Transcription
Good afternoon, young people. As I had commented in classes, I am sharing a video with you in which the stages and phases of Roman law are explained. When I refer to stages, I mean the legal cycles or evolutionary periods of law within all of ancient Rome. And when I speak of historical phases of Rome, I am referring to the periods that were lived in ancient Rome. Therefore, in this slide you can appreciate the stages of law, which were ancient law, pre-classical law, classical law, post-classical law, and Justinian law. And when we speak of Roman periods, we will speak of the monarchy, the Republic, and the empire. on the following timeline, because we are going to see this topic through a timeline. The red timeline marks the progression of the years. The green line at the end distinguishes the periods. For example, here monarchy indicates that it was born from 753 to 509 BC. And so, in this same sense, when we go up to see the brown line, it speaks of ancient law. Therefore, what this means is that ancient law, which arose or was in force from 753 to 130 BC, occupies part of the monarchy's timeline and occupies part of the Republic's timeline. So, I explain this to you so that you can understand the slide a little. We begin by explaining that ancient law, as is well mentioned in the slide, ruled from 753 to 130 BC. This ancient law corresponded to a somewhat formalistic, somewhat rigid, a quite archaic period of law, where the rituals of the pontiffs were greatly used. Of the pontiffs, okay? Later, then, in the evolution of law, we enter classical law, which was in force during part of the Republic and part of the empire. This classical law ruled from 130 to 230 AD and was represented, it was represented as if it were the technical pinnacle of Roman law. Here there were jurists like Ulpian, Papinian, Gaius, and the law was then characterized by its rationality, by being systematic, and by maintaining a balance between civil law, equity, and the law of nations. So, within this classical law, it also had its, let's say, its sub-periods in which it developed. The classical period was from 130 to 30 BC. Then the high or central period from 30 BC to 130 AD, and then the late classical period, which goes from 130 to 230 AD. Remember not to lose sight of the green line, which is what will indicate the stages. Therefore, this classical law extended from the period of the Republic to part of the empire. Continuing with the timeline, we now enter purely to see the empire. The empire was from 27 BC to 473 AD. In this imperial Roman period, post-classical law developed from 230 to 527 AD. This post-classical law already showed, let's say, a technical decline and an influence of imperial absolutism. Later you will understand what I mean by imperial absolutism when we talk about who held, let's say, the political leadership at different historical moments. Therefore, this post-classical law was subdivided into the Diocletian stage from 230 to 330 AD, the Constantinian stage from 330 to 430 AD. And finally, the Theodosian stage, always referring to emperors. And finally, we have Justinian law, which goes from 527 to 56 AD, which culminates with the codification, the elaboration of the Corpus Juris Civilis, which reorganized, purified, unified all these previous centuries of legal tradition and which became what we know today as the basis of European law, which in fact was the basis of the law we know today in Panama. Well, if we are going to see, let's say, the characteristics of both the monarchy, republic, and empire stages in relation to the laws or the type of law that ruled at these times, we would have to identify that ancient law had its origin in the founding of Rome. It applied, remember, only to Roman citizens and was based heavily on custom. At this time, it was quite formalistic, rigid, and severe. And this ancient law was replaced by the Law of the Twelve Tables. What does this mean? That the Law of the Twelve Tables is part of classical law because it was based on the opinion of the jurists and the legal order was based on the edicts promulgated by the praetor. Therefore, this Law of the Twelve Tables compiled all these provisions and established them in a single document. Okay. So, in the imperial stage, we have post-classical law and Justinian law. In post-classical law, dominion stemmed from the emperor of Rome, and imperial constitutions began to be issued. In Justinian law, the compiler of classical Roman law was Justinian, and he established a legislative reform, a compilation of norms, and a codification process that ended with the elaboration of the Corpus Juris Civilis. Yeah.