Transcription
Good afternoon, everyone. First August. So we will continue with the geography. Then, see in yesterday's lecture, we did that that Earth is divided into different eras, eons, apo periods, etc. Based on this, we see what is the geological history of the Earth. Geological history—constructing the history, spirit mecha. When the Earth was formed, there was no oxygen; the hydrogen, helium; there was a large amount of carbon dioxide; there was a large amount of methane; but there was no oxygen. And it was—it came out through what we say is the Big Bang theory. A Big Bang theory is not asked in the examination. Let me ask you some of the applied parts of this: the universe is expanding or not. But the directly Big Bang theory does not come in the examination. The origin—whether the Big Bang theory is right or wrong, we don't know; whether there is a nebular hypothesis is right or wrong. So actually, we don't know how the origin of the Earth occurred. But what we know: there are—the Earth can be divided on the basis of carbon dating. You know the carbon dating technology; that is, we see—you say—we find the age of the rocks; we find the age of the fossils; that is, the jobby amount of carbon in that we see, because the amount of half-life period of the carbon co calculate ker k, we calculate the age of the fossils. And after calculating the age of the fossils, this joe fossil just rock may have, we can understand what can be the edge of the rock. So, exact age of the rocks bataan time scale that itself—that is because we cannot exactly pinpoint due to the radioactive dating. Secondly, we cannot exactly pinpoint what happened before the era in an Paleozoic era; what is—and therefore we call this as a Pre-Cambrian period. But what we can understand is, in the Pre-Cambrian period, there was Earth; there was life also, but not in the form of human beings. There was life, and there was formation of some of the mountains; that is, the Aravalis. So agar gal applied question, UPSC will ask you an applied question: Does the peninsular plateau of India belong to the Pre-Cambrian era? Yes or no? Yes, peninsula. So obviously, the peninsular plateau belongs to the Pre-Cambrian era. So this is what about the Pre-Cambrian era. Then we come to the next period; that is, what is known as an Paleozoic period. Have you gone through that chapter of NCERT? Just have gone through that table. And the Paleozoic is divided into Cambrian; it is—it is further divided into numerous things. One is the Cambrian; Cambrian kebab or the division; there is Carboniferous; and after that, we have Permian. So what we are studying: we are studying—one was the free Cambrian, Pre-Cambrian kebab; there was Tallia’s wife. What is this era? They has Paleozoic era, and the Paleozoic era is divided into what? Cambrian, Ordovician, Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian period; or what these are periods. And thus you should know that youngest to oldest Kaiser—this is oldest, and this is the youngest. Cambrian is the oldest in this, and then there is an—that is the Quaternary and Tertiary. Don't write anything and UPSC questions passed here questions. So they will ask you two things: to arrange them on the basis of age, youngest to oldest; or they will ask you to arrange them on the basis of the—on housemates. I say commonly asked questions, or they can ask you a question: how they are divided. Subsequently, eon, ion is then further divided into epo; epo is further divided into periods; spirits is further divided into the—sorry, you eon, eon periods, era, Iraqi bat periods, and periods are further divided into epo. So you should know the geological time scale also in the chronological, maybe the factual char things there. What was this—that what was the question this year? Privatizat—that is, nationalization of Air India, XYZ. The book was published this radiyata, nationalization of RBI; which of the one was done first? US you can answer. So dates and mainstream till the time you don't write facts, marks namely Green Revolution, you will have to mention what are the effects. Then in this, when we will do this part, that is the plate tectonic theory, etcetera mentioned karna when you do—even in geography, some parts irrigation potential, you will have to remember the factual data, and you will have to update them from the Economic Survey, and then only marks will come in the main examination. Because always good speaking should be substantiated with proper facts; then only the communication becomes effective; otherwise, it will not become effective. So I guess in today's current affairs you discussed one road accident, swallow part, not it? Then when you will discuss, you should know some of the facts: in India, how many deaths occur due to raid road accidents? And you can go to Kaspaska due to road accidents every year; they are dying due to road accidents in India. So obviously, you should be able to quote the facts. Tina's are logged in in India due to air pollution, premature deaths; then you should quote the facts. So coming to the Cambrian era, you can note down: in the Cambrian era, there was no presence of life on the continents; there was no presence of life on the continents; but this was the era of—but this was the era of marine invertebrates; this was the era of marine invertebrates; or this was the—so this was the period of marine in worthy brits. Or the vision just remember: first fish. They will not ask you or the wish you—that is, the first fishes came in the Ordovician. I guess you know the difference between invertebrates and vertebrates. So fish is invertebrate or invertebrate? So this is a vertebrate or inverted radiation vertebrate; they have a vertebral column. So as a result, this was the era of—and first fish or the vision. Now this is what is important from our exam point of view. Devonian. Devonian is known as an age of fishes; Devonian is known as an age of fishes; Devonian is known as an age of fishes. Why age of fish? Is because maximum number of fishes came in the Devonian period. In Indian mythology, this period belongs to the Matsya Avatar of Vishnu. And if you see the stories of Matsya and the stories of this geological time scale, they are more or less same. So this was the age of the fishes. In the geography, that human beings did not originate—this is our limited knowledge; maybe some human beings were there, and there have been some discoveries also. Mainstream accepted the discoveries are still going on—means they were very huge people who were living in this region, but the dating say we have not yet proved. And then when we come—it we come to a very important period; that is, what is known as an Carboniferous period. Can you tell me why this is the Carboniferous period important? What do you mean by carbon? Carbon is found in water, in fossil fuels. So this Carboniferous period is the age of coal. So take down: in the Carboniferous period; in the Carboniferous period; in the Carboniferous period, large amount of vegetation; large amount of vegetation went below; went below water; went below waters or floods, fresh water went below water; the living; the living sediments; the living sediments were trapped; the living sediments were trapped to give rise; to give rise to coal; to give rice to coal; to give rise to coal. Most of the coal in the world; most of the coal in the world belongs to; belongs to Carboniferous spirit, Carboniferous period. But Indian coal; but Indian