本视频解释了“群体思维”（Groupthink）的概念，即群体成员为了维护群体的一致性，而牺牲了独立思考和做出最佳决策的能力。心理学家欧文·詹尼斯（Irving Janis）将群体思维定义为“由于群体内部压力而导致的心理效率、现实检验和道德判断的恶化”。

群体思维的特征包括：
*   **过度自信和不容置疑的信念**：群体成员常常过度自信，坚信群体的能力和道德是无可置疑的。
*   **压制异议**：群体内部可能不鼓励甚至惩罚成员提出不同意见，这可能导致成员因害怕被排斥而保持沉默。
*   **虚假的共识**：沉默的成员会制造出群体意见一致的假象。
*   **极端化决策**：群体做出的决定，包括道德判断，可能比任何单个成员最初支持的都要极端。
*   **忽视道德问题**：在群体思维的影响下，成员可能不会质疑那些在道德上有疑问的决定和行为。

视频举例说明，有人认为布什政府因不存在的大规模杀伤性武器而决定入侵伊拉克，就是群体思维的体现。最终，群体思维会导致我们为了和谐与共识而牺牲独立判断，并可能导致不道德的行为。

McCombs School of Business

群体思维
群体思维发生时，人们维持群体忠诚的愿望变得比做出最佳选择更重要。在群体情境中，人们常常发现很难独立思考和行动。根据心理学家欧文·詹尼斯（Irving Janis）的说法，群体思维是“由于群体内部压力而导致的心理效率、现实检验和道德判断的恶化”。群体成员常常遭受过度自信，并对群体的能力和道德持有不容置疑的信念。群体成员的异议可能会受到压制，甚至导致被驱逐出群体。因为人们常常想避免这些惩罚，所以他们保持沉默。这会在群体中造成一致或统一的错觉。群体也可能做出比群体中任何一个成员最初支持的更极端的决定，包括道德判断。不幸的是，如果群体思维占据主导，群体成员甚至可能不会质疑道德上可疑的决定和行为。例如，有人说布什政府因不存在的大规模杀伤性武器而决定入侵伊拉克是由于群体思维。事实上，群体思维可能导致我们重视和谐与共识，而非独立判断，并可能导致不道德的行为。

Groupthink | Ethics Defined

Groupthink occurs when people’s desire to
maintain group loyalty

becomes more important than making the best
choices.

People often find it hard to think and act
independently in group situations.

According to psychologist Irving Janis, 
groupthink is

“a deterioration of mental efficiency, reality testing, and moral judgment that results from in-group pressures.”

Group members often suffer overconfidence
and hold an unquestioned belief

in the group’s competence and morality.

Dissent by group members may be discouraged
and even lead to expulsion from the group.

Because people often want to avoid these punishments,
they remain silent.

This creates the illusion of agreement or
unanimity in the group.

Groups may also reach decisions, including
moral judgments,

which are more extreme than any single member
of the group originally supported.

Unfortunately, if groupthink takes hold, group
members may not even question

For example, some people say that the Bush
administration’s decision to invade Iraq

because of non-existent weapons of mass destruction
was due to groupthink.

Indeed, groupthink can cause us to value harmony
and consensus over independent judgment,

Groupthink
Groupthink occurs when people’s desire to
maintain group loyalty
becomes more important than making the best
choices.
People often find it hard to think and act
independently in group situations.
According to psychologist Irving Janis, 
groupthink is
“a deterioration of mental efficiency, reality testing, and moral judgment that results from in-group pressures.”
Group members often suffer overconfidence
and hold an unquestioned belief
in the group’s competence and morality.
Dissent by group members may be discouraged
and even lead to expulsion from the group.
Because people often want to avoid these punishments,
they remain silent.
This creates the illusion of agreement or
unanimity in the group.
Groups may also reach decisions, including
moral judgments,
which are more extreme than any single member
of the group originally supported.
Unfortunately, if groupthink takes hold, group
members may not even question
ethically dubious decisions and actions.
For example, some people say that the Bush
administration’s decision to invade Iraq
because of non-existent weapons of mass destruction
was due to groupthink.
Indeed, groupthink can cause us to value harmony
and consensus over independent judgment,
and can lead to unethical behavior.

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Groupthink | Ethics Defined

Transcription