstancias, el día 5 de diciembre de 1952, Trujillo viajaría a los Estados Unidos ostentando el rango de Embajador Dominicano ante la Organización de Estados Americanos (OEA), quedándose en territorio norteamericano durante tres meses y quince días. El día 2 de junio de 1954, a bordo del trasatlántico de las Antillas, llegó Trujillo al puerto de Vigo, en Galicia, para dar inicio a un largo e histórico viaje por España e Italia. Fue recibido con honores militares en una ceremonia encabezada por el Ministro de Asuntos Exteriores de España, Alberto Martín Artajo, y otros funcionarios del gobierno español. Al día siguiente, viajó por tren hacia Madrid para, horas después, ser recibido en la Estación del Norte por el Generalísimo Francisco Franco y su esposa Carmen Polo, así como altos funcionarios de su gobierno, el cuerpo diplomático y representativos de diversos sectores de la sociedad española. Desde la estación, Trujillo y Franco se pasearon por las calles de Madrid, escoltados por la Guardia Mora, hasta el Palacio de la Moncloa, donde fue hospedado el visitante dominicano. Al Caudillo español y al Generalísimo dominicano los unieron genuinos sentimientos de estima y solidaridad, en razón de las características similares de sus respectivos gobiernos. Además, el gobierno dominicano se había convertido en un firme defensor de España en casi todos los foros internacionales, propugnando para que se levantaran las sanciones de que era objeto el régimen de Franco al finalizar la Segunda Guerra Mundial. A tono con su promocionada ascendencia hispánica, Trujillo propició la inmigración masiva de españoles con intenciones de blanquear la raza en la República Dominicana y hacerla aparecer, en términos raciales, a la Madre Patria. Por otro lado, las acciones de ambos estaban motivadas por razones parecidas: los dos eran resentidos sociales que se habían impuesto a sangre y fuego sobre las sociedades que les generaron sus resentimientos. Así, cuando se encuentran por primera vez en la Estación del Norte, presenciamos el abrazo de estos históricos resentidos, aliados al fascismo en el pasado y héroes anticomunistas en ese momento. Trujillo y Franco ya se encontraron con un abrazo de amor y paz, como mi abrazo y van a dejar el eterno de la mitad. La Madre Patria, arriba. ¡Oh, mírame! España está lista para ganar, ya no para el mundo.

El 15 de junio de 1954, a las 5 de la mañana, llegó Trujillo al puerto italiano de Nápoles y desde ahí siguió, junto a su comitiva, a la Ciudad del Vaticano, donde firmó un acuerdo entre la Iglesia Católica y el Estado Dominicano, conocido como el Concordato. El 16 de junio, luego de firmado el Concordato, el Papa Pío XII lo recibió en audiencia privada, otorgándole la Gran Cruz de la Orden Piana, mediante la cual Trujillo quedaba investido como miembro de la nobleza del Vaticano. La comitiva que acompañó a Trujillo al Vaticano y que también fue recibida por el Papa estaba integrada por el Doctor Joaquín Balaguer, Coronel Pedro de Trujillo, Mayor General Anselmo Paulino Álvarez, Coronel Arturo Espaillat, Capitán Fernando Sánchez y el Señor Atina. Mediante el Concordato, el Estado Dominicano se comprometió a brindarle ayuda económica a la Iglesia Católica, a construir iglesias, catedrales y parroquias, así como casas para los obispos y su personal administrativo. También se comprometió a garantizar la enseñanza en las escuelas públicas de los principios de la doctrina y la moral católicas, estableciendo además la asistencia religiosa en las fuerzas armadas a través de la creación de un cuerpo especial de capellanes militares, quienes, cumpliendo la doble función de sacerdotes y oficiales de la milicia, estarían bajo la jurisdicción del Arzobispado Metropolitano en lo referente a su vida y ministerio sacerdotal, y sujetos a la disciplina de las fuerzas armadas en lo concerniente a su servicio militar. El Concordato privilegió a la Iglesia Católica en desmedro de otras iglesias existentes en el país y consignó en su artículo 26 el compromiso de la Iglesia Católica a rezar o cantar al final de cada función litúrgica una oración por la prosperidad de la República y su Presidente. Esto tenían que hacerlo todos los domingos y días de fiestas católicas las iglesias catedrales y parroquias de la República Dominicana.

Tras terminar su viaje por España e Italia, Trujillo regresó al país el 14 de agosto de 1954, en horas de la mañana, y fue recibido por una gran cantidad de personas en el puerto de la ciudad y otras tantas en la Avenida George Washington. Su amor por España y su esfuerzo por fortalecer todo lo hispánico en la sociedad dominicana estuvieron presentes en muchos de sus discursos, como en este que pronunció el 12 de octubre de 1957 para dejar inaugurado el restaurado Alcázar de Colón. "Nuestros antepasados, que también son nuestros, como tocada de aliento por rectos bautizaron esta isla, apenas de arrancar al misterio de los mares con un íntimo henchido, formado de poética inspiración y tranquilo. Es muy profunda añorando admirativas y para nada breves. Y España, abreviada, la llamada la historia, memoria de la humanidad ha ido acreditando. Entrábamos de ser clara del acierto del hombre, la perfecta consonancia de la vida de ambos pueblos, pero igualdad cerrado colectivos por las políticas de angustia, solemnidad o la tenaz alzas de las glorias alcanzadas por la vivida empresa en la lucha y por la cristiana generosidad de la victoria, por el sublime amor, aunque yo por el big band diga yo en pro de la concordia humana. Amia tendrán amor por la Madre Patria y la tradición en lo que ella tiene de vivas y perenne. Recordará originadas y todavía y es plantado y es en sus elementos arquitectónicos y decorativos un trazo afiladísimo de los usuarios para variados y ricos componentes e integrar la esencia de España que vinieron a ser patrimonio estimable de nuestra alma nacional. El espíritu natural y grave de España, tocado aroma teórico, primer autobús, todos o casi militar, como tú vertimiento y con. Pero ya que no hay gloria sin sacrificio y placeres los pre dar vivienda y acatamiento y respeto a la legítima autoridad, el haber restaurado esta vieja morada, tanto en victoria y sufriera su cristino estado, bien debiera tomarse como símbolo expresivo de la nueva patria dominicana."