coal is off; is of relatively younger age; is of relatively younger age belonging to the Gondwana period; belonging to the Gondwana period; belonging to Goldwanna period; relatively younger age belonging to the Gondwana period. Now what this statement means: he whirled over jobby cole that belongs to the Carboniferous period, but it is new as compared to the Carboniferous coal; it is newer as compared to the Carboniferous coal. Now let us see the types of the coals. When we see coal, coal is known as anthracite; it is known as bituminous; it is known as lignite; and it is known as peat. These are the four varieties of coal which are found in the world. Now which is the best quality of the coal? Anthracite is the best quality of the coal, and bilkul kamkani—that is peat. This is because anthracite is oldest, and the peat is youngest. So we—when we see the coal, oldest to youngest, this is the how the coal is. Anthracite is the oldest, while the peat is the youngest kind of and coal that is formed. India coal is anthracite or dusra variety here. I am just—India coal is mostly bituminous; it is not as anthracite. Why it is not anthracite? Because it is not as old as the other coal. Gondwana coal is relatively younger Carboniferous mahibana, but in the later part of an Carboniferous period. Now understand: coal may—there are two things joby vegetation and that is submerged below the sea water, below the river water. And because that vegetation is submerged under your carbon head is trapped, and it gets converted due—we will find it as a coal deposits. But usually there has to be enough pressure and—but once the coal is formed, coal has two things: it has to give heat in the form of energy; energy in the form of heat and cold method about moisture up. Understand that if the coal is very young, there is more moisture and less carbon, because it has not yet been decomposed. But if the coal is very, very old, it has more carbon and therefore more heat and less moisture. Other moistures there will be more smoke and less heat. If the anthracite is there, there will be more heat and very, very less smoke. Therefore, anthracite is considered as in best quality coal because anthracite has 60 to 80 percent of an—so sorry, 80 to 90 percent of an carbon; bituminous has around 60 to 80 percent of n carbon; this is around forty percent to fifty sixty percent of in carbon; again peat has the forty to fifty percent of an carbon. So anthracite is considered the best. We will do this in the rocks again in detail, but we should remember that in the rocks—but one thing what you should remember is because India lacks anthracite. So you say what is the implication? We are one of the—is now before we go further: is India a producer of coal? Major producer of coal? Yes, India is the second largest producer of coal in the world. Does India expose the coal? Yes, India is an exporter of a coal; it has other coal deposits. Does India—is India importer of a coal? Exporter? Importer? If you are exporting something, if you are having more, will you import it? Yes, India imports the coal also. Why? Because India exports bituminous, and India is importing anthracite. India lacks anthracite. But if you want to make stainless steel, you require anthracite, because if you make stainless steel with the help of bituminous, lignite, or peat, it has more sulfur, and sulfur will give holes to the stainless steel. So therefore, we call anthracite as a cooking coal and the other as a non-cooking variety of an coal of applied questions. One question: if you go in the 2015 examination: is in India the coal power plants do not produce sulfur and thus they are non-polluting? True or false? Sulfur. Indian coal is rich in sulphur. So obviously, sulphur produced, and sulfur is harmful; sulfur is a pollutant. Sulphur say there is more of an rainfall which is known as an acid rainfall. 2014 question: India is an exporter of a coal. Option one: option was that because India wants to conserve its coal reserves. Second option was something that is that India does not have enough coal reserves. Which of the following statements are true? One only; two only; both one and two; neither one nor two; neither one nor two. India is importing coal because we do not have anthracite. So take down some of the things: anthracite; anthracite; anthracite is known as coking coal; anthracite is known as coking coal; anthracite is known as an cooking cool; it has less sulfur impurity; it has less sulfur impurity; less sulfur impurity and hence is used for making stainless steel; and hence it is used for making stainless steel. Next point: 98 percent of coal in India; 98 percent of coal in India is of bituminous variety; is of bituminous variety known as Gondwana coal; known as Gondwana coal; known as Gondwanako. Gondwana is rich in sulphur; Gondwana coal is rich in sulphur; Gondwana coal is rich in sulphur; and hence Gondwana coal is rich in sulfur; and hence it cannot be used for steel industry; it cannot be used for steel industry; it cannot be used for steel industry. And you should know that steel industry is the backbone of any industrial development. This country there is steel industry, proper use country unemployment problems, and that is the problem you will do in economics. We have bypassed hamara development hua; we developed agriculture, second five-year plan usable. The natural progression should be: we have—we should have developed manufacturing sector, and then we should have developed the service sector. Why? Agriculture sector people will get jobs; people will have money; excess of money; they will send their children to for education to the surrounding urban areas; or they will settle in the surrounding urban areas. When they settle in the surrounding urban areas, they—in there is increase in the income; they have some kind of—they will get jobs in the industrial sector. With the coming up of jobs in the industrial sector, they can spend more and more amount of money on health and education, and then the third generation, etc., it can be employed in the service sector industry. Now you are at a very, very basic level, so you will not be able to relate this, but a QT it is not on the YouTube, but you know that we are having a class after your class there after Green Revolution though impact the Green Revolution; rich became very rich. I am just telling you how you will—this has progressed. Rich farmers became rich; poorer farmers remain poor. Green Revolution resulted into—though areas, northwestern part of India, Punjab, Haryana, western UK, it was successful; rest of India was not successful. As a result, there were two kinds of the farmers; Green Revolution benefit losses. In 1980s, there were some student leaders or there were some students who were discharged with the government; frustrated with the government, they started going against this green—against this Green Revolution and Green Revolution—that was the era when there was an caste system was very prevalent in India system. So imagine what will be the caste system in that time. So only the upper-caste rich farmers could benefit from the Green Revolution, and when the upper-caste rich farmers in specific regions could benefit from the Green Revolution, usma people pay peasants, other farmers started rebelling. And when they started dribbling, this gave rise to some of the leaders, and that can be Mulan, that can be La Prasada, that can be Maya; the people belonging to the other