Transcription
Hello and greetings to all well-meaning friends, have a good time and be happy. Welcome to Nisi Digital Channel.
Today, we want to go to the second session of 2024, in which we want to build two LANs and connect these two LANs to each other using a router. And let's discuss the theoretical topics related to the connection between two networks and internet working and introduce you to these topics, so we don't waste time and go straight to our work.
So what do we want to do in this meeting? The main thing we want to do is to set up a LAN. I will call it LAN 1 because we are going to have two LANs in this meeting. Remember, I mentioned in the previous meeting that we need a switch to build a LAN, so we need to set up a switch. I will do it and I will connect some computers to it, I will also set up a second switch and I will connect some systems to it in order to communicate with D to LAN, that means when you set up the switch, you connected the computers to it, you made a separate D to LAN.
Now I want to go and connect them together, for this we use a device called a router or a router. which connects the LANs to the router, I will name it as an arm. Pay attention to this router. I will call it RD Dash 1. A router is a router. It has two arms, one of which is towards LAN 1 and the other towards LAN 2.
In our discussion, we didn't go into the discussion of WAN, and these data lines that are connected to each other are actually still in land mode. We give this connection the term internet, which means that we have a network, in fact, we have data lines that we want to use a router device. Let's connect them together. Let's go to the packet tracer. I'll show you how we can do this.
It might not be a bad idea to do a search on the Internet and show you the appearance of some routers. Routers are very similar to switches in appearance. The number of them is very less. If I go to the Digikala store and do a search there, I will look for Cisco routers. Look at some examples of routers. This is an example of a 28 11 router. Another example is the shapes, because it is diverse, I choose different shapes so that you can understand that Routers do not necessarily have a uniform shape.
Please note that this is an example of a router. If you pay attention to it carefully, you will see that it does not have many ports. Of course, out of the four operation ports that you see here, there are two ports that are used for operations. The router is used and the other two have other purposes, that is, the two are actually used to connect networks. The other two are the cancellation port and the other is the axle port, which we will talk more about later, but if you pay attention to this example of the router, It has 4 empty places so that if you want to go and buy parts and add them to the parts you buy and enter them here in these empty places, so to speak, we say that the module of this router has four module places, which we will talk more about in the near future.
Let's open another view of this router with its box. Let's go and see another sample. If we take a look, unfortunately, I don't see any good pictures of it. Look at this picture and image. This is the front of this router, which is a router without A wire is a two-band wireless router in wireless discussions. Now we will learn more about what is meant by two-band or two-channel. Those friends who have watched my MCS course know what it means. Otherwise, don't worry about this. In the CC course, we will talk about wireless, wireless communication. If you remember, we said in the previous session that we have three types of media: copper, fiber optic and wireless.
This photo you see here is the back of a router. Look at the front of a router. It has no ports, only these LEDs, the guide lights that are here, and there are two module slots on the back so that you can add modules to this router and here too. Again, it has its network ports, these two yellow marks will probably be Face Ethernet or Gigabit Ethernet, and other ports, each of which has its own use, these two ports are important to us, that's why when I draw a shape, I emphasize on these router arms.
Usually, we draw two arms for it, although now we go a little further in advanced modes, we will get to know each other in the future meetings, each of these ports can handle dozens of networks by themselves, and one LAN is not necessarily connected to another, you may connect dozens of LANs to the same one. Connect two ports, but at the beginning of the work because Most of the contents are suitable for us in terms of concepts, I am currently using them in a simple way so that the concepts can be used for you, so that you can use them well in your work.
Next session, I will do a search on Amazon regarding Cisco Roots. You will see these again. Well, this is all Amazon's own advertisement. It is trying to give us other offers instead of Cisco Roots. This is a sponsor.