El brillante discurso de Su Excelencia el Generalísimo y Doctor Rafael Leónidas Trujillo Molina. Anselmo Paulino Álvarez, alias "Ojo de Vidrio", fue una de las personas en las cuales Trujillo depositó mayor confianza. Bajo la influencia de Anselmo, la dictadura desarrolló un vasto programa de desarrollo industrial y de expansión económica. A mediados de los años cincuenta, en medio de la bonanza económica, fruto de su proyecto industrialista, Anselmo Paulino cayó en desgracia, siendo separado del círculo de colaboradores cercanos de Trujillo y recluido en la cárcel de La Victoria. Con la caída de Anselmo Paulino, fue rehabilitado en la confianza del dictador el dúo compuesto por Cuyo Alba Espina y Pino Pichardo, bajo cuya influencia la dictadura decidió construir un gran recinto ferial para celebrar los 25 años de la Era de Trujillo. La Feria de la Paz y Confraternidad del Mundo Libre se construyó en las afueras de Santo Domingo y se levantaron una serie de edificios, teatros y hoteles para albergar las exposiciones de los países participantes, así como a los numerosos visitantes esperados. La feria se inauguró oficialmente el 20 de diciembre de 1955 con una ostentosa ceremonia en la cual se coronó a la hija menor del dictador como Reina de la Feria, con el título de Angelita Primera. En el discurso inaugural de la feria, Trujillo hizo una apología de sus logros como conductor de los destinos del pueblo dominicano.

"Mi primer pensamiento para acudir a este sitio para declarar inaugurada la Feria de la Paz y Confraternidad del Mundo Libre. El hilo avión agradecer a su infinita mi potencia la protección que habéis pensado al gobierno y al pueblo americano durante el cuarto de siglo que estamos hoy exaltando con esta ignominia de gracias, plasmado en piedra e imperecedera. Es la fibra indomable y el carácter ejecutivo de ese pueblo lo que nos ha permitido, en un lapso de 25 años, crear nuestras finanzas para establecer el crédito internacional de la nación, administrar nuestras aduanas e integrar definitivamente a la soberanía nacional por la conquista de esta independencia financiera, definir nuestros límites territoriales e incorporar a nuestro patrimonio histórico la tierra de que nos despojó un largo proceso, desde la finalización progresiva, fortalecer nuestra economía, del área de nuestras industrias y crear nuestras propias instituciones de crédito para usar año tras año nuestros presupuestos e invertir durante un cuarto de siglo más de 360 millones de pesos en un vasto programa de obras públicas con recursos arbitrados por nuestros propios medios, difundir la enseñanza y poner en práctica un plan de alfabetización total de nuestras masas a la vanguardia de las naciones más destacadas en el cielo. Son ellos de democratizar la cultura y, pero hemos construido solo para el presente, sino para el porvenir. Al propio tiempo que hemos trabajado sin descanso para organizar el estar, de enriquecer la República con fuentes de producción insospechadas, hemos construido las bases en que se podrá apoyarse el país en los siglos venideros para continuar el proceso de su prosperidad ilimitada."

La feria costó más de 30 millones de dólares, casi el equivalente a un tercio del presupuesto nacional para el año 1955. La aparente disciplina financiera que la dictadura mantenía sobre la economía contrasta dramáticamente con el despilfarro económico que se produjo en las celebraciones de la feria. Solamente el vestido que llevaba Angelita, la hija del dictador, el día de la ceremonia, costó 80 mil dólares. "De todos los continentes a la feria en Santo Domingo, allá la esperamos a todos, y esto va a la Lolita, no bailas de pistas con la gente."