caste. That was the first phase of farmers' rebellion which went in India. The second phase of farmer's rebellion sponsored mainstream media; they cannot escape because opposition party can sponsor in one part of the state. How can an opposition party sponsor in Tamil Nadu? How can they sponsor in Madhya Pradesh? How can they sponsor in Rajasthan? How can the sponsor in Punjab? How can they sponsor in Maharashtra? This is the failure of jobs. What has happened in recent times? Urbanization increased after liberalization, privatization, globalization; urbanization increased. When the urbanization increased, people started coming and settling in the urban areas. First-generation farmers or second-generation farmers, when they came into the city sitting, it gave rise to consumerism and individualism. With the coming up of individualism and consumerism, hum Indians, Western copic array, we are still linked to our villages, and as a result of generation, it is on the phase of disillusionment, confusion. Listen to any folk songs which are made us—whether it is Marathi, whether it is Haryanvi, whether it is Hindi, Desi versus English man. Now this is what this shows how—what is the reality that is happening after 1997? What has increased is there has been more privatization of education and health care system. I am not saying the present government, a past government policy; there has been privatization of jobs of—sorry, health and education. We try to copy from Singapore; we try to copy from Europe; we try to copy from USA; but say USSA; and as a result of this, what has increased? The spending of the people has increased. Obviously, people which was there, they have all aspirations that their children should educate; education my privatization for jobs. So the coaching industry started getting prominent role from the year 2005 onwards; coaching industry; and coaching industry started taking large amount of money; private hack profit maximization is the motive. Okay, you can see: profit maximization is the motive; current occurs clubbed; so—so not that way. But when the coaching industry started, this has happened in the recent years. If you want, I can share you that article, but here with Cirque Uper says I will share when we will develop the substantial amount of base because a agricultural distress is my tropic only in agriculture in this geography. Now with the coaching industry increasing, people came out; there has been fall in the public employment; and you can see how there has been fall in the public employment from 2010 seats herself; there has been fall; not just UPSC; each and every banking PO, SSC, everything; the seats have reduced over the period of time. Private sector do not have jobs; there has been no new investment in the agriculture sector; and as a result of this, what is happening in today's world? Today, in the last five, six years is farmer has to sell his land to meet his education of children in the cities; farmer has to send his la sell his land to meet the expenses; or farmer is not getting enough money from the land, and therefore he has to take loan; loan farming cleaning user loan; high use for education loan; where I use for the health care sector; and as a result of this, there is frustration even in the villages, and there is frustration even in the cities; and this is what is the—this is farmers' agitation that in many parts of India, jojo a farming community, they are demanding reservation. So it is not the failure of BJP only or the failure of Congress only; it is the failure of entire policy; the failure of is that we could not have the manufacturing sector. A China—China has gone in a proper progression; we jump from agriculture sector directly to the service sector; and in service sector, remember, education qualification does not matter; the one who is urban educated, English speaking, he will be employed in the service sector. Service sector may your technical knowledge does not matter; you should be urban educated through a communication skill, and you will get a job in service sector; service sector industry; and that is the problem that is happening. The only thing we should have gone here—why I am telling this—we are telling this with the background of manufacturing sector industries, but we had no choice. So don't compare India with 60s India; 60s, we did not have food grains till the time we had Green Revolution. Today, this same country, USA, which is our friend, Pandra Alpine, it was our staunch enemy; it did not support us in any of an international forums. So with this background, you just remember the distribution of Gondwana coal in India, and see this is how we should be drawing the diagram of India even in the examination. Just look here, I am—how I am drawing is you start from Gujarat, go up, take a V here; yeah, I say very fine; or you can make straight V, and then here; and from here, make Himalayas; there has to be one U-shaped bend; there has to be the next U-shaped bend in the Himalayas. You do not have to take this line, but you should extend the Himalayas up to the edge of India. So this is the diagram we should be making even in the examination. So the distribution of in the valleys of Godavari and its tributaries, Mahanadi, Subarna, and these are the states of Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, some extent of Maharashtra, some parts of Madhya Pradesh, some parts of Orissa and West Bengal. This is the distribution of Goldwanna coal in India, because we have a famous coal filled in the river Varda. After that, we have Pain Ganga and Vinegar. This three rivers of India are combinedly known as foreign; very easy to remember, Baahubali Part 2. So there is a fight in which they eat—they live the bullocks after putting them on fire on the banks of river. If you—whenever you watch movie again, she’s shown the queen of Pranhita region, the princess of Prank river, director Gopati. Now this is how you can remember region is famous for coal. Can I rub this part? So our coal is basically bituminous, lignite in India. Hamilton, we will do that later on. This is just—and do we find anthracite in India? Yes, we find anthracite in India in a small region of Jammu and Kashmir, which is known as Kalakuta. So Carboniferous period is the period of coal. Indian coal does not belong to the Carboniferous period. So obviously, I am not dictating. Therefore, India is one of the largest producer as well as importer and exporter of coal. India is the second largest producer; India is the second largest importer of gold, queue anthracite, and queue separately. If you read the NCERTs or if you read the old books which have not been updated, they say India is the third largest producer of coal, but recently, especially though Salman, India has become the second largest. So they say that India is the third largest importer of coal, but in the recent times, India has become the second largest importer of coal in Salmon. Can you tell me why? Logic make in India campaign; she is perfectly right; make in India campaign; we are now—because that is what the present Prime Minister is saying; he knows the manufacturing sector will have jobs. So make an India campaign. Okay, successfully unsuccessfully; it is very short time to decide, but you remember making India campaign, and we are now focusing on the manufacturing sector. Then the next period is Permian period; next period is the Permian period; no importance as at all from our exam point of