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This is a sample of Cisco routers. Here I have a Linksys which is a wireless router. I hope that I will show them so that maybe we can see more diverse photos. See this sample of this wireless router here. Now, except for the on/ off button and the traffic lights. What you see here doesn't show us much, but if you look carefully at the back of this router, you will see how many Ethernet ports it has and one Internet port that is designed to connect to the Internet. Actually, this is the chart. The internet in this router can do the work of the switch for you, or the switches can be connected to the router. This is a cheap wireless router. It is a relatively different model. As far as the G-Ever port, you can see one FB module slot, one USB port, and we also have 8 ASAR slots, which are GE LAN, which you remember. Gigabit Ethernet is one of the topics of network speed that we discussed in the previous meeting, gigabit Ethernet port, console port and In this model, the two axles are in one place. You may see them separately in many routers, that is, the console port is separate, the axle port is also separate, and there is a place to connect the external power supply and the on and off button. Do you remember that we said that the switches do not have an on and off button, routers have an on button. and they are turned off, and now because it gives us a good view, this is the kind of light I will come to show you the indicator lights or LED indicators that you can see here for the background lights and information about the status of your router. Well, this is the name of this type of router. Cisco 890 series, which is from the 89 series, this model is exactly 892 FSP.
Well, I want this from the appearance of the routers. I will continue my discussion soon, but then I don't know if you should add a series to Mikrotik routers. Mikrotik routers are among the most common ones, especially in Iran, look at how small it is, this is a portrait, as you can see, it has 5 ports, from P to A, it is used for the Internet, and how many for LAN, what can this device do, now these devices are known as router boxes, they can also do the work of the switch for you.
As you can see in this board, we want to build LANB and connect them with the router. I will enter the packet tracer environment and I will show you the implementation there. And the symbol is displayed in the theory books and in discussions. I put a router and then I come. As for the number of PCs, usually one PC is enough. Now, since it is the beginning of the work, I will put three, but later on in discussions, as our scenarios get bigger, we usually put one or two PCs so that we can communicate internally. Let's test their network. Let's test their network outside.
Well, I'm going to steal the connection. As you can see, I won't be asked any questions because I'm selected in the simple mode option and I 'll connect the computers to the switch using the connection. I put a link switch on the open router in the same way. I will connect the computers of my second network. Let me give you a little bit of development. Let me close this and move it. I will draw a box here so that I can move all three of these, and again in the same way, I will move these as well.
Look at the router itself and the table for editing their information. If you pay attention, you can see the ports that this router has here. If it was darker orange, it would be orange. It is the same under the name of gigabit ethernet. You can see from the color guide here, the three colors called yellow, orange, and orange that you see here are for Ethernet, Ethernet, and Gigabit Ethernet. These two examples are for fiber, optical fibers, which are also for fast, gigabit, and the serial ports of this device. Fast Ethernet has D serial ports and D optical fiber ports. Pay attention to the symbols here. The numbers above these ports indicate the port number. Now, port zero zero is the port we connected to this switch, which port did we connect it to? port three zero and from this side port one zero of this router, that is, we connected this port to port three zero of this switch, that's why these symbols as LEDs are green as the lights of these ports are on and it says the connection The established link of each of the ports can have a series of specifications so that I can go to the technical discussion related to the names you have, I have prepared a video, under the title of various names in the network, I will put the link to it at the top of the page and also the link in the description at the bottom of the page I will leave it so that you can refer to it, take a look at it there, it does a comprehensive discussion about all kinds of network names, but it is shortened, I want to say it here in my discussion because we need it, every port in the network when it is working, Ethernet ports, so Ethernet gigabit internet is completely private network, private internet can have several types of names and addresses, one of these types is MAC address and another one is IP, which means you have a MAC address for each port of each network port and an IP, now IP version 4. Do you have the IP version?
I come here, I give my IP to this port of my router, for example, I click 192 168 71. In this section, we can see that a subnet mask is defined for it, subnet mask 3 to 255. If I come to this port, click on this side. let me define 192 168 72 the same way we defined it for this PC in the previous session, but don't forget that we are defining it here on the router, I will click to send me a message It gives an error and says what is the IP address of this error message. It says that in order to fully understand this error message, we need to give you a series of explanations. We need to know the IPs better. IP Version 4.