El 12 de marzo de 1956, fue secuestrado en el apartamento 15F del número 30 en la Quinta Avenida, Jesús de Galíndez. Galíndez, quien en ese momento era profesor en Columbia University y delegado del gobierno vasco en el exilio, había escrito su tesis doctoral sobre la dictadura de Trujillo y tenía planes de publicarla en un libro. Entre los amigos y relacionados de Trujillo en Nueva York circulaba una versión de que el libro de Galíndez tenía partes ofensivas a la persona y a la familia del jefe. Trujillo, que era muy susceptible a las ofensas personales y familiares, al enterarse de los planes de difusión del libro, puso en marcha un operativo que culminó con el secuestro y desaparición de Jesús de Galíndez. El caso de Galíndez, quien era un agente encubierto al servicio del FBI, le creó a la dictadura de Trujillo una imagen desfavorable en la opinión pública norteamericana y contribuyó en cierta medida al deterioro de sus relaciones con los Estados Unidos. Tiempo después, investigadores del FBI establecieron responsabilidades en el caso que implicaron a numerosas personas en el secuestro, así como en los asesinatos que le sucedieron. Entre los implicados estaban el General Arturo Espaillat, alias "Navajita", el Teniente Emilio Ludovino Fernández, el Coronel Antonio Haché, el Capitán Octavio de la Masa, el Reverendo Óscar Robles Toledano, la Embajadora Minerva Bernardino y su hermano Félix W. Bernard, y también Félix Hernández Márquez, alias "El Coco", Ana Gloria Viera y los estadounidenses Stanley V. Glazer, Morfin y John George Frey, ex agente del FBI y agente de la CIA, quien dirigió y planificó todo el proceso del secuestro en territorio norteamericano.

Uno de los recursos propagandísticos que la dictadura utilizaba para tratar de legitimarse ante la opinión pública internacional era la celebración regular de elecciones presidenciales en las fechas previstas en la constitución vigente. En 1957, el Partido Dominicano presentó las candidaturas de "Negro" Trujillo a la presidencia y la de Joaquín Balaguer a la vicepresidencia para el período 1957-1962, iniciándose de inmediato las actividades propagandísticas para las votaciones de mayo. "Claro está, tiene una política rebosante de entusiasmo y desbordante de turismo, llevando el pleno convencimiento de que cada uno de los presentes y en cada corazón universitario y en el pueblo dominicano un servidor, un patriota, un trujillista. Hoy el pueblo dominicano adulto es ratón y confía entre sus destinos se encuentra de pie en este por mirarlo homenaje al Generalísimo y de apoyo a la candidatura a Trujillo para la guerra para 1957-1962. A que estamos asistiendo porque tiene pleno convencimiento de que el General Héctor Bienvenido Trujillo Molina en la presidencia y el Doctor Joaquín Balaguer en la vicepresidencia, además tienen guardada el número sorpresa entre Qatar y cada República y se ha intervenido este paso de avance definitivo hacia el proyecto general que ha trazado la mano sabéis cuarto del Generalísimo Trujillo, el más eminente dominicano, hijo de la benemérita ciudad de San Cristóbal, el preclaro conductor de los destinos de la nación, Generalísimo y Doctor Rafael Leónidas Trujillo Molina, benefactor de la patria y padre de la patria nueva. Compruebo nate casete de mis huertos intelectuales para insertar merecidamente los títulos de nuestro héroe máximo, y anés ganados al agro, la imperecedera y al recuerdo perenne no acaba de nuestra nación, que han engrandecido y redimido para siempre de su antigua postración, sino también del mundo americano, hasta donde se proyecta de manera ostensible su excelente actuación de preclaro gobernante y de estadista genial y aceite. Sin embargo, la fuerza de mi profunda convicción y de medición y límite está la política viene que ahora de nuestro protector y guía del hombre que nos trataba todos prosperidad y progreso mediante sus realizaciones portentosas, justamente apreciadas y programadas a todos los vientos. Por cuanto antes que mi humilde personas han enjuiciado la obra patriótica de nuestro amado Generalísimo, especialmente como mujer, me sería imposible silenciar que las mujeres dominicanas les debemos a Trujillo nuestra exaltación a la plenitud de la ciudadanía política y al pleno va a ser la personalidad civil, conquistas que no teman a nuestros compañeros del sexo masculino y que nos conozcan orgullosamente en la vanguardia del movimiento feminista del mundo moderno. Y mayor ni más busco motivo de agradecimiento, admiración y cariño de nuestra parte para Trujillo, al grande. Justo es también, ya la vemos pintada en esta feliz ocasión, la labor meritísima de cooperación decidida que durante su eficaz administración le ha prestado a su eminente de mano y meta inspirador, el Excelentísimo Señor Presidente de la República, General Héctor Bienvenido Trujillo Molina, y en portales medios que ha hecho acreedor a la reelección en tu alto cargo, tal como los no los ha recomendado el ilustre jefe. Y por ello, los manifestantes de aquí reunidos, y a la cabeza los componentes del comité universitario organizador y todo el estudiantado que se representa, proclamaba al unísono: En los próximos comicios electorales, votaremos por los candidatos de nuestro partido, los cuales son al propio tiempo candidatos de toda la nación: el General Héctor Bienvenido Trujillo Molina para Presidente de la República y el Doctor Joaquín Balaguer para Vicepresidente."