view; it is not that important. Then what is the era after that Paleozoic? It is the Mesozoic era, and this Mesozoic era is further divided into three periods; it is known as Triassic; bad; it is Jurassic; and it is Cretaceous. Obviously, which is young in this, Cretaceous, and which is old in this—is the Triassic. We are not going to write anything. Jurassic; we are going to write Jurassic; we are going to write here; and this Jurassic period is what is known as—and can you tell me why is Jurassic period famous? It is known as an age of dinosaurs. Jurassic period was famous for the dinosaurs, age of the dinosaurs; there were large-bodied animals all over the world which are known as dinosaurs in this period. When did dinosaurs get extinct? They said the dinosaurs came in Triassic period, but age of dinosaurs matlab success other dinosaurs; for example, we have written that Devonian is the age of fish, but first fish came in which period earlier than that? So we do not say that earlier period is—and Solivarian period or duration period is not the age of the fish. Age of fish means when the fishes were dominant. And the Cretaceous period is famous for extinction of dinosaurs; it is known for the extinction of dinosaurs. Can you tell me why? In the terms of which catastrophic activity? Volcanic eruption. So this was the age. Now why did the dinosaurs get extinct? Are you understanding what we are doing is—but this is important. This was due to the large-scale volcanic activities. Why volcanic activity? Numerous theories; we still do not know why exactly there has been volcanic activities, but one theory says that the Earth was cooling and therefore it gave out excess heat which was there in the form of volcanoes. And the second theory says that this is due to some hammer; answer me will be right between the both the things, because one there is the cooling of the Earth and volcanoes, and the second is due to meteors impact; meteors impact means the extraterrestrial objects which are known as meteors which is going in the space; they came and fell on the surface of the Earth, giving rise to meteors impact; or you can write due to the collision or meteor coalition on Earth. What happened due to the meteor impact? If this is the Earth and Nietzsche, there is magma which is present here; some of the very big meteors came on the surface of the Earth, and as a result of this, they found a depression. Because of depression, calcium magma came out, and as a result of this, there was a volcanic activity which resulted into the extinction of dinosaurs. See these are very long periods; usually dinosaurs—they got extinct; entirely got extinct because of two reasons. When this large-scale volcanic activity occurred, after that the life started becoming smaller; when
The life started becoming smaller, a dinosaur; and as a result of this, the new birth could not take place, and hence the dinosaurs got extinct from the world. Can someone tell me? Arch cube meteors do not come and hit the surface of that today. Meteors come and impact the earth; do they come and hit the surface of the earth? Do the meteors come and come inside the earth's atmosphere? Yes, on a daily basis they come inside, but thankfully they do not reach the surface of the earth as soon as they enter the earth's atmosphere. With that is that; that is nothing but the meteors. Meteors, they come and why? Over the period of time, and as a result of this, the meteors could easily come and hit the surface of the earth. Thankfully today they do not come and hit the surface of that there, but there can be a chance of catastrophe any time. If a big meteor comes, it can come and fall on the surface of the earth. Secondly, because of this and how we use this for our daily life, Kalpana Chawla incident: they come, meteors come with such a great speed. Today, once they enter the inner atmosphere, due to friction, the same thing applies to the Kalpana incident. Without NASA, they could not control uska speed, and therefore it entered the inner atmosphere with a great speed, and thus it burst, went into flames. A second example is the Tianhe spacecraft of China, this year's April news. As soon as it entered the earth's atmosphere, it went into flames. Over the period of time next, asataki, it will fall on the Arabian Sea, but ultimately it fell in the Pacific Ocean somewhere. So this is what is the what happens in this, and now is application understand.
So the third point: in the Cretaceous period, during the Cretaceous period, during the Cretaceous period, during the Cretaceous period, due to the large-scale volcanic activities, due to large-scale volcanic activities, there was formation of, there was formation of, there was formation of volcanic plateaus over the earth. There was formation of volcanic plateaus over the earth, volcanic plateaus over the earth. These plateaus were made up of basalt. This plateaus were made up of basalt, and an example is the Siberian platform, Columbia snake plateau. Siberian plateau, we already know Russia, and Columbia snake plateau is in the USA. It has resulted in the formation of numerous plateaus. So Deccan lava flow, watch consistently the state of Maharashtra, mostly the state of Maharashtra, but it also covers some state of Madhya Pradesh, where it is known as Malwa plateau. It also covers some state of Gujarat. It also covers some state of Karnataka, that is the Nandan Karnataka. It also covers some state of some part of Tamil Nadu. Original Deccan lava plateau was right up to Haryana, but it has reduced in size, and today we have this only mostly in the Maharashtra region. The Deccan lava flow is famous for what? Black soil, and this black soil is the cotton-producing region of India.
Second point here is: see if this is a region, region, we can understand there is a magma here, but nature below the groundwater, below the ground, there is a water level, fine with this always. Below the ground there is a water level, whether you even go to Rajasthan ground where there is no water, even in the driest deserts, groundwater is in water which is present. So below the ground there is a water level. When a meteor will come and it will remove this surface, so can I say other yep part is removed? So can I say a water will be exposed, and can you call this over the period of time as a lake? This is a lake, so, so. Second thing for prelims, you remember what are meteor lakes? The lakes that is formed due to the impact of meteors. Why? Because it comes with the greater speed, removes the depression, and nicheka groundwater is exposed, resulting into the formation of meteor lakes. So meteor lakes are formed due to the impact of meteors, and ISC example is which lake? Lonar, in the state of Maharashtra, that is formed due to the impact of meteors. So you understand why Deccan lava plateau is mostly in Maharashtra, because meteor impact subsidies in the India, mecha India was near Africa. India was somewhere in the southern hemisphere; you will understand that today that is India was somewhere in the southern hemisphere, in the northern hemisphere. That means, can I say India is moving, sliding forwards? So today are we sliding forward? Delhi is going below Himalayas or not? Yes, path centimeters. Say we go to the north, you should remember how make boat here, and that boat is going to the north, and that name of the boat is India, and over the period of time it is linked to the north. The only thing is we do not realize it.