But regarding IP Version 4, regarding IP Version 4, I have to tell you that if I come at the time, we have given the zero port of this IP here, so I want to talk to you about Wi-Fi IPs or IPs of version 4. But what are IP version 4? IP version 4 IPs are four pieces. Consider the same 192 168 7. In fact, how many numbers are these? They are separated by dots. which are the same points that you use in Internet addresses, for example, go.com, and it has a lot of fame under the title of, for example, .com. You are mentioning these points. IP version 4 is a four-part IP. There are four pieces, which are made up of 4 numbers. These numbers are called acad, we call them octets or octets, and we mean octave pieces. Now we will talk more about octaves. You know, these bits are octets, each of these octets can be a number, a number between 0 and 255, so 192 168 701 is a very common IP that we use, but if someone comes and says, sir, it's our IP 192 16 25 709 We say, sir, this IP is not correct because you are not allowed to put 709. The number you can put here must be between 0 and 255. I would like to point out right now that I usually show zeros in the form of an A and a slash, usually it is a computer. Especially, computers usually use this method to show zero, so that there is a difference between zero and zero, they always put a slash on zero, so an IP like this, for example, 292 16 70 1 is a wrong IP because 299 is greater than 255, so Please be aware that the ACT is not allowed to accept other numbers from 0 to 255.
Well, in these ACTs that we have, one of the most important ones is to show the first ACT, because many measurements are based on the first ACT. What is one of the characteristics of the first octet? Usually, the IPs of the versions are divided into 5 groups, A, BCD, and A, but what is the reason and meaning of this division? He is letting me leave my whiteboard alone for a while so that we can work more easily and discuss classes, they say that IP classes can be identified based on the first octet, if the number in the octoloc is then that IP is one of class A IPs, it doesn't matter what is in the second octet, I put a star, the star means whatever So if the first octet is a number between 1 and 126, that IP is considered to be class A, class B starts from 128 to 191, the rest of the octets are not important, class 30 starts from 192 It is possible until 223, the rest of the ACDs are not important. Class D starts from 224 to 239. The other ACDs do not matter. The class starts from 240 to 254. I will remind you of some points. If you remember, we said that every ACD between zero and 255 is news. It's not from zero, also 126 to 128, we don't see the number 127 here, and also we don't see the number 255 in class E, that is, now we see 255 127 and zero has no place in what I wrote here, while I mentioned before that any code can be zero Until it is 255, I will say these points further, as if there are too many points that I will say, hey, I will say points often, then I will say them further, friends, in fact, I can write many points and say them one after the other right now, but because in terms of learning the thought I think it does not have a good result and it is better that these points are said in their place, from an educational point of view, that's why I postpone saying these points, of course, this postponement is not too much. Sometimes it may be said after two or three sessions, but in terms of content, you can be sure that I will tell you the complete content so that you can pass the exam with a very good score and with a very good result, the score is not very important, although in international exams, the score is important in the sense that It shows your experience and work, unlike the tests that are common in our country now, international tests, the good result shows my more experience because the test is designed and used in a very intelligent way. And I will postpone 255 to the points that I will say later, some of them in this meeting, some of them in the next meeting, but you may search this table on the internet and you will see that someone came and said that zero is part of class A or 255 is part of class E. There is nothing wrong with that. I am telling you here the one that I have come up with experimentally and in terms of both theories and practical work, so in terms of theory and these, get used to hearing several different narratives on the Internet, for example, many places write a class from 2240 to 255, there is no problem at all. We don't have any discussion, they write it is part of the class, but they never use 255, or those who write 0 to 126 in class, but they never use it, that is, there is no difference between writing and not writing, but I differentiate in this way, because it causes It is possible for you to have a better vision and we can use it much better at work, but what is the point of these classes, as you can see, I have drawn a line here, and with this line that I have drawn here, class A, B, and C are separated from class D and Oh, I separated this class, what's the point? In our work, we personally take, use, and adjust the A, B, and C classes, but the D&E classes have special uses, and since they are D&E, their assignments are very easy to determine, I'm sorry. Let me talk about them and put them next to class A. Experimental class for special purposes. This class is not used by us at all. Therefore, we can easily leave class A aside and we have no discussion about methods. For now, we have no discussion about class A, and it has applications for We don't have it, not in the networks we build, not in the exercises that companies and organizations do on top of the Internet for their own experiments, which we don't even know about. Now, in some books, it is used for military experiments. But in general, it is an experimental class for the purposes of the request, but class D is used for multicast, which is part of our next question, that is, we will talk about multicasts later, what is multicast and what does it do, and in fact, multicast. I will tell you in the next session, remember that every IP that starts with 224 to 239 means 2 224 225 226 to 239, these are all multicasts, so it is also multicast, God willing, we will talk about them in the next session.