El 22 de diciembre de 1958, en la frontera dominico-haitiana entre Jimaní y Malpas, el dictador dominicano Rafael Leónidas Trujillo, acompañado de su hermano "Negro", firmó con el dictador haitiano François Duvalier un acuerdo para protegerse mutuamente. El acuerdo establecía, entre otras cosas, que ninguno de los dos gobiernos permitiría en sus respectivos territorios actividades subversivas en contra de uno de ellos, ni que los exiliados políticos realizaran propaganda sistemática incitando al empleo de la violencia contra cada uno de sus estados. La tortura, la sangre, el crimen y el terror sin límites eran la especialidad de este, con rostro de tonto y mirada inofensiva. Su nombre: Johnny Abbes García, jefe del Servicio de Inteligencia Militar (SIM), sin la poderosa organización que aterrorizaba a la población con sus frecuentes crímenes y torturas, y que tenía en su nómina a miles de agentes secretos diseminados por todo el país, entre los que había desde limpiabotas hasta altos funcionarios del gobierno, incluyendo oficiales militares. Entre sus variadas funciones estaban la de atemorizar a la población civil, los funcionarios públicos y los miembros de las fuerzas armadas. El SIM tenía también varios centros de tortura donde se sometía a los prisioneros a los más crueles e infernales suplicios, en su mayoría introducidos al país por Johnny Abbes García. Y durante los últimos tres años de la dictadura, Johnny Abbes era la persona que más influía sobre Trujillo y el que mejor armonizaba con esos oscuros y perversos sentimientos que acompañaban al dictador.

El primero de enero de 1959, el Comandante Fidel Castro entra a la ciudad de La Habana al frente de su ejército guerrillero, poniendo fin a la dictadura de Fulgencio Batista. Semanas después, en Caracas, Rómulo Betancourt asume la presidencia de Venezuela, mientras que en Puerto Rico, Luis Muñoz Marín se mantenía en la gobernación de la isla. La diferencia aguas del día más, además del pacto con Trujillo, tomó otras medidas previendo una posible invasión, entre ellas maniobras y desfiles militares en las principales ciudades y una intensa campaña propagandística en los medios de comunicación masiva. "Por la libertad y solidaridad de América, transmita la Voz Americana. Necesidad Trujillo, Distrito de Santo Domingo, capital de la República Dominicana. Yo la vista siempre, siempre la letrada."

El 14 de junio de 1959, a las seis y veinticinco de la tarde, un avión aterrizó en el poblado de Constanza, dejando en suelo dominicano a 54 hombres armados, al frente de los cuales venía el Comandante dominicano Enrique Jiménez Moya y el Comandante cubano Delio Gómez Ochoa. "La hora de la liberación ha llegado. El despertar democrático de América. El auge creciente e incontenible alcanza nuestra patria después de haber barrido con las tiranías de Rojas Pinilla, de Perón, de Pérez Jiménez, de Fulgencio Batista y otras. Se tambalean en el umbral de la derrota. El Ejército de Liberación Dominicana pelea ya con decisión inquebrantable en nuestros llanos y montañas y dispuesto está a destruir para siempre el yugo de la opresión y la barbarie." Seis días después, el 20 de junio, dos embarcaciones tocaron la costa norte dominicana, una por Maimón y otra por Estero Hondo, en la provincia de Puerto Plata, desembarcando 144 expedicionarios al mando de los cuales venía el Doctor José Horacio Rodríguez. Esta expedición de 198 combatientes estaba integrada por exiliados dominicanos, cubanos, venezolanos, puertorriqueños y norteamericanos, los cuales tenían la intención de derrocar la dictadura de Trujillo e instalar un gobierno democrático. "A mis compañeros de la Aviación Militar de Trujillo, les habla el Capitán Juan de Dios Ventura Simó, y luego incorporado a las fuerzas del Ejército de Liberación Dominicana, cuyo propósito es barrer para siempre con la oprobiosa y sanguinaria tiranía de Trujillo, de la cual son víctimas tantos ustedes como la totalidad de nuestro querido pueblo dominicano. Porque verano la parte baja de un cuerpo pobre, roca, pues bueno, pero para atrás."

Luego de varias semanas de enfrentamientos y escaramuzas con el ejército dominicano, la expedición fue controlada y la mayoría de los expedicionarios apresados y trasladados a la Base Aérea de San Isidro, donde fueron sometidos a las más crueles torturas. Luego de las torturas, los que aún quedaron con vida fueron fusilados en la Base Aérea de San Isidro. De 198 expedicionarios, sobrevivieron siete. Como uno de ellos, la dictadura montó una farsa, mostrándolo como agente del gobierno infiltrado en las filas de los expedicionarios. "Quiero aprovecharme de esta oportunidad en que vengo a hablar por la radio La Voz Dominicana para decir al mundo que yo nunca he sido traidor y que si fui al exterior fue en servicio en favor de mi gobierno y por esa razón he sido ascendido de capitán a teniente coronel. Me encuentro aquí en la República Dominicana al servicio del gobierno como piloto que soy de la Aviación Militar Dominicana. Yo soy Juan de Dios Ventura Simó y lo que hice fue traer a esos bandoleros a la República Dominicana para que vieran que aquí no se puede hacer revolución contra nuestro gobierno." Al terminar la exhibición, el Capitán Juan de Dios Ventura Simó fue llevado a la cárcel de La Victoria y sometido a terribles suplicios durante varios meses y finalmente lanzado al mar, simulando un accidente aéreo. Aunque la expedición del 14 de julio fue un fracaso militar, causó un fuerte impacto en la vida nacional y contribuyó a agudizar la crisis política interna que comenzaba a sufrir la dictadura.