Then the next era is which era? Cenozoic, further divided into tertiary and quaternary, and you already know tertiary, pyramid yahuwah. There was a formation of young fold mountains known as, and therefore we will call this as an example of an alpine orogeny. Resulted into the formation of Himalayas belonging to the alpine origin. See NCERT, RB, Pliocene, Eocene, Oligocene, Miocene, that is, they are further divided, and the Quaternary period is for the, it was the when it was the age of evolution of the modern man, that is konsa homo? Homo sapiens city. We are, we evolved in the Quaternary period, that is just some two thousand, three thousand years before the present. And now there is a demand for including a new era, that is what is known as an, or the Anthropocene period, Anthropocene. So you take down about the Anthropocene: it is the last two thousand years. It is the last two thousand years when modern human beings, when modern human beings have dominated, have dominated. Modern human beings have dominated, and hence have caused modification of the atmosphere. Hence have caused modification of the atmosphere by deforestation of atmosphere or climate, modification of atmosphere or climate by deforestation, agriculture activities, agriculture activities, changing the land use, changing the land use, land use, changing the land use, burning of fossil fuels, burning of fossil fuels, and modification of, and modification of microclimate, and modification of microclimate, modification of microclimate. What do you understand by microclimate? Climates of surroundings, for example, climate of India, India city, Delhi. If you want to study the climate of sub parts, then also it is known as a microclimate, and how we are modified? We are modified by deforestation. We are modified by agriculture activities. Agriculture activities is responsible for large-scale deforestation in last some fifteen hundred years. Uh, came coal, industrial revolution again modified it, Anuska. What is the result? Result is pollution, global warming, then falling off agriculture produce, premature deaths, diseases. Example: a person who stays in Delhi for his life should reduce 5 years from the average Indian life. If the average Indian life is 670, Delhi my life is only 65. Why? Because of large-scale pollution. It is said that if you are studying in Delhi, your lungs are equal to the person who has been smoking, who is a chain smoker's lungs, that is a microclimate. Second example of an exam, example of and Q hair pollution due to human activities, and what is this impact? Impact is impact is decrease in the output, whether it is human resources, whether it is economic resources, whether it is the global burden of diseases has increased, and India and China are the biggest sufferers. And because India and China is the biggest sufferer, GDP of India and China, why is diseases? For example, you are students here, and because of pollution you miss five or six days of class, but if you are employed somewhere, especially in the private sector, or it continues because of pollution or because of some activities, you are missing, private company refugee, it will say we will, they will employ someone else. So this is what is so this category of the people is environmental refugee. So Joe go from one place to another because they want to, an environment is forcing you, refugee matlab you are going away from one place over the period. Environmental refugees are coming up because of pollution; people are forced to leave a place because of pollution; agriculture is failing because of pollution; schools are shut down because of pollution; there is large-scale diseases, and also because of pollution, future may air will be the most sellable item because of pollution, water is the best sellable item. Profit banana have a package drinking water company, they have oxygen bars. First oxygen bar has already come in India. What is oxygen bar? Pollution that you feel tired, you feel somewhat, go to a place, pay them some amount of money, take excess oxygen, and go for work, so that is an amount of an oxygen bargain. We are not very far away from this region if we do not reduce this Sicilia. The government is focusing on electric cars, slay there is so much ban on the diesel vehicles Isla Joe BS6 norms which should be coming after two years. The limit AC is also implemented here, that is the BS6 norms, that is emission norms. So this era, which has been modified by the human beings, is what is known as an Anthropocene. But in simple words, nature nato carbon dioxide Nicole, what we are doing, increase carbon dioxide by burning of the fossil fuels, so that is the geological time scale, fine with this. I guess Anthropocene was asked in this year's exam. Anthropocene was asked in this year's exam. It was expected last year, but it was asked in this year's exam, because officially geological time scale Anthropocene has not been added. There is a demand, easily Anthropocene, separate question, what is arrange this era, what is an Anthropocene? It can come even in the main examination also. IPPO, for example, Quaternary period, it is divided into further two periods, and this periods are known as.
So what we have seen? We have seen Cenozoic being divided into two, that is tertiary and quaternary. Of this quaternary, if it is further divided into some sub periods, a tertiary, if it is further divided into some sub periods, it is known as epo, not required except for one thing that this Quaternary period is further divided into two sub periods. Foreign we find it is, it belongs to very old Precambrian era. Some rocks are found in Meghalaya, and they are found in different parts of the world. So they are asking abhi to the International Geological Society to rem to rename some of an epo as Meghalayan, Nepal, Cambrian, Africa, and Australia. They are asking to name this as a Meghalayan because the rocks were first studied in Meghalaya, and they are found in different parts. We know that as a peninsular plateau region. So Cenozoic is divided into tertiary and quaternary. Quaternary may eight period have what is known as a please to see, and just remember that please do sin is famous for ice age. So the latest ice age on the surface of the earth occurred in the Pleistocene period. Now why this happens we do not know, but we know that earth passes from the warm to cold, warm to cold, warm to cold. So right now we are in the warmer phase, especially there was a place to sim period, and future maybe are fast approaching into the colder phase, but this colder phase of the earth is now rid is now affected by the global warming. It may not come because of a global warming. So when we do that, we are not doing the interior of the earth. I want you to just know because we are starting a theory that interior of the earth, as per the older view, they said that there is a cial, seema, and knife, and what was this? They said that the continents are made up of cl a continent which is made up of an cial. What do you mean by cial? Cl means it is dominated by silica and aluminum. So they said that the continents are made up of cial. They have left weaker rocks, they have rocks which are much much lighter as compared to the next layer, Johanna kaha, that is known as a sima. Why seema? Because this is made up of silica and magnesium, and after that they said that c mark in each there is knife or nephe layer, that is which is dominated by nickel and iron. So we say that earth is divided into cial, sima, and knife. Seals are what? Can I say continents or the continental crust? What is sima? Sima is an oceanic crust water, this is an ocean, so it is an oceanic crust, and what is knife? The innermost part of the earth. So cial, they say is lighter, it has lighter, it is made up of lighter rocks, it has lower density of somewhere around 2.7 grams per centimeter cube or 2.8 grams, you remember as of now, centimeter cube, and Artemis be careful about this. Why it is lighter? Because it is made up of lightest components, that is silica and aluminum, and is from the rocks which are known as granite. Now the geographers say that below the cl ly sima and sima is made up of denser rocks having greater density of around 3 grams per centimeter cube, and yaha pay why the denser is there? Because it is it is dominated by magnesium etcetera, and they say this rocks are basalt. And then innermost part of the earth, this is the most dense due to nickel and iron, is very very dense due to the presence of nickel and iron, having a density of greater than 15 grams per centimeter cube. So this is the older view regarding the interior of the earth. There is to say that earth is divided into calcium and knife. Cl is lighter, it is made up of silver icial because silica and magnesium, sorry, silica and aluminum. Why sima? Because of a silica and magnesium, and why knife? Because of nickel and iron.