If I show them version 4 in this way, a small piece of them will be called special. Tell them the IP in Farsi, the special IPs that I will talk about later, but I am talking about the remaining IPs, I am talking about class A and B and C. Friends, the IPs of class A and B and C that we want to use are a very small piece. A small number of them are called special IPs, and then the rest of the IPs are divided into two main pieces, one piece is called public or public IPs, and one piece is called private or private IPs. And public IPs, who did this? There is a company called Yana, which is one of Fash's duties to organize IPs, that is, it makes decisions about IPs, explains IPs. I divide it into two groups, a group of public IPs, public IPs, and a piece of private IPs, it uses public IPs on the Internet and gets paid for them, that is, it comes to public IPs and rents them annually, sometimes for a year, sometimes Sometimes he rents these for a year, sometimes for 5 years, but he separated a group of these under the name of private IP and said that anyone who wants can come and use these in the LANs. In the land networks, you can use the private IP. Do it, and in the WAN networks, use the public IP, so no one is allowed to use the public IP in the LAN network, just like in the company's Internet networks, it does not explain the private IPs, so the private IPs are the IPs that are used in the LAN, and the IP There are public IPs that are used on the Internet, how can we distinguish between public IPs and private IPs? The way to distinguish private IPs is simple. I am coming here in this table that I drew.
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I am writing private IPs. I'm going to remove my hair, remove my pussy, remove this content here so that it has a better table, special IP, public IP, private IP, we will discuss all this in this meeting and the next meeting, and don't worry, you will have a complete view of the IP version. And you will learn the triangle method in the next one or two sessions, but the private IP in the class, did he say that I will assign the IP that starts with 10 and the rest are of no importance to the private IP, that is, from 1 to 126, which we named here, friends, from this 1 to 126, only the IP of Desh is in the possession of Lane networks, the rest of the IP is in the possession of the Van network, but for class B, it said 172 16 until the next ACD, it doesn't matter what it is, 172 17 and again in the same way 18 19 20 21 22 23 until it reaches 31 came to 172, let me pull it together so that it fits 172 31 the rest is not important, all of these are part of class B and for class 0, he came and allocated 192 168, friends, only this is the IP, that is, the yellow IP that I will draw for you here. There are only these IPs that you are allowed to use in LANs, and you cannot give the rest of the IPs to your device in LANs, because the rest of the IPs are either special or public, so they are from the group of classes A, B, and C in the IP version. 4. You can use 172 16 to 172 31 and 192 168 IPs. Don't forget that when you take the test, you must have enough knowledge about these numbers. Many questions are asked about these IPs both in AziNet Plus and Easy CC and they will make sure that you have enough knowledge about IPs version 4. Now we will solve sample questions later in some videos. Wherever it is appropriate, I will definitely talk about it in the exam.
Now that we know about Let's go back to these IPs in time for our own scenario. Well, my good friends, let's go back to the time of scenario writing. What's the use of the scenarios here? Let's go back here. I was giving this router an IP. I'm coming here. I gave it the IP 192 168 71. As you can see, according to some conversations What we did is one of the class C private IPs. I don't expect that you will memorize these numbers that were written and known within one meeting or the next two meetings, but you should come and take a look at this table every day. In work and exercises, we use them so much that you memorize these numbers by yourself, both private and public IPs. I gave Class C as this router port that is connected to my LAN network, but what is Netmos, friends, just like us We have first and last name. Computers also have two parts. IPs show two parts. Now, as we go further, we can see that in more professional modes, it can have three parts. Let me show you in the exercise that you see here, I came and the IP is 192 168 7 1 I showed it to him and a mask has been prepared for him. Family, in fact, the last name shows that you are a member of a larger group of people. Computers are considered to be computers of this type, and within themselves, they consider a part as a member number, and a series of numbers as a group number. computer, instead of saying group, instead of saying family, instead of saying family name, we call it network number or write it in English, and from now on I will use English, we call it network ID, and we call the part that shows the member, host. So every IP is two pieces, one piece of network ID that shows the network number of this group of computers working in this network, all of them have the same network ID, just like all the members of a family have the same family name, for example, our whole family. Their last name is Nisi, now the members are different, Taha Ala Kazem, well, now let's consider a very complicated name, for example, let's assume that the name of a servant of God is Alireza Pour Ahmadinejad. Sir, what is your last name in this name, Ali Rezapour Ahmadinejad, someone asks, sir, what is the last name, the other party says, well, Ahmadinejad, he says no, sir, our last name is Rezapour Ahmadnejad, maybe someone else will come and say no, it is possible that this is Alireza, the