Para 1959, comenzaron a sentirse los efectos de la crisis económica que sufría la dictadura, debido a la incapacidad de perpetuarse del modelo monopólico de industrialización auspiciado por Trujillo y a la baja de los precios en el mercado internacional de los productos dominicanos. En 1957, el valor de las ventas del azúcar, el principal producto de exportación, era de 104.6 millones de pesos y para 1959 descendió a 65.10 millones. Bajo la dictadura, el país había logrado un desarrollo considerable de su infraestructura industrial, fortaleciendo un sector social del poder económico vinculado a la actividad comercial e industrial, pero subordinado a las personas de Trujillo. En vista de que Trujillo era el principal propietario de las industrias y tenía bajo su control los principales resortes de la actividad económica y financiera, los errores políticos cometidos por él en los últimos años de su dictadura afectaron significativamente el proceso de expansión industrial y económica y, por consiguiente, a la burguesía comercial vinculada a este. Los gastos excesivos e improductivos, la compra desproporcionada de armamentos para las fuerzas armadas y la repatriación de grandes cantidades de dinero por parte de Trujillo y sus seguidores cercanos contribuyeron a agravar más la crisis económica, creando malestar en los diversos sectores sociales, incluyendo a los aliados tradicionales de su dictadura. Porque no era solo la crisis, sino más bien la forma en que Trujillo la enfrentó lo que redefinía el pacto de dominación mediante el cual los grupos dominantes nacionales se colocaban bajo la égida de la instancia representada por el Estado y por la persona del tirano. Su descontento no se podía expresar por el terror imperante y su falta de experiencia política. A pesar de esto, algunos grupos entraron en un determinado nivel de relación con el movimiento político directamente encaminado a la sustitución del tirano, que llegó a ser tan poderoso que englobó a muchos miembros de la generación, como ven, de los sectores burgueses directamente vinculados con el sistema de dominación trujillista.

Como expresión de este descontento y recogiendo el programa de los expedicionarios de junio, a finales de 1959 se organizó clandestinamente la Agrupación Política 14 de Junio, un movimiento opositor clandestino de orientación izquierdista que llegó a cubrir casi todo el territorio nacional con unos 6,000 comprometidos de todos los sectores sociales. Los dirigentes principales del 14 de Junio eran el Doctor Manuel Aurelio Tavárez Justo y su esposa Minerva Mirabal. A finales de diciembre de 1959, el movimiento fue delatado y del 11 al 21 de enero de 1960, el Servicio de Inteligencia Militar (SIM) realizó una amplia redada y apresó a más de 400 personas, en su mayoría dirigentes y simpatizantes del movimiento. La cruel represión desatada contra los miembros del 14 de Junio produjo un sentimiento de indignación generalizada en la población dominicana, aumentando significativamente el descontento ya existente. El 31 de enero de 1960, en todas las iglesias del país se leyó una carta pastoral en la cual la Iglesia Católica mostraba su inconformidad con la situación imperante y atacaba duramente las acciones represivas de la dictadura. En una de sus partes decía: "Hemos prometido especiales plegarias para obtener de Dios que ninguno de los familiares de la autoridad experimente jamás en su existencia los sufrimientos que afligen ahora a los corazones de tantos padres de familia, de tantos hijos, de tantas madres y de tantas esposas dominicanos." Ante la pastoral de la Iglesia, la dictadura reaccionó violentamente. Inició una campaña de ataques contra la Iglesia Católica a través de los medios de comunicación masiva y organizó actos de protesta.

La represión política desatada por Trujillo tuvo amplias repercusiones en la prensa internacional, lo cual se constituyó en otro elemento en su contra en el proceso de deterioro de sus relaciones con el gobierno estadounidense. Con el ascenso al poder de Fidel Castro en enero de 1959, los Estados Unidos comenzaron a recabar el apoyo de varios gobiernos de Latinoamérica para emprender una acción multilateral contra la Revolución Cubana. Varios gobiernos democráticos de la región, en especial el de Rómulo Betancourt en Venezuela, se oponían a una acción contra Fidel, sino antes de emprenderla contra Trujillo, a quien consideraban un elemento de mayor perturbación en la región. Ante esta situación, el 9 de febrero de 1960, la administración Eisenhower envió a Santo Domingo al Senador de la Florida, George Smathers, para que se entrevistara con Trujillo y lo persuadieran a retirarse del poder, salir del país y dar paso a un gobierno demócrata liberal. A Smathers, en el Departamento de Estado, no le dieron crédito a las promesas que Trujillo hizo. Por lo que le enviaron al General Norman Clark, quien llegó a Santo Domingo el 26 de marzo de 1960. A su regreso a Estados Unidos, Clark envió un memorándum al Presidente Eisenhower en el cual recomendaba: "Debemos inducir a Trujillo para que se retire ahora y tomara medidas de inmediato para asegurar una transición pacífica y ordenada a un gobierno constitucional, previniendo el caos, el derramamiento de sangre y el posible establecimiento de un gobierno radical y anti-norteamericano, ayudado y apoyado por Fidel Castro y cualquier otra fuerza hostil." Dos meses después, en mayo, durante una reunión del Consejo Nacional de Seguridad, el Presidente Eisenhower, refiriéndose a Trujillo y a Fidel Castro, afirmó: "Me gustaría verlos a ambos aniquilados." Al mes siguiente, el 16 de julio, las oficinas de la CIA en Washington enviaron un cable a Peter D. V. V. V. V. V. V. V. V. V. V. V. V. V. V. 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El primero de enero de 1959, el Comandante Fidel Castro entra a la ciudad de La Habana al frente de su ejército guerrillero, poniendo fin a la dictadura de Fulgencio Batista. Semanas después, en Caracas, Rómulo Betancourt asume la presidencia de Venezuela, mientras que en Puerto Rico, Luis Muñoz Marín se mantenía en la gobernación de la isla. La diferencia aguas del día más, además del pacto con Trujillo, tomó otras medidas previendo una posible invasión, entre ellas maniobras y desfiles militares en las principales ciudades y una intensa campaña propagandística en los medios de comunicación masiva. "Por la libertad y solidaridad de América, transmita la Voz Americana. Necesidad Trujillo, Distrito de Santo Domingo, capital de la República Dominicana. Yo la vista siempre, siempre la letrada."