Now before I go further, does earth have, earth has a magnetic property or behaves like a magnet? Why earth is a magnet? Due to the iron. So the older view was due to the presence of iron, earth behaves like a magnet on earth has magnetic property, rejected. This is not true entirely, but this. So based on this diagram, can I conclude that one simple statement that c is floating on sema? Cial is made up of lighter rocks, and this lighter rocks is the best example is granite, actually gray night night granite crocs, and can I say cial is nothing but continental crust? And can I say sima is nothing but oceanic crust? So can I conclude that continents are floating on the oceans? True or false? That is the continental land masses are floating on the oceans. I say literally name, but do you agree that the continental crust is floating on the oceanic crust? It is more denser as compared to the continents. Do you agree with me? Have you seen granite, everyone? No, you come by metro. So today on the metro station you will see white color rocks, pura flowering or to the sides, that is gray night, okay, light white color carrot which is having crystals is granite. Basalt, have you seen the photos of Ajanta and Ellora caves? The dark black color rock is basalt, that is a basalt here only black in color. With this background you should just remember, no need of writing any line, because you should just remember that the older people used to think that the continental land masses are floating on the oceanic crust, or in simple words, continental crust is floating on the oceanic crust. This was the older view of cl, sema, and knife, a mainstream prelims, because the newer view regarding the interior of the earth is totally different. Never view after we do the continental drift theory, first let us finish the continental drift theory. Newer view says that earth is made up of continental crust and the oceanic crust crushed. There is asthenosphere, that is mantle, it is made up of asthenosphere, asthenospheric in each other. There is lower mantle, lower mantle, can you say there is outer core, outer core nature, there is an inner core. Then we know today that outer core is liquid in nature. We know today view regarding the interior of the earth, that is cl, sima, and knife, and why we have no idea? Why these people did not have any idea of the interior of the earth? One of the reason is what is the radius of the earth? Six thousand three hundred and seventy one. Agar after interior of the earth study karna, you will have to go dig a hole and go down up to the 6371 kilometer, possibly. Why? Because volcanoes come only from the depth of 200 kilometers as compared to the entire radius of the earth, that is six thousand three hundred and seventy one kilometers. So volcanoes will give us idea about the earth, but maximum depth though, and those the thickness of the crust is 30 kilometers, the thickness of the mantle is from 30 to 5000 kilometers, 30 to 2900 kilometers. From volcano maximum you can learn is the upper mantle and using asthenosphere that will do in the next lecture.
Now open the map of North America. See if we look at the map of North America, physical map, can I say there are numerous lake, Great Bear Lake, Great Slave Lake, lakes, Lake Winnipeg, Lake Winnipegosis, or both Surrey lakes and US, and then we have the Lake Ontario. So all this are an examples of the fresh lakes of the world. Great Bear Lake, Great Slave Lake, Winnipeg, Winnipegosis, Athabasca Lake, and then what we will say this as the five Great Lakes of North America. Five Great Lakes: Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario. But because you are looking at this, can I conclude by looking at the political map that there this five Great Lakes are common between Canada and USA? Yes, right. And secondly, can I say this five Great Lakes may say a Great Lake Joseph usma, Michigan lies totally in USA. And because we are looking at the map, which is the major city on Lake Michigan? Chicago is the major city on Lake Michigan. Chicago is the major city on Lake Michigan. If you go on the lake, this Lake Erie, you will find a major city, journal mentioned kiti, that is Detroit, Milan, deity roit. What is this Detroit? Kalimata, automobile capital of the world. It is the automobile capital of the world; therefore it is known as an automobile capital of the world. Detroit, known as Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, you will find it here. This Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, it is iron and steel capital of the world. But we still use the largest producer of iron ore, China, largest producer of coal, China, largest producer of wheat, China, largest producer of soybean, China, largest producer of the rice, China, largest producer of tea, silk, human beings, China Saraka. It is the China, human beings maybe are going to defeat China by in the next 20 30 years, otherwise it is the China only. But still why we say capital of the world? Because gay and the industries lecture yatkar, I told you Appalachian is famous for coal, right? And I told you Canadian Shield is famous for iron ore. Canadian Shield man in, and you know shield matlab oldest landmass, and it is famous for iron ore. So you can see industrial location perfectly there between coal producing center Appalachian and upper Canadian Shield and beach mecha industries because industry. So Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, there is Detroit because iron and steel industries, there is an automobile industry known as Akron, rubber industry, the largest railway and airways terminal in the world, the largest junction in the world, and the largest food processing center of the world. Coal, New York, capital, financial capital, and escape the political capital, Washington, and this region, what is the name of this region? New England region. Now, but we are coming to a theory that is this necessary now. This was an area which was, this is today even in the higher latitudes, it is in the higher latitudes, higher latitudes more than it is between 60 65 degrees north. So temperature is cold or warm? It is cold. So during the Pleistocene ice age, this area was under the ice. When this area was under the ice, ice, when it started moving, it scratched the surface of the earth. Ice is a huge mass; glaciers are very huge; they will scratch the surface of the earth. When they scratch the surface of the earth, scratches and depression form, where on the crust you take anything which is rough and scratch the skin, the scratches will come, hammer elias geographic is this scratches only leaks, and in this scratches eyes got stuck. After the end of Pleistocene ice age, ice melted, lakes, and therefore this regions have numerous lakes kobe world. There has been ice age, you will find large number of lakes. Example is the country which is known as the land of thousand lakes, that is Finland. There is same latitudes, but in Europe. Example is the example is Canada, you will have numerous lakes. Example is USA. So remember lakes are the characteristics of the Pleistocene ices, freshwater lakes. Uh, the Great Lakes of North America are formed due to water. So can you say due to glaciation or due to Pleistocene ice age blisters in ice age? That means due to glaciation, how? Due to glaciation, scratching of the surface of the earth. If the glacier is moving well, there will be scratching of the surface of the earth, and due to the scratching of the surface of the earth there will be formation of lakes. They are found even in Jharkhand, they are found even in Chhattisgarh, they are found even in Maharashtra, they are found even in Telangana, Karnataka, that is they are found in the peninsular plateau region. They next they are also found in the Brazil region or kape peninsula plateau or Brazil. Higher latitudes may equator pass, they are more nearer to the equator, and if a place is more nearer to the equator, glaciation that is of the world, and these are the cold war regions of the world. We can understand glaciation evidences, but we cannot tell why there is a evidences of glaciation in India which is located here in the hot regions of the world. This is where India is. We cannot say why there is an evidences of glaciation in Brazil which is located here. We can very well say why there is an evidences of glaciation in North America or in Europe, but we cannot say why in India.