last name is Ahmadinejad. Ahmadinejad, someone else may come and say no, sir, his name is Ali Rezapour, Ahmadinejad is a family member, this is actually a fact that it may happen, I am telling you now, they are saying in the networks so that we can be sure which part of the name is the last name and which part is related to the name, we use the subnet mask and in this subnet mask we put 255 wherever the last name is and then we put zero for every place where the name is, in this way the part of the network ID that sometimes Sometimes we briefly separate the net ID from the host ID, that is, the subnet mask is a way to identify the net ID and host ID, and now the good and interesting thing is that in our classes a, b, and c We have the standard subnet masks, class A always uses the following subnet mask, class A uses the subnet mask 255 and C to zero, which means that only the first digit of the first ACID is the net ID, the rest of the parts are considered host IDs, Class B 2 to 255 It uses as Net ID and two of the next two Axes as HS ID and Class C, which we usually use more in Lanmo networks, there is no obligation to use any one you want, Class A, Class B and Class 3, but we are usually used to using it because of the convenience of work, it has 3 to 255, 3 to 255 and its host ID is only one octet until the last one.
I will come back again at the time of the scenario in the scenario. If we pay attention, when I put 192 168 71, it automatically understands It is possible that because it starts with 192, it realizes that it is class 30, so it automatically puts 3 to 255 zeros in the subnet mask. It has been prepared for you, if I change this, what should I do, delete this, delete this, and delete this, let me put another IP here, for example, 10000001, see what mask it puts, 255s to zero, it means it has come from the subnet mask of class A. I will delete it again. Let me come this time. 172 6 10 20. You can see that this time the subnet mask of class B has been set, so it is because the subnet mask is automatically set because they recognize according to the AX first, they recognize which class your IP belongs to and with Paying attention to the fact that they recognize it and fill in the subnet mask automatically Did you also understand what the subnet mask indicates? The first ax means that this network is 172 16 and the second two codes are 10 20. In fact, the ID number of this port is the exclusive number of this port. Netidish must be 172 16 so that they can communicate with each other. I will go back and put the IP 192 168 701 here for this part, and if I delete the mask, I will click again and it will automatically set the appropriate mask for class C. This is the IP. This port that is connected to this network is served when the port is zero. You are not allowed to have an IP router on the other side whose net ID is similar to the one on the left. to connect different networks to each other, now if you are supposed to come and put IPs with the same net ID in the router, the router will say, what am I supposed to do in the middle of this? You put it together, so what's the point? Take me away. Connect the switches directly to each other. That's why the router didn't accept it. They should have the same IP as Net Ivy. I'll come back here and try again. IP 192 168 70. Now I 'll give it when it wants to set my mask. Can this be the same? Now it gives this message. Now you know the exact and professional meaning of this error message. I will read it to you and please follow me in the English sessions to strengthen your English. Wherever you have any questions, write to me in the comments section about now. We will discuss the language of messages and mistakes with each other and learn these words, that is, there are two or three days between the different meetings that I give you in CC Anon lessons, so you have the opportunity to read the specialized words of their language because reading these will help you. The next mistake is to read specialized books, tables, brochures, and catalogs much better, so there is no room for bargaining at all. Improve your specialized English. Specialized English is also much easier than colloquial English, which means you can read it very easily and become familiar with it. So let me read the message again. My specialized sentences, when we read, we use all those words by ourselves in our daily conversations, that is, it doesn't need much translation. API address means IP address, it says age, it means Sabet, it's the same Net ID from Saint Mask, Saint Mask means the mask of your Net ID, it says Spore It says that what you have written here is the same as the SIM subnet. It says that the subnet is the same as the other one. It says that the IP address you entered is the same subnet as the other port. Please enter the IP address on this device. Please try another IP address. It's very good, let me come here, I put this side in class 0, I put this in class a, I say the IP of this side is 100000 1, because it is class A, the subnet mask is automatic, just like I said, you can change this, for example, let's write something else, let's write 255, should I put this 255, I am using Class A, because if you remember, 10 was part of Class A, and the subnet mask of Class A is also Class A. Are you working in classless? Are you working? The term classless is when your IP class does not match with your class mask. If it is the same, we say that you are working in full class, so we also know this term. We have a term called classless, which means without class and a We have a term called full class, thanks to God, we came and became familiar with our IP discussions to a great extent, although there are many other points to be familiar with, but we want to go forward in a practical and practical way.