El 14 de junio de 1959, a las seis y veinticinco de la tarde, un avión aterrizó en el poblado de Constanza, dejando en suelo dominicano a 54 hombres armados, al frente de los cuales venía el Comandante dominicano Enrique Jiménez Moya y el Comandante cubano Delio Gómez Ochoa. "La hora de la liberación ha llegado. El despertar democrático de América. El auge creciente e incontenible alcanza nuestra patria después de haber barrido con las tiranías de Rojas Pinilla, de Perón, de Pérez Jiménez, de Fulgencio Batista y otras. Se tambalean en el umbral de la derrota. El Ejército de Liberación Dominicana pelea ya con decisión inquebrantable en nuestros llanos y montañas y dispuesto está a destruir para siempre el yugo de la opresión y la barbarie." Seis días después, el 20 de junio, dos embarcaciones tocaron la costa norte dominicana, una por Maimón y otra por Estero Hondo, en la provincia de Puerto Plata, desembarcando 144 expedicionarios al mando de los cuales venía el Doctor José Horacio Rodríguez. Esta expedición de 198 combatientes estaba integrada por exiliados dominicanos, cubanos, venezolanos, puertorriqueños y norteamericanos, los cuales tenían la intención de derrocar la dictadura de Trujillo e instalar un gobierno democrático. "A mis compañeros de la Aviación Militar de Trujillo, les habla el Capitán Juan de Dios Ventura Simó, y luego incorporado a las fuerzas del Ejército de Liberación Dominicana, cuyo propósito es barrer para siempre con la oprobiosa y sanguinaria tiranía de Trujillo, de la cual son víctimas tantos ustedes como la totalidad de nuestro querido pueblo dominicano. Porque verano la parte baja de un cuerpo pobre, roca, pues bueno, pero para atrás."

Luego de varias semanas de enfrentamientos y escaramuzas con el ejército dominicano, la expedición fue controlada y la mayoría de los expedicionarios apresados y trasladados a la Base Aérea de San Isidro, donde fueron sometidos a las más crueles torturas. Luego de las torturas, los que aún quedaron con vida fueron fusilados en la Base Aérea de San Isidro. De 198 expedicionarios, sobrevivieron siete. Como uno de ellos, la dictadura montó una farsa, mostrándolo como agente del gobierno infiltrado en las filas de los expedicionarios. "Quiero aprovecharme de esta oportunidad en que vengo a hablar por la radio La Voz Dominicana para decir al mundo que yo nunca he sido traidor y que si fui al exterior fue en servicio en favor de mi gobierno y por esa razón he sido ascendido de capitán a teniente coronel. Me encuentro aquí en la República Dominicana al servicio del gobierno como piloto que soy de la Aviación Militar Dominicana. Yo soy Juan de Dios Ventura Simó y lo que hice fue traer a esos bandoleros a la República Dominicana para que vieran que aquí no se puede hacer revolución contra nuestro gobierno." Al terminar la exhibición, el Capitán Juan de Dios Ventura Simó fue llevado a la cárcel de La Victoria y sometido a terribles suplicios durante varios meses y finalmente lanzado al mar, simulando un accidente aéreo. Aunque la expedición del 14 de julio fue un fracaso militar, causó un fuerte impacto en la vida nacional y contribuyó a agudizar la crisis política interna que comenzaba a sufrir la dictadura.

Para 1959, comenzaron a sentirse los efectos de la crisis económica que sufría la dictadura, debido a la incapacidad de perpetuarse del modelo monopólico de industrialización auspiciado por Trujillo y a la baja de los precios en el mercado internacional de los productos dominicanos. En 1957, el valor de las ventas del azúcar, el principal producto de exportación, era de 104.6 millones de pesos y para 1959 descendió a 65.10 millones. Bajo la dictadura, el país había logrado un desarrollo considerable de su infraestructura industrial, fortaleciendo un sector social del poder económico vinculado a la actividad comercial e industrial, pero subordinado a las personas de Trujillo. En vista de que Trujillo era el principal propietario de las industrias y tenía bajo su control los principales resortes de la actividad económica y financiera, los errores políticos cometidos por él en los últimos años de su dictadura afectaron significativamente el proceso de expansión industrial y económica y, por consiguiente, a la burguesía comercial vinculada a este. Los gastos excesivos e improductivos, la compra desproporcionada de armamentos para las fuerzas armadas y la repatriación de grandes cantidades de dinero por parte de Trujillo y sus seguidores cercanos contribuyeron a agravar más la crisis económica, creando malestar en los diversos sectores sociales, incluyendo a los aliados tradicionales de su dictadura. Porque no era solo la crisis, sino más bien la forma en que Trujillo la enfrentó lo que redefinía el pacto de dominación mediante el cual los grupos dominantes nacionales se colocaban bajo la égida de la instancia representada por el Estado y por la persona del tirano. Su descontento no se podía expresar por el terror imperante y su falta de experiencia política. A pesar de esto, algunos grupos entraron en un determinado nivel de relación con el movimiento político directamente encaminado a la sustitución del tirano, que llegó a ser tan poderoso que englobó a muchos miembros de la generación, como ven, de los sectores burgueses directamente vinculados con el sistema de dominación trujillista.