Now come to the map of Europe. Map of Europe is before the map of North America, and in the political map of Europe, come to the map of Sweden. Map of Europe hamisha there will be continental map, and after that individual countries come. So the country Sweden, in the country Sweden, you will at the top of Sweden, near the poles. Sweden is located near the poles; you will find a city known as Kiruna, for prelims, because what do we find is surprisingly coal. Kiruna is famous in Sweden for coal deposits, and what is the latitude of Kiruna? Can I say it is above the Arctic Circle? So is it not surprising? Why it is not surprising? Why it is surprising? Because you do not know the reason, but it is surprising. Now once when I tell you the reason, coal is found only jahape there is heat, and what should not be found in India? The evidences of glaciation. So based on this we are going to do the first theory which is known as an, you do not have to remember the year, I am writing the year for making you understand some of the things, Wagner's continental drift theory. Alfred Wagner was a German geographer. What theories we are doing here? Which subject we are studying? Geographies. So here is by geographer, but surprisingly he was not geographer, he was though making the plant catalyst in the world, and while making plants atlas in the world, he was surprised to see the formation of coal in the higher latitudes and the presence of evidences of glaciation in lower latitudes, that is India, Brazil, etc. I guess you know what is latitudes at least in basic latitudes, lines, imaginary lines which we say equator, twenty three and a half degree north, twenty three and a half degree south, ninety degree north, ninety degree south. So yahape there is an heat, this is what we will call it as a lower latitudes, this is the higher latitude. So Wegner found the evidences of glaciation in the lower latitudes, and if surprisingly found coal in the higher latitudes, happy in the equatorial regions, he found glaciation, and in this region he found coal. So he proposed initially two things may have occurred, climate has changed over the period of time. He said that it is very surprising, he the climate may have changed, and uh theory bananically shirokiya. He thought there are two things which could have happened. The one thing is jo aaj equatorial regions, they were once the polar regions, and ones which were the polar regions, today's polar regions were once the equatorial regions, that is iscamatla key. If this is 90 degree, and if this is equator, this was once polar region, and this was equator is. So he rejected, then he said he may be continents which are near the equator me which are today near the equator where once near the poles, and ones which are today near the poles where the ones which were near the poles have now come to the equator, that is therefore casey i due to movement, and therefore the name of this theory is a continental drift theory. He talks about the movement.
Of the continents, due to drifting and due to rifting. So therefore, we will do the continental drift theory—very easy to understand. So with this, that means India—Johar India—was near the poles, and therefore we have evidences of glaciation. That over the period of time, India ayah near the equator—uppercut. That is why I said we are moving to the north. Let us see whether it is true or false. Don't write anything; understand the theory.
So Wegner assumed two things in his theory: ectocial is floating on sima, because he had to show the movement. And secondly, there are two forces which are responsible for the drifting of the continents. One, he said, is the force of—it is the force that causes tides also. What he will call this as a tidal force, which causes high tides and low tides. What is this tidal force? It is the gravitational force of the sun and the moon. Tides are caused due to the gravitational force of the sun and the moon. And second, he said it is the force of buoyancy, that is the force of floatation. And third, he said that is the force of gravity—gravitational force—which is pulling everyone, which is pulling India towards the equator.
Then he assumed some of the things. What was his assumption? He said before the Carboniferous period, the entire land mass was a single continent, what he—we called it—Pangaea. And this Pangaea was surrounded by a super ocean, what he called it as Panthalasa. Then he said after the Carboniferous period—in the Carboniferous period—Pangaea broke into two parts. Which period? In the Carboniferous period, Pangaea broke into two parts. And this Pangaea, which broke into two parts, resulted into formation of two land masses. The northern landmass, he called it as Laurasia land or Angara land. And the southern landmass, he said is resulted into—is what he will call this as—and as a result of this, can I say water which was there in between? And this, he said, resulted into the formation of a C, what he called it as Tethys.
Then he said due to the forces, these two land masses further broke into numerous parts. That is, Laurasia land mass, he start—said that—further broke into different parts. And these parts were: Laurasia, Lanka, North America, and Asia. And after breaking this, North America and Asia, they started moving in different directions. That is, the North America started moving to the west of the Asia. And he said that Gondwana land broke into South America, Africa, India peninsula, India, Australia, and Antarctica. And after that, the India started moving to the north. So this is South America. Don't write anything; just try to understand. Africa, peninsular India, Antarctica, and Australia. Now he said, after breaking this, these were the parts of the Gondwana land. Up queue Gondwana land is the name—the name he chose—Gondwana land, because he found cold deposits in the Chota Nagpur plateau. And Chota Nagpur platoon bones is the tribes he was—that is why he is not a geographer. Why he is not a geographer, you will understand now. He is not a geographer because geography considers why your continent breaks only in the Carboniferous period. He has no answer. Why he named them as Gondwana, because Gondwana land is one of the richest deposits of coal, and that is he studied that in India and named Gondwanaland—smelter—the original inhabitants. Because he said before the Carboniferous, Pangaea and Panthalasa, and after the Carboniferous—that is in the Carboniferous—CCS theory starts up from pre-Cambrian to Cambrian to Devonian, Orthovision, Sulivarium, in sub ages. May why earth was only single mechanism in the Carboniferous period, which resulted into the breaking of Pangaea into two parts. He has no answer.