I came to the left port of this 192 168 router. I gave 71 to the port on the right, I gave it 10001 and now this router can establish a connection between these two networks. There is also an important point that I want you to get acquainted with in this meeting and I will give you a more detailed explanation in the next meeting. It is a very good service. In the name of DHCP, the DHCP service is a service that can save the trouble of assigning IP addresses to computers and devices in the network, so if you have HCP in your network, then you don't need to go and set the IP address on any computer. HCP gives IP automatically, the good news is that routers and switches can work as DHCP as a DHCP service in the network, that means they can set IP automatically, what does it mean in our scenario, I use this router. I came, I gave this project an IP, you don't need to do anything special in this scenario for now, just come. The devices don't have this IP, I don't have a mask, but connect to this switch, which is connected to this router through port zero zero on zero zero. You can come here and say use DHCP. Use DHCP to get IPDH. Pay attention to CP. It gives three settings to this device. First, it gives the IP, it gives the mask, and the gateway. If we look at the gateway, 71 is exactly the IP of this port, which is given here. I will come to this on the next screen on PC 1, and here I say Use D. I close HCP, PC 11, use DHCP, you can see how easily this router can give IP to devices, in the same way, when I use DCP for this system, a slash of zero will give it an IP, and it will be closed. Look at 100000 1, it gives 100000 2. Naturally, it gives 100003 to the next, and 100004 to the next. In this way, this router also did the work of broadcasting the IP here in the form of DACP.
There was a lot of theoretical content, but you can see that In practice, how are these theoretical materials used in the work? I come to the simulation, I say an envelope, I will delete this envelope. If a packet goes from 12 to 14, let's see what happens. The packets are sent to the switches. If I keep some of them here, some of them are transferred to the same network and reach their destination successfully. They go to other networks and in this way all the packets reach their destination. In this scenario, we have created a network, we have set LAN 1 and LAN D and the IPs on them, we have set the router and we have established the connection between the two. We are in the second meeting. We are going to go a long way. There is absolutely no place for checks and balances. There is no place for any arguments. Run the packet tracer, implement these in it, and draw conclusions from it. Get an answer. The packet wants to be transferred in the same way Let's see here. Let me bring the movie again. First, I will play it again. Time, first moment, first moment, second moment, third moment, four moments or time period. Where is each packet? Now, it is possible that this week, this time that is here does not mean seconds or milliseconds, well, it means seven time periods, now it can be anything, of course, we will talk more about it later. It was exchanged, so I expect you to implement this scenario two or three times before the next meeting, that is, implement it, delete it, implement it again, delete it, implement it again. Use class a once, class B once, use class B and C together, use class IV and C, use all of these, run this two or three times. I want to save this scenario for the next session. I will come to talk to you about it. I will say in the file that I want to save this scenario. He says what do you want to name it? I say name it CCN. The second session of the first zero scenario is enough. Next session, we will continue the discussion about building a modem network. In the hope of God, you will master IP version 4. I will give you some tests from the books of Cisco and CISCN 2024 and the 2301 tests in relation to the topics I talked about in this session and the previous session, with those sample questions and tests. Get to know each other.
Well, friends, I hope this was useful for you. If you liked this video, don't forget to like it and if you haven't subscribed yet, I suggest you subscribe and ring the bell to get notified about the videos. I am Kazem Nisi and you watched one of the CCN 2024 lesson videos with the number 2301. I hope this video has been useful for you. I leave you to the great God for the next video, my love. Your love is eternal.