Como expresión de este descontento y recogiendo el programa de los expedicionarios de junio, a finales de 1959 se organizó clandestinamente la Agrupación Política 14 de Junio, un movimiento opositor clandestino de orientación izquierdista que llegó a cubrir casi todo el territorio nacional con unos 6,000 comprometidos de todos los sectores sociales. Los dirigentes principales del 14 de Junio eran el Doctor Manuel Aurelio Tavárez Justo y su esposa Minerva Mirabal. A finales de diciembre de 1959, el movimiento fue delatado y del 11 al 21 de enero de 1960, el Servicio de Inteligencia Militar (SIM) realizó una amplia redada y apresó a más de 400 personas, en su mayoría dirigentes y simpatizantes del movimiento. La cruel represión desatada contra los miembros del 14 de Junio produjo un sentimiento de indignación generalizada en la población dominicana, aumentando significativamente el descontento ya existente. El 31 de enero de 1960, en todas las iglesias del país se leyó una carta pastoral en la cual la Iglesia Católica mostraba su inconformidad con la situación imperante y atacaba duramente las acciones represivas de la dictadura. En una de sus partes decía: "Hemos prometido especiales plegarias para obtener de Dios que ninguno de los familiares de la autoridad experimente jamás en su existencia los sufrimientos que afligen ahora a los corazones de tantos padres de familia, de tantos hijos, de tantas madres y de tantas esposas dominicanos." Ante la pastoral de la Iglesia, la dictadura reaccionó violentamente. Inició una campaña de ataques contra la Iglesia Católica a través de los medios de comunicación masiva y organizó actos de protesta.

La represión política desatada por Trujillo tuvo amplias repercusiones en la prensa internacional, lo cual se constituyó en otro elemento en su contra en el proceso de deterioro de sus relaciones con el gobierno estadounidense. Con el ascenso al poder de Fidel Castro en enero de 1959, los Estados Unidos comenzaron a recabar el apoyo de varios gobiernos de Latinoamérica para emprender una acción multilateral contra la Revolución Cubana. Varios gobiernos democráticos de la región, en especial el de Rómulo Betancourt en Venezuela, se oponían a una acción contra Fidel, sino antes de emprenderla contra Trujillo, a quien consideraban un elemento de mayor perturbación en la región. Ante esta situación, el 9 de febrero de 1960, la administración Eisenhower envió a Santo Domingo al Senador de la Florida, George Smathers, para que se entrevistara con Trujillo y lo persuadieran a retirarse del poder, salir del país y dar paso a un gobierno demócrata liberal. A Smathers, en el Departamento de Estado, no le dieron crédito a las promesas que Trujillo hizo. Por lo que le enviaron al General Norman Clark, quien llegó a Santo Domingo el 26 de marzo de 1960. A su regreso a Estados Unidos, Clark envió un memorándum al Presidente Eisenhower en el cual recomendaba: "Debemos inducir a Trujillo para que se retire ahora y tomara medidas de inmediato para asegurar una transición pacífica y ordenada a un gobierno constitucional, previniendo el caos, el derramamiento de sangre y el posible establecimiento de un gobierno radical y anti-norteamericano, ayudado y apoyado por Fidel Castro y cualquier otra fuerza hostil." Dos meses después, en mayo, durante una reunión del Consejo Nacional de Seguridad, el Presidente Eisenhower, refiriéndose a Trujillo y a Fidel Castro, afirmó: "Me gustaría verlos a ambos aniquilados." Al mes siguiente, el 16 de julio, las oficinas de la CIA en Washington enviaron un cable a Peter D. V. V. V. V. V. V. V. V. V. V. V. V. V. V. 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El 25 de noviembre de 1960, a las 4:30 de la tarde, agentes del Servicio de Inteligencia Militar (SIM) apresaron en las afueras de Puerto Plata a tres hermanas, esposas de tres dirigentes de la Agrupación Política 14 de Junio: Minerva Mirabal de Tavárez, Patria Mirabal de González, María Teresa Mirabal de Guzmán, y su chofer Rufino de la Cruz de Isla. Fueron conducidos a una casa campestre y golpeados salvajemente con palos y otros objetos contundentes hasta provocarles la muerte. Poca gente creyó la falsa versión aparecida en la prensa oficial. Minerva Mirabal nació el 13 de marzo de 1926 en Ojo de Agua, Salcedo. Realizó sus estudios secundarios en el Colegio Inmaculada Concepción de La Vega y luego pasó a la Universidad de Santo Domingo, donde obtuvo el título de Doctora en Derecho en 1957. En 1955 casó con el Doctor Manuel Aurelio Tavárez Justo, con el cual procreó dos hijos. En enero de 1960, tuvo una destacada participación junto a su esposo en las reuniones clandestinas que dieron origen a la Agrupación Política 14 de Junio. Según testimonios de quienes la conocieron, Minerva fue una mujer excepcional que se destacó en todas las actividades en las que participó, sobresaliendo por su entusiasmo, su carisma y su firme militancia antitrujillista. Su amor a la libertad, su valentía y su indignación ante la situación imperante trajeron como consecuencia que fuera apresada en varias oportunidades por los servicios de seguridad de la dictadura. A la hora de su muerte, tenía 34 años de edad. Su horrendo asesinato, junto a sus hermanas Patria, de 36 años, y María Teresa, de 25, aumentó los niveles de descontento de la población y contribuyó a agravar más la crisis de la dictadura en ese lugar.