Then he said that the—there were two forces that were acting. These two forces which were acting is the tidal force of sun and moon—that is just tied. Tidal force means nothing but the gravitational force of sun and moon. And dusra is the gravitational force of the earth. Now understand, due to the gravitational force of the sun and moon—I am rubbing this part—he said that the North America and South America—this was first figure—our Pangaea and Panthalasa. Then he said in the fourth condition that the North America and South America started moving westwards, and this movement of north and south America westwards resulted into the formation of an ocean, which will call it is an Atlantic Ocean. Then he said Africa and India started moving northwards, as Africa and India started moving northwards and it resulted into the formation of an Indian Ocean. Then he said in the fifth stage, over the period of time, this movement gave rise to the present day arrangement of the continents. This may we find North America, we find South America, we find Africa, we find Europe here, India, Asia, and in Indonesia etc, or Japan etc, and the Australia in this region. And what is the sea in between? Mediterranean Sea. So he said that the westward movement of the North and South America resulted into formation of Atlantic Ocean. The northward movement of Africa and India resulted into the formation of Indian Ocean. The original Tethys sea was reduced in size to form the today’s Mediterranean Sea. Was reduced in size to form the today’s Mediterranean Sea. Why the continent started moving westwards? He said that the continent started moving westwards because the gravitational pull of sun and moon even today acts to the west—tidal force—it is acting towards the west. Why the continent started moving northwards? Due to the attractional force of the earth to the center, they go. Don't use logic; just suno, make a bull round, give him manipulator. So the gravity is—why the continent started moving westwards because of the tidal force. Why the continent started moving northwards? Due to the gravitational force. Don't think right or wrong; we will see that later on. This theory became very, very hit—1912. Thus, Salvador, he will now modify the theory, and he started giving the theory of geography. He said—he—what was this near modification? As per his modification, he said that the north—the Rockies and Andes Akube mountains on the earth were formed because when cial is floating on sima, there is a resistance of the seal yoga resistance only on the front. And as a result of this resistance and this crumbling results into formation of mountains. Why? Because of the resistance of C al or Siema. Critics nepucha. But in the first stage you had said that cl floats on sima without resistance, or in the second theory you are saying that cl is floating on sima with resistance. He had no answer. And then he said that the formation of island arcs and festoons—age Caribbean island etc—he said this islands arcs and festoons are formed because when the continents is going with great speed, so resulting into the formation of island arcs and festoons. He said that as North and South America were moving westwards, the apartheid resulted into formation of Caribbean islands. As India was moving northwards and it resulted into the formation of Sri Lanka. As Asia into the formation of Japan. So this is what his theory was. Getting it? What has happened to the original Panthalasa? The original Panthalasa was reduced in size to form the present-day Pacific Ocean. I am quickly repeating the theory. Subsequently, in the Carboniferous period, it resulted into the forest formation of Laurasia land and the Gondwana land. This phase is known as opening up of which sea? It is known as an opening up of the this sea. Then this Loracial land further broke into two parts. Even today, except for peninsula India—Jojo continents north—that is North America, Europe, and Asia—that was original Laurasia land. While the south—the Kundwana land—broke into South America, Africa, India, Australia, and Antarctica. Then he said after breaking, they started either moving to the west or to the north. The westward movement of North and South America resulted into opening up of a water body known as an S-shaped Atlantic Ocean. The northward movement of India started opening up a water body resulted into the Indian Ocean. If this the final movement of the continents gave rise to the present day arrangement of the continents—present day arrangement. Major original panther, it was reduced in size to form the present-day Pacific Ocean. While the original—it was reduced in size to form the present-day Mediterranean Sea. Now what? And he added something to things—that is the mountains are found because the when moving seal is rubbing on sima and the frontal is this direction may move hori—in that case the—there is a crumbling of the frontal edges resulting into formation of folds, and this results into the formation of fold mountains. That is, in case he happy resistance is what will happen—this part will get folded. He said that the island arts and festivals were formed because some parts remained behind as they could not match the speed. This is so he said that it could not match the speed, and as a result we have island arcs and festoons. Now this is his theory. If you ask him some questions: what are the forces responsible for drift? Consider forces and most important forces—tidal force of sun and moon, and second is that is the gravitational force and the force of buoyancy or the force of floatation. Up tidal force—that is there was a tidal force on very, very high—easy—normal ammo, but is my enemy—it was very high because we had the concept of which moon? We had a concept of superbone, we had a concept of blood moon, we have a concept of blue moon. What is that moon near the surface of the earth? That refraction say it looks to us red in color to the earth—that’s the sun earth shadows. We say that was the time during amass and purnima. You remember that tidal force is greater easily because the gravitational force of the idle force is greater. Saragasara movement is attracted towards the sun or moon, but when it is attracted towards the moon—just solid objects they do not move, but pani move, and we call that as high tide and low tide. High tides are caused due to the force. So I am asking you, where are you floating in the air? Yes. Now apply this. Critics say if it the tidal force of the sun and moon cannot be so strong that it can move the continents. It cannot even move the human beings—how it can move the continents? Maximum during a mouse and purnima, fluids get attracted towards the sun and moon. Secondly, maximum there are some people who behave like crazy on Amazon and purnima—why? Scientific explanation—that is there are fluids in our body, there are chemicals in our bodies. What you say? Chemical imbalance ojata in the body, and they behave like crazy people. You see any time during ammo and purnima there will be some people, but it will not cause movement of the continents. Second, when he was asked that okay, tell the trigger mechanism that is responsible for the movement of the continents, who could not explain. You Carboniferous period, it was removed. Third, when he was asked is forces, he could not explain. Trigger mechanism he could not explain. Sequence he could not explain. Fourth, he could not explain properly the formation of mountains and island arcs and festoons. And because of his so many negatives, his theory was initially rejected. If his theory was rejected, why are we studying his theory? So we will—what? Because it was accepted later. So why it was accepted later? Because there have been some of the evidences. I am not doing you all the evidences, but you should see logically. One evidence is if I want to make Africa, if I make India, if I’m in Australia, if I make Antarctica. And second is Shera. India is the only country in the world which has both lions and tigers in wild. Baki lion is found in Africa, tiger is found in Asia. Queue India has only country in the world both lions and tigers because India was once a part of Gondwanaland. It has become a part of Asia. Lion eastern India, western India. Can you see this? So India is the only country we find Asian animal—that is tiger—and African animal—that is decided that he should protect the lion and made their sanctuary. So this are some—this is one evidence—that is the continents fixed into each other, but there are numerous such evidences. So first we will write his theory. So the Wegner’s continental drift theory. Wagner’s continental drift theory talks about—talks about rifting and drifting of the continents. Talks about rifting and drifting of the continent. Rifting and drifting of the continents. Drifting and drifting of the continents. Drifting matlab jana and drifting of the continents which has given rise to—which has given rise to present day arrangement of the continents. Which has given rise to present day arrangement of the continents. Given rise to present day arrangement of the continents as well as—as well as changes in the climatic regions. As well as changes in the climatic regions of the world. Changes in the climatic regions of the world. So I guess you today came at 11 o’clock, 11:30. So I’ll reduce the class today. I will stop here and we’ll meet maybe—most probably—read the continental drift theory from 11 standard NCERT. It will be very, very easy to follow. Fine. With this you will understand with plate tectonic theory. See, we are doing continental drift theory. We are not doing why they are not going. So we should write only Wagner view. We should not write what is true today lectures. You.