Cuando John Fitzgerald Kennedy tomó posesión de la presidencia de los Estados Unidos el 20 de enero de 1961, los planes de la CIA para derrocar a Trujillo ya estaban en marcha. A pesar de esto, el Presidente Kennedy envió al diplomático Robert D. Murphy para que se entrevistara con Trujillo y lo persuadieran a retirarse pacíficamente del poder. Murphy llegó a Santo Domingo el 15 de abril de 1961. Sería el cuarto y último emisario del gobierno norteamericano para tratar de convencer al dictador de que se retirara por las buenas, pero Trujillo seguía firme en su posición. "Y aquí solo me sacan en camilla."

Martes, 30 de mayo de 1961, 9:45 de la noche. Kilómetro 9, carretera Santo Domingo-San Cristóbal. El carro en que viajaba el Generalísimo es ametrallado en medio de una emboscada en la carretera, recibiendo más de 60 impactos de balas de diversos calibres, siete de las cuales penetraron el cuerpo de Trujillo, provocándole la muerte. Su chofer, Sahiría de la Cruz

Había sido su voluntad y hola.

Luego de la misa de cuerpo presente, donde se le perdonaron los pecados al difunto, el doctor Joaquín Balaguer procedió a leer el panegírico del lugar. En una de sus partes dijo: "El momento es pues propicio para que juguemos sobre estas reliquias amadas, que defenderemos su memoria y que seremos fieles a sus consignas, manteniendo la unidad, querido jefe. Hasta luego, tus hijos espirituales, veteranos de las campañas que libradas durante más de 30 años. Miraremos hacia tu sepulcro como si a un símbolo. Ni esto y no omitiremos medios para impedir que se extinga la llama que tú encendiste en los altares de la República y en el alma de todos los dominicanos."

Terminadas las ceremonias, el cadáver de Trujillo fue colocado en un panteón especial que él mandó a construir en vida, ubicado debajo del altar mayor de la iglesia.

El 4 de junio, en horas de la noche, durante un enfrentamiento a tiros con agentes del SIM cerca del parque Independencia, mueren el ex general Juan Tomás Díaz y Antonio de la Maza, principales organizadores de la conspiración contra Trujillo.

El 10 de junio, las fuerzas armadas anuncian que el general José René Román Fernández fue apresado y sometido a un consejo de guerra, donde admitió su relación con los complotados. Tras ser sometido a las más crueles torturas, fue asesinado a puñaladas y su cuerpo lanzado al mar.

Para principios de noviembre de 1961, de los 13 identificados por el SIM como participantes en el complot contra Trujillo, 5 habían sido asesinados, 6 estaban prisioneros y dos prófugos: Luis Amiama Tió y Antonio Imbert Barreras.

El 18 de noviembre de 1961, los seis prisioneros fueron conducidos a la Hacienda Amarilla en San Cristóbal, donde fueron fusilados en presencia de Ramfis Trujillo y sus lugartenientes. Los muertos en Hacienda María fueron Roberto Rafael Pastor, Sangre de Pedro Livio Cedeño Herrera, Luis Salvador Estrella Sadhalá, Modesto Díaz Quesada, Wáscar Antonio Tejeda Pimentel y Luis Manuel Cáceres Michelle.

De la tumba del 30 de mayo al 18 de noviembre, 19 personas perdieron la vida como consecuencia directa del ajusticiamiento de Trujillo.

El día 18 de noviembre, en horas de la noche, asediado por las protestas internas pero sobre todo acorralado por la fuerte presión del gobierno norteamericano, Ramfis Trujillo abandona el país. Con la salida de Ramfis y toda la familia Trujillo, se puso fin a 30 años de cuenta dictadura. Se puso fin a la era de Trujillo.

No, no, no, no. Sí. En la planta, no. El archivo, en la carretera. Mataron archivos en la carretera de los verdes. Que me lo merece. Es que me mataron a que no me lo dejaron. Pero el pueblo celebra con mucho entusiasmo la fiesta del cielo del 30 de mayo. Vamos a reír, vamos a bailar. Perfecta de mayo, día de la libertad. Mataron al tío. Carretera. Desde que me enteré de.

El pueblo celebra cuando hayan puesto la fiesta del cielo el 30 de mayo. Nos vamos a reír, vamos a bailar, vamos a pasar. El 30 de mayo, día de la libertad. Matando a penas en la carretera. Matan las chapitas. Está cabeceando. La mamá gritaba. La mamá gritaba de esta manera. Matar la cabeza y no me lo deja. López para mí. Videos y Nepal al canal oficial de René Fortunato en YouTube. Suscríbete.